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Crystals of the non-collagenous C-terminal region (NC1) of type IV collagen have been obtained from human placenta. These crystals diffract to 2.0 A, and belong to space group P22(1)2(1), with cell dimensions a = 81 A, b = 158 A, c = 138 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. The crystals contain one hexamer in the asymmetric unit; they are very stable with respect to X-rays.

The human type II collagen gene (COL2A1) was mapped to chromosome 12 immediately proximal to fra(12)(q13.1) by the technique of nonisotopic (biotinylated) in situ hybridization. Thus, the COL2A1 gene was confirmed to be at the subband 12q13.11→q13.12, in agreement with previous reports. These results are not in agreement with the localization (12q14.3) cited in Ropers and Craig (1989).

Subcellular Localization Of Surfactant Protein-B (SP-B) Processing Events In Human Type 2 Alveolar Cells • 270

We measured serum levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphor, total alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, carboxy-terminal propeptide of human type 1 procolagen /PICP/, tartared resistant acid phospatase activity, pyridynoline in seventy affected pacients with over laps syndrom/ osteogenesis imperfecta, Marfan syndrom, Ehlers-Danlos, etc/and compared this date with results of densitometrics results.

Two lectins were detected in haemolymph from the oyster Pinctada maxima, a macromolecular (approximately 8 X 10(6) dalton) N-acetyl-galactosamine-binding lectin and a lower molecular weight (approximately 4 X 10(5) dalton) alpha-galactose-binding lectin. The macro-molecular lectin agglutinated human type A erythrocytes to a greater extent than human type B or O erythrocytes and was the major lectin detected in the haemolymph. The 4 X 10(5) dalton lectin agglutinated human type A, B and O erythrocytes to the same extent.

The docosapeptide, H-Arg-Pro-Val-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Gly-Ala-Glu-Asp-Glu-Ser-Ala-Gln-Ala-Phe-Pro-Leu-Glu-Phe-OH, corresponding to positions 18 to 39 of human ACTH (human type corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, CLIP) was synthesized by the conventional method and by the fragment condensation procedure on a polymer support.

Nucleoside-diphosphate (NDP)-kinase can be considered to be induced by human-type interferons (HuIFNs) rapidly, since an enzyme increase was detected within 2 h of incubation of HeLa S3 cells with HuIFNs, while incubation with heterologous mouse IFNs had no such effect. The enzyme increase induced by HuIFNs reached a plateau at 6 h after treatment. Actinomycin D (0.5 μg ml ) significantly blocked the enzyme increase induced by HuIFNs in the cells. A possible biological role of the enzyme in the IFN-induced biochemical events is discussed.

Synovial fluid samples from 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 31 patients with other articular diseases (OAD) were examined for the presence of antibodies to denatured or native human type II collagen. Levels of IgG antibodies to denatured or native human type II collagen, rheumatoid factor, immunoglobulins, and total proteins were assessed in paired samples of serum and synovial fluid from 21 patients with RA and from 14 patients with OAD. Solid-phase radioimmunoassay showed that levels of antibodies to denatured collagen in synovial fluid were significantly higher in RA patients than in OAD patients (median 3,270, range 44-16,816 versus median 919, range 119-5,814; P less than 0.001). These antibody levels were higher in synovial fluid than in the serum of RA patients, but not in patients with OAD. Paired serum and synovial fluid samples showed no correlation between the level of antibodies to denatured collagen and levels of either IgG, IgA, IgM, or rheumatoid factor. Synovial fluid antibodies to native collagen were higher in RA patients. Antibodies to collagen may be synthesized preferentially in synovial tissues and, hence, participate in the perpetuation of RA.

The major internal protein of the putative human type C virus SKA21-3 was compared with homologous proteins of mammalian type C viruses by two-dimensional analyses of radioiodinated tryptic peptides.

Extracts of demineralized rat bones which contained factors stimulating bone induction were reconstituted with highly purified human type I collagen to provide a suitable and easily manipulated delivery system for surgical implantation. When implanted subcutaneously in rats, the implants governed and delineated the dimensions of the resulting bony tissue. It is proposed that this implant system has clinical application in the filling of osseous defects within the scope of orthopaedic and oral and maxillofacial surgery. It is presented here as a potential improvement over conventional implant materials without osteoinductive properties.

Human type A-B-O blood group antigens were tested in a local population of Ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). One animal was of group AB, the others were A. This represents a lower rate of polymorphism at this locus than has been observed among South African populations of the same species.

The relative rates of transcription of the two genes for type I collagen have been measured in a runoff transcription assay using nuclei isolated from cultured human fibroblasts. Control experiments indicated that the ratio of pro alpha 1(I)/pro alpha 2(I) transcripts detected with a given nuclear preparation did not vary over a range of transcription times, nuclei concentrations, and amounts of filter-bound cDNA used in the assay. However, a significant difference in the ratio was observed when nuclei isolated from cells grown under different conditions were used. Nuclei from sub-confluent cultures generally transcribed the two genes in a ratio of 2:1 or lower, while nuclei from post-confluent cultures transcribed the genes in a much higher ratio of about 4:1. Analysis of the amount of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) RNA transcribed suggests that it is the transcription of the pro alpha 1(I) gene, and not the pro alpha 2(I) gene, that varies with culture conditions. The steady state ratios of pro alpha 1(I)/pro alpha 2(I) RNA remained near 2:1 under all conditions. Thus, some post-transcriptional mechanism apparently results in maintenance of the steady-state pro alpha 1(I)/pro alpha 2(I) RNA ratios at approximately 2:1.

Collagen type VI is shown to be present in the human cornea. This finding is based on comparative peptide mapping relative to type VI collagen isolated from placenta and on immunoblotting using antibodies specific for human type VI collagen. Scanning of polyacrylamide gels indicates that type VI collagen comprises as much as one quarter of the dry weight of the cornea. Indirect immunofluorescence shows this collagen to be distributed throughout the corneal stroma. Thus, type VI collagen must be considered a major component of the extracellular matrix of the human cornea.

Human myosin from different skeletal muscles was analysed in a non-denaturing gel system, and the isoenzyme composition correlated with the histochemical composition of the muscle. Two components (SM1 and SM2) were associated with type 1 (slow-twitch) fibres, and three (FM1, FM2 and FM3) with type 2 (fast-twitch) fibres. Light-chain analysis was performed in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. There are three light chains (LCs1a, LCS1b and LCs2) in type 1 fibres, and three (LCf1, LCf2 and LCf3) in type 2 fibres. LCf1 and LCs1b co-migrate in sodium dodecyl sulphate gels. The ratio of LCf3/LCf2 is correlated with the distribution of the individual fast isoenzymes. These results explain apparent discrepancies in the literature concerning the light-chain distribution of human myosin.

All species of streptococci are divided into several groups according to the ecological niches they occupy. Members of the lactic acid group are found only in the plant environment and the dairy. Members of the pyogenic group and the buccal and intestinal residents of the subthermophilic group are found in intimate association only with homeothermic hosts. Members of the virulent pyogenic group, such asStreptococcus pyogenes, S. equi, andS. infrequens, are restricted to single hosts-the human, the horse, and the pig-whereas others, such asS. agalactiae can be found in several hosts. The intestinal dwellers of the subthermophilic group,S. bovis andS. equinus, occur in several animal species and are not isolated from other sources. The superficially homogeneousS. faecalis of the "enteric" group may actually consist of a group specifically restricted to the human host, and of a second group distributed among wild animals, insects, and plants. The latter group differs from the human type by the ability to hydrolyze starch and to produce a rennin-proteolytic type of curd in milk.Streptococcus faecium is widely distributed in both the homeothermic and poikilothermic environments, but no properties which differentiate the sources are known.Streptococcus faecium biot.casseliflavus has been isolated only from insects and plants.Streptococcus uberis occurs on the bovine lips and skin. Unidentified streptococci from all environments vary widely in properties. Many resembleS. lactis, S. faecalis, andS. faecium.

For detection of ABO substances in the saliva of the cynomolgus monkey, the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR) gave specific and clear results with a very small amount of saliva. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the sera of the same species showed the clearest hemagglutination by the saline agglutination method. The combined use of both methods was demonstrated to be easily and accurately applicable to the determination of human-type ABO blood groups of the cynomolgus monkey.

A reproducible animal model for dental caries was established in two independent series of young Macaca mulatta. The monkeys were kept on a human type of diet, containing 15.5 per cent sucrose. Indigenous Streptococcus mutans could be recovered from about 8 weeks after the animals had been placed on the carbohydrate-rich diet. Cervical and approximal caries of deciduous teeth developed from about 2 months and fissure caries from about 9 months of starting the carbohydrate-rich diet. The type of caries resembled that found in deciduous teeth of man. A delay in onset of caries and a decreased caries score resulted from administration of Freund's incomplete adjuvant and, though these differences were not statistically significant, they need to be taken into account in any immunological studies of caries in these animals.

This paper is a brief examination of the development of an iconographic type: the reclining rivergod. It is in two sections. The first discusses the date of the creation of this type, and, as an important corollary to that dating, rejects the identifications of the "river-gods" of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia and the West Pediment of the Parthenon. The second considers the possible sources for the type and focuses on the relationship between river-gods and reclining banqueting figures, particularly the reclining Herakles type. I. THE DATE OF THE RECLINING RIVER-GOD TYPE Pausanias identifies the reclining male figures in the corners of the East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia in the following manner: IIpos av rw8' Ka "KXEL7-at 7ra "Tpart KXdc8Eo3 EXEL N KGLL K 7a 'rXXa 'arap' 'HXEtov rqia' 1rormptGiv EXdXLora pErd a7E 'AXELd`v. . . Kai aO ' der0 o KaTEL(TLV E9 OTEVOV KaV KaXTa TOTo 'AXELo i0E airoD rrEiToLr/raL. (Paus. 5.10.7) With this description, Pausanias has generated much unfortunate confusion. Besides the perennial problem of deciding which reclining figure is Alpheios and which Kladeos,' there also remains the more fundamental question of the validity of the identifications of these figures, A (fig. i) and P (fig. 2), as river-gods at all.2 There are strong arguments against the corner figures A and P being river-gods. Perhaps the strongest is that the existing evidence indicates that in the fifth century river-gods were not repFIG. I. Reclining figure "A," East Pediment, Temple of Zeus at Olympia (Photo courtesy of Alison Frantz) * A shorter version of this paper was presented at the College Art Association annual meeting in Chicago 1976. I would like to thank Professors Dorothy Burr Thompson, Evelyn B. Harrison, Jocelyn Penny Small, Louis Roberts and James H. McGregor for their advice and criticisms. 1 For a summary and discussion of the scholarship on this problem up to 1967, see M.L. Siflund's important book, The East Pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia (G6teborg 1970) 11-59, 147. Other recent opinions include those of E. Simon, "Zu den Giebeln des Zeustempels von Olympia," AthMitt 83 (1968) 147-66; C. Kardara, "The Head of Zeus," AJA 74 (I970) 325-29; G. Becatti, "Controversie Olimpiche," StMisc i8 (1970-1971) 67-842 A. Furtwaingler in Jdl 6 (I891) seems to have been the first to disagree with the identification of A and P as rivergods, suggesting first that they were spectators and later, in SBMiinch 1903, adding that A was a member of Pelops's retinue and P of Oinomaos's. Most recently, Siiflund, (supra n.i) 122-23, 148-49, has identified A and P as spectators, not rivergods, and I have concurred in my unpublished dissertation (Princeton 1974), The Pedimental Sculptures from Olympia and the Oresteia of Aeschylus: Studies in Uses of the Visual, 136-37, calling them supporters of Oinomaos and Pelops, respectively. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.124 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:15:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 356 RUTH MICHAEL GAIS [AJA 82 FIc. 2. Reclining figure "P," East Pediment, Temple of Zeus at Olympia (Photo courtesy of Alison Frantz) resented as nude or semi-nude reclining figures. In this period, however, river-gods are represented in a variety of other ways. Some reflect an older iconography of the man-headed bull, while others indicate the direction towards which the iconography is turning: to a more human type of rep

The effect of immunization with Streptococcus mutans (serotype c) on dental caries was investigated in Macaca mulatta maintained on a human type of diet. Sequential immunological studies over a period of 2yr were related to the development of dental caries. Monkeys showing a brisk serum complement-fixing antibody titre greater than 1:16, to a hydroxyapatite fraction of the culture supernatant of Strep. mutans, within 1 month of either subcutaneous or submucous immunization with Strep. mutans, developed little or no caries. Those in whom the antibody response was slow, taking 5–12 months and four to five booster injections to reach a titre greater than 1:16 seemed to have escaped from any protection and caries developed rapidly. The results suggest that effective immunization to Strep. mutans in rhesus monkeys is associated with protection against dental caries, and that the type of antibody, and the rate at which the optimum titre develops are some of the determinants in caries development.

We have established a new simian-type blood group system (M blood groups) in the African green monkey ( Cercopithecus aethiops), using a haemagglutinating antibody which was developed by alloimmunization. The M blood groups consisted of two phenotypes, type-M and type-m. We have also determined the mode of inheritance as well as the distribution of both simian-type M and human-type ABO blood groups, employing 113 families including 160 animals. The family analysis revealed that (1) the simian-type M blood groups were governed by the two alleles, dominant M and recessive m, and (2) the humantype ABO blood groups were governed by 3 alleles, codominant A and B and silent O, although no monkey of phenotype-O was found in our breeding colony. Differences in the phenotypic distribution and gene frequency of respective M and ABO blood groups were observed among 3 populations imported at different times. The genetic management of the African green monkey breeding colony was discussed in relation to the difference in distribution of phenotypes of M and ABO blood groups between the parental (wild-originated) and the first filial (colony-born) populations.

The effects of varying culture conditions on glutathione content in A549 (human type II lung tumor derived) cells were examined. Parameters studied were growth time, serum concentration, and the presence or absence of a mixture of insulin, transferrin, and selenous acid. Glutathione content increased with serum concentration. When cells were grown with serum, glutathione increased sharply 24 hours after passage and decreased thereafter. Insulin, transferrin, and selenous acid had little effect on cell growth or glutathione content. Replacement of media with fresh media containing 10% serum did not prevent the growth dependent decrease in glutathione. These results demonstrate that glutathione content in A549 cells is strongly affected by culture conditions.

The chromosomal location of representative members of the type I and type II subfamilies of the cytokeratin multigene family was determined using specific cDNA probes in Southern blot hybridization with DNA from somatic cell hybrids. Our results show that the gene encoding human type II cytokeratin 4 resides on chromosome 12 and that encoding type I cytokeratin 15 is located on chromosome 17. The results indicate that cytokeratins are not concentrated in only one cluster. The possibility of the existence of separate type I and type II cytokeratin gene clusters is discussed.