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Horn fly resistance to pyrethroid insecticides occurs throughout Brazil, but knowledge about the involved mechanisms is still in an incipient stage. This survey was aimed to identify the mechanisms of horn fly resistance to cypermethrin in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Impregnated filter paper bioassays using cypermethrin, synergized or not with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), were conducted from March 2004 to June 2005 in horn fly populations (n = 33) from all over the state. All populations were highly resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors (RF) ranging from 89.4 to 1,020.6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation also were performed in 16 samples. The kdr mutation was found in 75% of the tested populations, mostly with relatively low frequencies (

Trabajo original de tesis para obtener el Doctorado en Ciencias de la producción y la salud animal Tutor principal: Héctor Manelic Quiroz Romero Comité tutor: Héctor Manelic Quiroz Romero, José de la Fuente García., [ES]: El objetivo de esta tesis fue identificar genes implicados en la sobrevivencia y reproducción de Haematobia irritans, a partir del análisis bioinformático de una biblioteca de ADNc y confirmados mediante iARN. Se construyó una biblioteca de ADNc con tejidos abdominales de H. irritans. Se secuenciaron y ensamblaron 2,160 ESTs de alta calidad en 992 unigenes (178 contiguos, 814 individuales), con funciones moleculares de serin proteasas, metabolismo celular, función mitocondrial, transcripción y traslación, transporte, vitelogénesis, citoesqueleto, respuesta celular al estrés e infección, entre otras. El análisis funcional se realizó utilizando por primera vez la iARN en moscas H. irritans. Se realizó el silenciamiento génico en los grupos de serina proteasa e inhibidor de proteasas, VTG, FER, vATPasa, componentes del proteasoma, respuesta inmune y 5’-NUC. Los resultados obtenidos del silenciamiento fueron alta mortalidad de H. irritans (grupos funcionales de serina proteasa e inhibidor de proteasas), reducción en la oviposición (VTG, FER y vATPasa) o ambos (componentes del proteasoma, respuesta inmune y 5’-NUC); mientras que para los grupos de ubiquitinación y vATPasa no tuvo efecto en la mortalidad ni en la oviposición comparado con los testigos. Se realizó el análisis de expresión y polimorfismo de los unigenes de componentes del proteasoma y respuesta inmune, lo que permitió observar expresión diferencial en los distintos estadios evolutivos y que se trata de secuencias altamente conservadas. Adicionalmente se analizó la prevalencia de ARN de patógenos encontrados en la biblioteca de ADNc de H. irritans, mediante RT-PCR en tiempo real obteniendo una prevalencia del 94-80% virus Nora, 100% Wolbachia y 100% Mycobacterium bovis, en la población analizada. En conclusión, estos resultados muestran avances en la caracterización molecular y amplian el repertorio de patógenos que afectan a las moscas H. irritans; además sugieren candidatos a antígenos protectores a utilizarse en el desarrollo de vacunas para el control de las infestaciones por H. irritans., [EN]: The aim of this thesis was to identify genes involved in the survival and reproduction of Haematobia irritans, from bioinformatic analysis of a cDNA library and confirmed by RNAi. A cDNA library was constructed with abdominal tissues of H. irritans. 2,160 high quality ESTs were sequenced and assembled into 992 unigenes (178 contigs, 814 singlets) with molecular functions of serine proteases, cell metabolism, mitochondrial function, transcription and translation, transport, vitelogenesis, cytoskeleton, cellular response to stress and infection, among others. Functional analysis was performed using RNAi for the first time in H. irritans flies. Gene silencing in groups of serine protease and protease inhibitor, VTG, FER, vATPasa, proteasome components, immune response and 5'-NUC was performed. The results of the gene knockdown were high mortality of H. irritans (functional groups of serine protease and protease inhibitor), reduced oviposition (VTG, vATPasa and FER) or both (proteasome components, immune response and 5'-NUC), while for groups ubiquitination and vATPasa not had an effect on mortality or oviposition compared to controls. Expression analysis and polymorphism of the unigenes of proteasome components and immune response was performed, which allowed the observation of differential expression in different developmental stages and that it is highly conserved sequences. Additionally RNA prevalence pathogens found in analyzed H. irritans cDNA library, by real time RT-PCR obtaining a prevalence of 94-80% Nora virus, 100% Wolbachia and 100% Mycobacterium bovis in the analyzed population. In conclusion, these results show progress in the molecular characterization and expand the repertoire of pathogens affecting H. irritans flies; further suggest candidate protective antigens for use in the development of vaccines to control infestations H. irritans., La realización de esta tesis fue posible gracias a las becas: 42883 CONACYT y Promep-UAT. El financiamiento parcial de esta tesis fue posible gracias a los proyectos: SAGARPA-CONACYT, Proyecto 12260; SEP-CONACYT, Proyecto 25772 a cargo de la Dra. Consuelo Almazán; Proyecto INIA FAU2008-00014-00-00; UCLM, España “Ayudas para acciones de cooperación al desarrollo”, a cargo del Dr. José de la Fuente; Proyecto 00030072; FOMIX-Tamaulipas a cargo de MC. Lorena Torres y Proyecto 151779 UNAM y PAPIIT IT 230011, DGAPA, UNAM a cargo del Dr. Hector Quiroz Romero.

Horn fly resistance to pyrethroid insecticides occurs throughout Brazil, but knowledge about the involved mechanisms is still in an incipient stage. This survey was aimed to identify the mechanisms of horn fly resistance to cypermethrin in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Impregnated filter paper bioassays using cypermethrin, synergized or not with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), were conducted from March 2004 to June 2005 in horn fly populations (n = 33) from all over the state. All populations were highly resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors (RF) ranging from 89.4 to 1,020.6. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation also were performed in 16 samples. The kdr mutation was found in 75% of the tested populations, mostly with relatively low frequencies (

Background: The horn fly, Haematobia irritans, is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of pastured cattle and is a major pest of livestock production in North and South America and Europe. In this study, we investigated the potential to use cattle pastures, infected with non-toxic, "friendly" fungal-endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., as a strategy for reducing horn fly loads in cattle, and to evaluate the possible bioinsecticide effect on horn fly larvae. Results: When cattle grazed in E+ tall fescue, a decrease in fly-load was observed, compared with other pastures (endophyte-free (E-) pastures). The infestation of horn fly load decreased according to an increase in the percentage of endophyte present in the different pastures (0 to 100%). Moreover, two groups of animals with significant differences in the fly-load (high and low fly-load) in the same herd were observed (P < 0.05). Additionally, it was possible to determine a bioinsecticide effect of cattle dung, upon horn fly larvae (80%), from animals fed E+ tall fescue. Conclusions: These results constitute the first report on the potential for exploiting pasture management for controlling 1) horn fly-loads on cattle and 2) the normal development of horn fly larvae. In conclusion, this information provides preliminary understanding of the role of cattle pasture diet management for controlling horn fliesas part of an integrated pest management strategy for this major pest of farmed livestock.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T18:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 The laboratory production of the horn fly is still an important resource for research. Several authors have already observed that viability of immature stages varies according to arthropod species. In this study were observed the Haematobia irritans egg percentage hatching. Bovine faeces was obtained from animals grazing pastures (Brachiaria decumbens) was collected and used immediately or placed in a refrigerator (2-3°C). Horn flies were captured in bovine to get eggs placed in filter paper on dung and incubate at 32 ± 2 ° C and 80% RH for larvae raring. The results were based on the number of hatched eggs and we observed 83,0% percent of larvae rearing. Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' - UNESP, campus de Araçatuba Centro Universitário Católico Salesiano Auxilium de Araçatuba Unisalesiano, Araçatuba, SP Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' - UNESP, campus de Araçatuba

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T18:04:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:25:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:42:33Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-01 A produção de moscas-dos-chifres em laboratório é de grande importância para a pesquisa. Diversos autores tem observado que a viabilidade de diferentes estágios de artrópodes variam de acordo com a espécie. Nesse estudo observou-se a percentagem de eclosão de ovos de Haematobia irritans. As fezes bovinas foram obtidas dos animais alimentados por pastagem (Brachiaria decumbens), coletadas e usadas imediatamente ou colocadas em refrigerador (2-3°C). Foram capturadas mosca-dos-chifres em bovinos para a coleta de ovos, colocados em papel filtro sobre as fezes e incubados em 32 ± 2oC e 80% de umidade relativa, para o desenvolvimento das larvas. Os resultados basearam-se no número de ovos eclodidos, tendo sido observada a porcentagem de 83,0% de larvas eclodidas. The laboratory production of the horn fly is still an important resource for research. Several authors have already observed that viability of immature stages varies according to arthropod species. In this study were observed the Haematobia irritans egg percentage hatching. Bovine faeces was obtained from animals grazing pastures (Brachiaria decumbens) was collected and used immediately or placed in a refrigerator (2-3 degrees C). Horn flies were captured in bovine to get eggs placed in filter paper on dung and incubate at 32 +/- 2 degrees C and 80% RH for larvae raring. The results were based on the number of hatched eggs and we observed 83,0% percent of larvae rearing. Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho UN, Dept Apoio Prod & Saúde Anim, Aracatuba, SP, Brazil Ctr Univ Catolico Salesiano Auxilium Aracatuba, Aracatuba, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Parasitol, Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho UN, Dept Apoio Prod & Saúde Anim, Aracatuba, SP, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T00:37:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 Aiming to know the population dynamics of horn fly on cattle in the municipality of Selvíria, MS,Brazil, a study was conducted from March 2004 to June 2005 in the Education, Research and Extension Farm, from Unesp - Campus de Ilha Solteira, located in the municipality of Selvíria, MS. It was used 15 cows of the Guzera breed and 15 crossbred (Guzera X Holstein-Friesian), respectively 3 and 4 years old, naturally infested. During the experimental period these animals did not receive any insecticide treatment. Visual fly counting by on back region of the animals was carried out at 14 day interval. The horn fly showed two peaks of infestation during the year, one in April and another in October. In the months of highest infestation, the average number of flies did not exceed a 104. The months in which was significant difference between crossbred and Guzera breed was in April, May, August and September 2004 and February, March and April 2005, always with crossbred with higher infestation. In the region studied Haematobia irritans was present throughout the year. Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu (IBB) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Departamento de Matemática Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu (IBB) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Departamento de Matemática Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

To investigate the kdr (knockdown resistance) resistance-associated gene mutation and determine its frequency in pyrethroid-resistant horn fly (Haematobia irritans) populations, a total of 1,804 horn flies of 37 different populations from all Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South) were molecular screened through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The kdr gene was not detected in 87.08% of the flies. However, the gene was amplified in 12.92% of the flies, of which 11.70% were resistant heterozygous and 1.22% were resistant homozygous. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was found only in 1 ranch with an excess of heterozygous. When populations were grouped by region, three metapopulations showed significant deviations of HWE (Central-West population, South population and Southeast population). This indicates that populations are isolated one from another and kdr occurrence seems to be an independent effect probably reflecting the insecticide strategy used by each ranch. Although resistance to pyrethroids is disseminated throughout Brazil, only 48% of resistant populations had kdr flies, and the frequency of kdr individuals in each of these resistant populations was quite low. But this study shows that, with the apparent exception of the Northeast region, the kdr mechanism associated with pyrethroid resistance occurs all over Brazil. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência e determinar a frequência da mutação kdr (knock down resistance) em populações de Haematobia irritans (mosca-dos-chifres) resistentes aos piretróides, foram analisados 1.804 indivíduos de 37 populações de todas as Regiões do Brasil. Com exceção da Região Nordeste, o kdr (knock down resistance gene) foi encontrado em populações de todas as regiões. A mutação não foi detectada em 87,08% dos indivíduos. Entretanto, o gene foi amplificado de 12,92% das moscas, das quais 11,70% se mostraram heterozigotas resistentes e 1,22% homozigotas resistentes. Em todas as populações verificou-se equilíbrio de acordo com a Lei de Hardy e Weinberg, exceto uma com excesso de heterozigotos. Entretanto, quando agrupamos diferentes populações numa metapopulação de acordo com a região geográfica, é possível observar um desvio nas populações Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste, indicando isolamento populacional e que a ocorrência do kdr é provavelmente um efeito independente, talvez refletindo a estratégia de uso do inseticida de cada produtor. Apesar da resistência aos piretróides estar disseminada por todo o país, apenas 48% das populações resistentes apresentaram o kdr, e a frequência de indivíduos kdr nas populações resistentes se mostrou bastante baixa. À exceção da Região Nordeste, o mecanismo de resistência ligado ao kdr ocorre em todo o país.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:44:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1984-29612009000300002.pdf: 484970 bytes, checksum: 899106ad13818fa65ec47969593ca1bb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:44:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1984-29612009000300002.pdf: 484970 bytes, checksum: 899106ad13818fa65ec47969593ca1bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1984-29612009000300002.pdf: 484970 bytes, checksum: 899106ad13818fa65ec47969593ca1bb (MD5) S1984-29612009000300002.pdf.txt: 27505 bytes, checksum: c2afaddb9a2cff55ca4e02a1728eb050 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:52:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1984-29612009000300002.pdf: 484970 bytes, checksum: 899106ad13818fa65ec47969593ca1bb (MD5) S1984-29612009000300002.pdf.txt: 27505 bytes, checksum: c2afaddb9a2cff55ca4e02a1728eb050 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1984-29612009000300002.pdf: 484970 bytes, checksum: 899106ad13818fa65ec47969593ca1bb (MD5) S1984-29612009000300002.pdf.txt: 27505 bytes, checksum: c2afaddb9a2cff55ca4e02a1728eb050 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-01 Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência e determinar a frequência da mutação kdr (knock down resistance) em populações de Haematobia irritans (mosca-dos-chifres) resistentes aos piretróides, foram analisados 1.804 indivíduos de 37 populações de todas as Regiões do Brasil. Com exceção da Região Nordeste, o kdr (knock down resistance gene) foi encontrado em populações de todas as regiões. A mutação não foi detectada em 87,08% dos indivíduos. Entretanto, o gene foi amplificado de 12,92% das moscas, das quais 11,70% se mostraram heterozigotas resistentes e 1,22% homozigotas resistentes. em todas as populações verificou-se equilíbrio de acordo com a Lei de Hardy e Weinberg, exceto uma com excesso de heterozigotos. Entretanto, quando agrupamos diferentes populações numa metapopulação de acordo com a região geográfica, é possível observar um desvio nas populações Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste, indicando isolamento populacional e que a ocorrência do kdr é provavelmente um efeito independente, talvez refletindo a estratégia de uso do inseticida de cada produtor. Apesar da resistência aos piretróides estar disseminada por todo o país, apenas 48% das populações resistentes apresentaram o kdr, e a frequência de indivíduos kdr nas populações resistentes se mostrou bastante baixa. À exceção da Região Nordeste, o mecanismo de resistência ligado ao kdr ocorre em todo o país. To investigate the kdr (knockdown resistance) resistance-associated gene mutation and determine its frequency in pyrethroid-resistant horn fly (Haematobia irritans) populations, a total of 1,804 horn flies of 37 different populations from all Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South) were molecular screened through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The kdr gene was not detected in 87.08% of the flies. However, the gene was amplified in 12.92% of the flies, of which 11.70% were resistant heterozygous and 1.22% were resistant homozygous. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was found only in 1 ranch with an excess of heterozygous. When populations were grouped by region, three metapopulations showed significant deviations of HWE (Central-West population, South population and Southeast population). This indicates that populations are isolated one from another and kdr occurrence seems to be an independent effect probably reflecting the insecticide strategy used by each ranch. Although resistance to pyrethroids is disseminated throughout Brazil, only 48% of resistant populations had kdr flies, and the frequency of kdr individuals in each of these resistant populations was quite low. But this study shows that, with the apparent exception of the Northeast region, the kdr mechanism associated with pyrethroid resistance occurs all over Brazil. Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Departamento de Parasitologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Parasitologia Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Pantanal Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Knipling - Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Parasitologia

El uso de plantas medicinales hace parte tanto de la historia de la medicina en todas las culturas del mundo como de las costumbres populares, convirtiéndose en el punto de partida para el desarrollo de medicamentos tradicionales. En respuesta a los altos niveles de resistencia y a la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas en el ecosistema, se ha buscado en las plantas nuevas alternativas para el control de insectos. A partir del conocimiento popular de algunas plantas reconocidas por su acción insecticida, con esta investigación, se buscó determinar, experimentalmente, si Nicotiana tabacum, Brugmansia arborea, Sambucus nigra, Bidens pilosa y Ambrosia cumanenses tienen efecto contra los adultos de la mosca de los cuernos, Haematobia irritans, plaga de importancia que afecta el ganado vacuno. Utilizando el método de lixiviación en frío, se preparó el extracto de las hojas de cada una de las plantas. La evaluación del efecto insecticida, se realizó in Vitro, haciendo una aspersión topical de los extractos sobre las moscas. Todas las plantas mostraron efecto insecticida, aunque en diferentes grados de intensidad, siendo la más efectiva la Haematobia irritans. Con estos resultados, se sustenta el conocimiento popular y se resalta la necesidad de utilizar altas concentraciones del extracto para obtener efecto insecticida. The use of medicinal plants forms part of the medical history in every world culture, as well as of the popular customs, being also the starting point of traditional drugs. Responding to the high levels of resistance to chemical pesticides and the presence of their residues in the ecosystem, in plants, new alternatives for insect control have been searched. Based on the popular knowledge about some plants, recognized for their insecticidal action, with this research it was proposed to determine experimentally if Nicotiana tabacum, Brugmansia arborea, Sambucus nigra, Bidens pilosa and Ambrosia cumanenses have some action against the fly, Haematobia irritans, cattle pest of importance. Leaf extracts were prepared by lixiviation in cold and the insecticidal effect was evaluated in vitro making topical aspersion of the extracts on the flies. All plants show insecticidal effect but at different intensity levels. The extract of N. tabacum was the most effective one. With these results the popular knowledge is supported, however the need of using high concentrations of the extract for obtaining insecticide effect is pointed out.

En este estudio se evaluó la fluctuación en la población de Haematobia irritans de febrero 2004 a febrero 2005, en Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, México. Se utilizaron 15 vaquillas F1 (Holstein por Brahman) de 11 ± 2 meses de edad y 170 ± 19 kg de peso, infestadas en forma natural por la H. irritans. La población de moscas se correlacionó con cinco variables climáticas y se evaluó por medio de conteos semanales con observaciones directas a los bovinos a potrero. La mosca H. irritans estuvo presente todo el año (35,1 ± 35,2 moscas/animal); sin embargo, las mayores infestaciones con esta plaga se registraron en los meses de septiembre y octubre. El pico poblacional de H. irritans fue de 121 moscas/ animal. El grado de infestación estuvo asociado principalmente con la precipitación acumulada (r = 0,70, P

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la fluctuación estacional de la población de Haematobia irritans (L.) en una zona templada de México; la población se registró a través de conteos semanales en vacas Holstein en pastoreo del 6 de septiembre de 1997 al 29 de agosto de 1998. Se correlacionaron los conteos de moscas con siete variables climáticas para las cuatro semanas previas a los conteos. Se detectó un número mayor a dos moscas por vaca a lo largo del año, con excepción de la segunda y tercera semana de enero. Las moscas adultas nunca desaparecieron de las vacas, indicando que si la diapausa ocurre en esta latitud, no afecta a toda la población de moscas. El mayor nivel de abundancia (392 moscas/vaca) se registró en mayo de 1998. La población de moscas se redujo entre el 15 de noviembre de 1997 y el 3 de enero de 1998, y aumentó entre el 14 de marzo y el 23 de mayo de 1998. La variable climática que mejor se correlacionó con los conteos de moscas fue la temperatura mínima a la intemperie (r=0,76). El número de moscas del cuerno se correlacionó mejor con los datos climáticos de la semana previa a los conteos. Se puede concluir que en esta zona del altiplano mexicano se puede registrar valores altos en la población de esta plaga, mientras que la mejor variable climática en la predicción de cambios en la población de la mosca del cuerno podría ser la temperatura mínima a la intemperie, con un valor límite de 0° C. The objective of this study was to determine the seasonal fluctuation of Haematobia irritans (L) in a temperate area of Mexico. It was carried out by weekly counts of horn flies on grazing Holstein cows from September 6, 1997 to August 29, 1998. Horn fly counts were correlated with seven weather variables for the four previous weeks to counts. Flies were recorded at a density of more than two flies per cow through the year, with the exception of the second and third week of January. Adult flies never disappeared from the cows indicating that if diapause occurs at this latitude, it does not affect the whole fly population. The highest level of abundance (392 flies/cow) was registered on May, 1998. A clear decrease in fly numbers took place between November 15, 1997 and January 3, 1998, and fly numbers clearly increased between March 14, and May 23, 1998. The weather variable that best correlated with fly counts throughout the year was minimum outdoors temperature (r=0.76). Fly numbers were better correlated with weather data from one week prior to counts. It may be concluded that high values in pest population might be registered, whilst minimum outdoor temperature lower than 0° C performed best as weather variable to be used as predictor in horn fly population changes in this area located in the highlands of Central Mexico. 31 - 38 r_amendola@yahoo.com Bimestral

Blood-sucking flies are important parasites in animal production systems, especially regarding confinement conditions. Haematobia irritans, the horn fly, is one of the most troublesome species within bovine production systems, due to the intense stress imposed to the animals. H. irritans is one of the parasites of cattle that cause significant economic losses in many parts of the world, including South America. In the present work, Brazilian, Colombian and Dominican Republic populations of this species were studied by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to assess basically genetic variability between populations. Fifteen different decamer random primers were employed in the genomic DNA amplification, yielding 196 fragments in the three H. irritans populations. Among H. irritans samples, that from Colombia produced the smallest numbers of polymorphic bands. This high genetic homogeneity may be ascribed to its geographic origin, which causes high isolation, low gene flow, unlike the other American populations, from Brazil and Dominican Republic. Molecular marker fragments, which its produced exclusive bands, detected in every sample enabled the population origin to be characterized, but they are also potentially useful for further approaches such as the putative origin of Brazilian, Colombian and Dominican Republic populations of horn fly from South America. Similarity indices produced by chemo metric analysis showed the closest relationships between flies from Brazil and Dominican Republic, while flies from Colombia showed the greatest genotypic differentiation relative to the others populations.

Orientador: Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: Este trabalho consiste na construção de uma biblioteca genômica enriquecida em microssatélites e na caracterização de dez locos polimórficos para a espécie Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), popularmente conhecida como mosca-dos-chifres, um ectoparasita de grande importância econômica para a pecuária de diversos países, principalmente no Brasil. A biblioteca genômica enriquecida em microssatélites teve um rendimento de 67% considerando-se o número de microsatélites (contendo mais de 7 repetições em série) caracterizados em um total de 109 sequências analisadas. Um rendimento de 22% foi encontrado referente à obtenção de 16 locos potencialmente informativos. Dos microssatélites identificados nesta análise, 85% possuíam motivos (CA)n e apenas 12% apresentaram motivos (GA)n, apesar da biblioteca ter sido enriquecida para ambos os motivos. Neste projeto, dez locos polimórficos de microssatélites foram descritos para a espécie H. irritans. Destes, oito locos apresentaram motivos dinucleotídeos, sendo cinco motivos (CA)n e três motivos (GA)n, além da identificação de um loco com motivo trinucleotídeo (CAA)7 e um tetranucleotídeo (CCGT)6. Entre os dez locos polimórficos, o número de alelos por loco variou entre dois e oito, tendo uma média de quatro alelos por loco, considerados um número baixo quando comparado com outras espécies de dípteros. As heterozigosidades esperada e observada apresentaram um intervalo de 0,1421-0,7702 e 0,1500-0,6750, respectivamente. Os valores de heterozigosidade também foram considerados baixos, sendo inferiores a 0,5 em pelo menos três locos. Após correção seqüencial de Bonferroni, oito locos não apresentaram desvios significativos pelo esperado por Hardy-Weinberg, bem como não foi verificado desequilíbrio de ligação entre os pares de locos. A caracterização destes marcadores microssatélites polimórficos, é potencialmente informativa para elucidar questões evolutivas envolvendo H. irritans como a compreensão da dinâmica populacional e estrutura genética desta espécie. A análise deste marcador molecular poderá orientar projetos de manejo e controle da mosca-dos-chifres Abstract: The aim of this work was the construction of a genomic microsatelliteenriched library for the species Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), commonly known as ¿horn fly¿, an ectoparasite of great economic importance world-wide, and particularly in Brazil. Here we describe ten polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from this species. From a complete set of 109 sequences analised, 67% contained microsatellites regions (considering sequences with more than 7 repeats). The analysis of these sequences resulted in the identification of 16 potentially informative microsatellites loci (an efficience of 22%). Regarding the composition of the microsatellites sequenced retrived in this process, 85% have (CA)n motifs and only 12% have (GA)n motifs, despite enrichment on both. From the ten polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from H. irritans, 8 have dinucleotide motifs (5 (CA)n and 3 (GA)n), one was a trinucleotide motif (CAA)7 and one was a tetranucleotide motif (CCGT)6. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight, with an average of four alleles per locus. This number of alleles was considered low if compared with other dipterans studies. The expected and observed heterozigosities ranged from 0,1421 to 0,7702 and 0,1500 to 0,6750, respectively. Heterozigosity values were considered low. In this analysis, at least three loci presented heterozigosity values under 0,5. After sequential Bonferroni correction, significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found for 2 loci. No linkage disequilibrium was observed between pairs of loci after correction for multiple tests. The characterization of these polymorphic microsatellites markers is potentially informative to investigate evolutionary questions regarding H. irritans populations by providing fundamental insights into population dynamics and genetic structure. Further projects on horn flies control and management could also benefit from this molecular marker analysis Mestrado Genética Animal e Evolução Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

A mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans) é um dos principais ectoparasitos de bovinos no Brasil. Estudos epidemiológicos são exigidos devido às dificuldades crescentes do seu controle químico. Por isso, para um melhor conhecimento da dinâmica populacional sazonal desta mosca foram realizadas contagens a cada 14 dias sobre bovinos para corte, entre 7 e 30 meses de idade, durante o período de inverno de 1996 até o verão de 2002. Foi verificada elevação nos níveis populacionais de H. irritans (P

The susceptibility of the egg, pupa, and adult of Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) to isolates of the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith, was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Groups of 20 eggs than 4 h old, pupae less than 48h old and adults were sprayed with a conidial suspension of each isolate. Eggs, pupae and adults of horn fly were susceptible to these entomopathogenic fungi. For treated eggs, the isolates Ma3, Ma 15, Ma25, Pfr1, and Pfr8 reduced adult emergence to 3.8% to 6.3% in comparison with the control (72%). The mortality of pupae infected by the isolates Ma2, Ma25, and Pfr10 ranged between 50% and 71.3%. Mortality of adults after treatment with the isolates Ma6, Ma 10, Ma 14, Ma 15, Pfr 1, Pfr 9, Pfr 10, Pfr 11, and Pfr12 were higher than 90%. The isolate Ma6 produced the lowest LC(50) against adult horn flies (8.08times 10(2)conidia/ml). These findings supported the hypotheses that isolates of M. anisopliae, and P. fumosoroseus are pathogenic against the different biological stages of horn flies by reducing adult emergence when applied on groups of eggs and pupae, and producing mortality when applied to adults.

A presente investigação foi realizada devido à escassez, no Brasil, de informações sobre os possíveis danos decorrentes da ação hematófaga da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans (L.), em bovinos da raça Nelore. O estudo foi realizado durante quatro estações chuvosas (outubro a abril), de 1991 a 1995. Em cada ano, 80 bovinos foram utilizados de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: 28 touros com um ano de idade divididos em quatro grupos; 20 bois com idade de dois anos divididos em quatro grupos, e 32 bois com três anos e divididos em oito grupos. Metade dos grupos de animais de cada idade eram tratados contra H. irritans com intervalos de 28 dias e os demais mantidos como grupos controle. As moscas foram contadas a cada 14 dias e o peso dos bois registrado a cada 28. O número médio de mosca/animal dos grupos controle para o primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto anos do estudo foi, respectivamente: cinco, cinco, quatro e cinco, nos animais de um ano; 15, 11, 13 e 27, nos de dois anos e 55, 31, 40 e 51, nos de três anos. Observou-se que maior número de moscas (P

This study aimed to assess the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of the insect growth regulator (IGR), diflubenzuron, on the body size of the horn fly Haematobia irritans (L.) and on its developmental stability, by fluctuating asymmetry (FA) analysis. Breeding media with different sub-lethal diflubenzuron concentrations and a control medium, were prepared to obtain morphometric measures on adult individuals. Principal component analysis was used to generate an index of general body size, using the correlation matrix of the original characters. Levels of FA and the multivariate index of size were compared among treatments. Contrary to the expectations, the exposure to diflubenzuron did not result in a significant and concomitant increase in the level of FA across treatments or in the number of individuals showing developmental instability. Nevertheless, a significant reduction of size due to the diflubenzuron may reflect the ability of H. irritans to perform physiological and morphological adjustments allowing phenotype compensation, at least to some extent, for stressful environmental conditions. On the other hand, the IGR may be selecting more symmetrical and resistant individuals. From the pest control point of view, the reduction of size may be a positive effect of the IGR since size is usually directly related to fitness. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de concentrações sub-letais do regulador de desenvolvimento de insetos (IGR), diflubenzurom, no tamanho e na estabilidade do desenvolvimento da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans (L.), por meio da análise de assimetria flutuante (AF). Adultos criados em substratos com diferentes concentrações sub-letais de diflubenzurom e em meios-controle foram submetidos a medidas morfométricas. Utilizou-se a análise de componentes principais para se obter um índice multivariado de tamanho, a partir de uma matriz de correlação dos caracteres originais. Os níveis de AF e o índice multivariado de tamanho foram comparados entre os tratamentos. Contrariamente ao esperado, a exposição ao diflubenzurom não resultou em aumento significativo e proporcional às concentrações utilizadas nos níveis de AF entre os tratamentos. Entretanto, a redução no tamanho devido ao efeito deste IGR pode estar refletindo a capacidade de H. irritans de realizar ajustes fisiológicos e morfológicos, de modo que os fenótipos compensem, pelo menos até certo ponto, as condições ambientais de estresse. Há ainda a possibilidade de o IGR estar selecionando indivíduos mais simétricos e resistentes. Do ponto de vista do controle de pragas, a redução no tamanho de indivíduos submetidos a concentrações sub-letais deste IGR pode ser vantajosa, uma vez que tamanho está usualmente diretamente relacionado à aptidão do indivíduo.

Foram selecionados 22 bovinos, da raça Ibagé, com idade média de 2 anos. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de 11 bovinos cada. O grupo testemunha não foi tratado e o grupo experimental foi tratado com produto mosquicida. Após contagem de moscas, a cada 14 dias, num período de 16 meses, quando também era realizada a pesagem dos animais, estes foram abatidos e os respectivos couros remetidos ao curtume onde foram curtidos e avaliados em dois estágios: o Wet-Blue e o curtimento total. Foram realizados estudos sobre peso dos animais, peso de carcaça e rendimento de carcaça nos dois grupos ficando demonstrado que não houve correlação entre a presença do parasita e a variação destes parâmetros. No abate, foram colhidas amostras de pele do flanco e da garupa, dos animais do grupo não tratado, e processadas para histopatologia, o que revelou a presença de infiltrado inflamatório com eosinófilos e poucas células mononucleares (linfócitos e plasmócitos) ao redor dos vasos da derme superficial que em 84,21% das amostras foi discreto, em 10,52% foi moderado e em 5,26% foi acentuado. Na fase de curtimento, denominada de Wet-Blue, os couros dos animais do grupo não tratado foram classificados como: 18,18% tipo "A",28,28% tipo "B", e 54,54% tipo "C", já os couros dos animais pertencentes ao grupo tratado obtiveram a seguinte classificação: 45,45% tipo "A", 36,36% tipo "B" e 18,18% tipo "C". Nesta fase, observou-se que, no grupo de animais tratados, as áreas comumente parasitadas pela mosca dos chifres (flancos e garupa) apresentavam poucas ou nenhuma lesão enquanto no grupo de animais não tratados essas áreas estavam cobertas por lesões. Após o curtimento total a classificação dos couros dos animais do grupo não tratado passou a ser de 54,54% dos couros tipo "A"36,36% tipo "B" e 9,09% tipo "C"; já os couros dos animais do grupo tratado passaram a receber a seguinte classificação:81,81% tipo "A", 9,09% tipo "B", e 9,09% tipo "C". Após a aplicação de pastas especiais por profissionais especializados evidenciou-se que as áreas afetadas pela mosca dos chifres onde se observara um grande numero de lesões passaram a ter um aspecto homogêneo e sem marcas. Deve-se salientar que estes couros, mesmo provenientes de animais tratados apresentavam lesões características de outros parasitas como Dermatobia hominis e Boophilus microplus e também lesões provavelmente adquiridas durante o processamento no frigorífico. Estes resultados sugerem que a mosca dos chifres não representa um fator econômico importante para a industria do couro. Twenty two male 2- year- old Ibagé bovines at the beginning of the experiment were selected. They were divided into two groups of 11 bovines each. One group was treated with insecticide at 14 days intervals and the other remained as control. After that the animals were slaughtered and the respective leather sent to the tannery where they were tanned and evaluated in two stages, the Wet-Blue (leather treated in chromium, still humid and bluish) and the total tanning. Animals weight, carcasses weight and dressing percentage were recorded and there was no correlation between infestation by the horn fly and those parameters. At slaughter, samples of the flank areas and the back of the animals were collected and processed for histology studies, which revealed the presence of a perivascular inflammatory infiltration with eosinophils and few mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells) at the superficial dermis in which 16 out of 19 samples (84.21%) were mild in 2 out of 19 samples (10.52%) were moderate and in 1 out of 19 samples (5. 26%) was marked. In the tanning phase called as Wet-blue, the classification of the leathers was as follows: 8 out 22 (36.36%) type "A", 10 out of 22 (45.45%) type "B", and"4 out of 22 (18.18%) type "C. At this point in the group of animals treated with insecticide the areas commonly parasited by the horn fly (flanks and back) a few lesions or no lesions were depicted whereas in the group of non-treated animals those areas were almost totally covered by lesions. After the total tanning the classification was 40.90% of type "A" leather, 50% type "B" and 9.09% type "C". This change was chiefly due to a process called make up, used to remove all marks. It must be emphasized that the leathers had lesions from other parasites such as Dermatobia hominis and Boophilus microplus and lesions acquired in the slaughter house as well. The results suggest that the horn fly does not present a real economic loss to the leather industry.

Este estudo objetivou conhecer o período de desenvolvimento da mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans L., Diptera: Muscidae) em massas fecais (MF) de bovinos. Mensalmente, de maio/92 a abril/93, foram coletadas duas MF, 48 horas após deposição, e levadas ao Laboratório de Entomologia, em Corumbá, MS, para coletas diárias de insetos durante 30 dias. A emergência de H. irritans (n=171) ocorreu em 79,2% das MF, variando de 0 a 29 moscas/MF (média de 7,1). O período mínimo até a emergência (ovo-adulto) variou de 9 a 17 dias (temperaturas médias mensais de 23,2 a 30,2ºC), respectivamente, durante o verão/início do outono, e no inverno, sugerindo que a H. irritans apresente cerca de 22 gerações anuais. This study investigated the developmental time of the horn fly (Haematobia irritans L., Diptera: Muscidae) in bovine manure. Monthly, from May 1992 to April 1993, two dung pats were collected 48 hours after dropping in the field, and brought to the Laboratory of Entomology, in Corumbá, MS, Brazil, for insect daily collections during 30 days. Emergency of H. irritans (n=171) was observed in 79.2% of the pats, ranging from 0 to 29 flies/pat (7.1 average). The period until fly emergency (egg to adult) ranged from 9 to 17 days (monthly mean temperatures ranged 23.2 to 30.2ºC), during summer/autumn and winter, respectively, suggesting that H. irritans may have about 22 generations per year.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:50:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf: 172836 bytes, checksum: 03a733216662911f789909647c20b584 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:50:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf: 172836 bytes, checksum: 03a733216662911f789909647c20b584 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:41:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf: 172836 bytes, checksum: 03a733216662911f789909647c20b584 (MD5) S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf.txt: 34304 bytes, checksum: 8d407f5111c2fb863a13845509ff7e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:11:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf: 172836 bytes, checksum: 03a733216662911f789909647c20b584 (MD5) S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf.txt: 34304 bytes, checksum: 8d407f5111c2fb863a13845509ff7e0b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:11:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf: 172836 bytes, checksum: 03a733216662911f789909647c20b584 (MD5) S0100-736X2002000100006.pdf.txt: 34304 bytes, checksum: 8d407f5111c2fb863a13845509ff7e0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-01-01 Haematobia irritans tem causado muitos danos e preocupações na pecuária mundial, bem como despertado o interesse para diversos estudos a seu respeito. Seu nome está relacionado com o local de permanência nos bovinos. É conhecida como horn fly (mosca-dos-chifres) na Europa e nos Estados Unidos da América e mosca-da-paleta na América Latina. Os fatores biológicos podem produzir em bovinos de um único rebanho, diferentes níveis de infestação da mosca. Durante o ano de 1998 em Araçatuba, estado de São Paulo, foram avaliados o número médio de mosca por região ana-tômica, bem como os diferentes níveis de infestação em 60 bovinos da raça Nelore. Os bovinos foram filmados de ambos os lados do corpo para registrar o número de mosca em fitas cassetes. As fitas foram assistidas para a contagem e demarcação da mosca em 15 regiões anatômicas. O maior número de mosca (p

From June 1993 to May 1995, horn fly counts were conducted twice a month on untreated Nelore cattle raised extensively in the Pantanal. Horn fly population showed a bimodal fluctuation and peaks were observed every year after the beginning (November/December) and at the end (May/June) of the rainy season, which coincided with mid-late spring and mid-late fall, respectively. Horn flies were present on cattle throughout the year in at least 64% of the animals. Mean horn fly numbers on animals did not exceed 85 flies/cow during peaks and were under 35 flies/cow in most of the remaining periods. The highest infestations (population peaks) were short and dropped suddenly within two weeks. Less than 15% of the animals in both herds could be considered as "fly-susceptible" - showing consistently higher infestations, or "fly-resistant" - showing consistently lower infestations.

Horn fly, 'Haematobia irritans' (L.), resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphorous insecticides impregnated in cattle ear tags was monitored by tag efficacy evaluation in Perth, and by glass tube bioassay in Perth and Glencoe, Ontario. Organophosphorous Protector· (20% diazinon w/w) and Ectoguard· tags (10% tetrachlorvinphos w/w) provided no reduction of horn flies as compared to a non-treated herd for both 1997 and 1998 seasons. Pyrethroid Stockaid· tags (8% cypermethrin w/w) provided 23.1% reduction of flies in 1997, and Bovaid· tags (8% fenvalerate w/w) provided no reduction of horn flies in 1998. Eliminator · tags (11% diazinon, 6% cypermethrin w/w), provided 71.7% reduction in 1997 and 60.1% reduction in 1998. Resistance ratios at the LC50 level for flies from Perth to fenvalerate and diazinon were 108-253 and 2.2, respectively. Resistance ratios for flies from Glencoe to fenvalerate and diazinon were 289 and 3.3, respectively. Colorimetric assays demonstrated significantly reduced (10-50%) acetylcholinesterase inhibition in resistant horn flies as compared to susceptible flies. Chlorfenapyr (AC 303630), a potential new active ingredient for tags, was evaluated.

Fimicolous Staphylinidae prey on rearing dipterous in cattle dung, acting as their natural controllers, including pests such as horn fly. To survey the abundance and succession of these coleopterans in cattle dung deposited in pasture, six experiments were conducted from March to October 1995 in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cattle dung pats were exposed at a pasture for 1 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr, 2, 3, 7 and 10 days and were than taken to laboratory separate from each other, for Staphylinidae extraction. A total of 156 dung pats were exposed at pasture, from which 6225 Staphylinidae were recovered. Representing at least 30 species, Staphylinidae sp.1 (29.6%), Philonthus flavolimbatus (22.2%), Heterothops sp.1 (16.6%), Oxytelus sp.2 (7.6%), Aleochara sp.2 (7.6%) and Criptobium sp.1 (4.4%) were the most abundant, representing 87.8% from the total. The increased frequency of the majority of these species along the dung exposition time at pasture, indicated that they would be preying on at all the immature stages of the dipterous, or eggs and first instar larvae of species that lay eggs on the dung after its second exposition day at the pasture.

Em 1989, o besouro Onthophagus gazella Fabr. foi importado dos Estados Unidos, para compor o programa de controle integrado de helmintos e da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans L. Por não se ter conhecimento de que os piretróides ou os seus resíduos, quando eliminados pelas fezes, poderiam estar afetando o besouro africano, testaram-se alguns inseticidas "pour-on" que vêm sendo utilizados no combate à mosca-dos-chifres. Quinze animais machos, Nelore com cerca de 24 meses de idade, foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em cinco grupos de três animais cada um. Um desses grupos não foi tratado, servindo como controle. Os demais foram tratados, respectivamente, com Alfametrina, Cialotrina, Deltametrina e Flumetrina. Amostras de fezes (cerca de 100 gramas), coletadas diretamente do reto de cada animal, foram colocadas, separadamente, em recipientes de vidro de 500 ml e mantidas em laboratório. Em cada um destes recipientes foram colocados 10 adultos de O. gazella, para avaliar sua sobrevivência após 1, 4, 8, 11, 15 e 18 dias do tratamento dos animais. Observou-se que ocorreu mortalidade de besouros significativamente superior (P0,01) na mortalidade de besouros entre os produtos utilizados. In 1989, the dung-beetle Onthophagus gazella Fabr. was imported from the United States to be part of the integrated control program of helminths and horn-fly, Haematobia irritans L. Because there is no information about the effects of pyrethroids on the African beetle survival, the effect of four commercial pour-on insecticides for horn-fly control, on dung-beetle survival was investigated. Fifteen 24 months old, Nelore steers, were randomly assigned to five groups, with three animals/group. Animals in group 1 (control) received no treatment. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were treated on day 0 with Alphamethrin, Cyalothrin, Deltamethrin and Flumethrin, respectively. Individual samples of fecal material (approximately 100 g) were collected from the rectum, on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15 and 18 after treatment and placed in 500 ml glass vials. Ten live beetles were added in each vial and the survival rate was determined. Beetle mortality was high (P0,01) in mortality rate among treated groups.

A dinâmica parasitária da Haematobia irritans foi estudada em três fazendas com diferentes tipos de manejo de bovinos mestiços na região de São Carlos, SP, as quais não utilizavam nenhum tratamento específico à mosca. O experimento consistuiu na contagem de mosca na região dorso-lombar a cada 14 dias no período de outubro de 1992 a outubro de 1994. Cada fazenda adotava um tratamento: T1 (Fazenda Ribeirão Bonito, verminose tratada com levamizole-Ripercol L injetável, carrapato com piretróide - Ectoplus "pouron" e berne com trichlorphon-Neguvon + óleo queimado, usotópico); T2(Fazenda São Carlos, verminose tratada com levamizole - Ripercol injetável, carrapato tratado com banho de imersão com formamidina - Triatox e berne com fenthion -Tiguvon "pour on") e T3 (Fazenda Santa Eudóxia - sem tratamento). Os dados de contagem da mosca-do-chifre (MC), na escala √(MC + 0,5), foram analisados em um modelo que incluiu além da média, os efeitos de tratamentos, ano, mês, período e as interações duplas, sendo que todos os efeitos diferiram entre si (P

Fil: Torres, Pablo R.. Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Cicchino, Armando Conrado. División Entomología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina Fil: Abrahamovich, Alberto H.. Laboratorio de Apidología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina