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205. Experimental Reorientations

Author

Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg, Cohen, Robert S., editor, Renn, Jürgen, editor, Gavroglu, Kostas, editor, Hon, Giora, editor, Schickore, Jutta, editor, and Steinle, Friedrich, editor

Published
2009
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206. Learning Without Error

Author

Braun, Erez, Marom, Shimon, Cohen, Robert S., editor, Renn, Jürgen, editor, Gavroglu, Kostas, editor, Hon, Giora, editor, Schickore, Jutta, editor, and Steinle, Friedrich, editor

Published
2009
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209. Are There Aesthetic Explanations?

Author

Lorand, Ruth, Hintikka, Jaakko, editor, van Dalen, Dirk, editor, Davidson, Donald, editor, Kuipers, Theo A. F., editor, Suppes, Patrick, editor, Woleński, Jan, editor, Hon, Giora, editor, and Rakover, Sam S., editor

Published
2001
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210. The Explanation of Emotions

Author

Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron, Hintikka, Jaakko, editor, van Dalen, Dirk, editor, Davidson, Donald, editor, Kuipers, Theo A. F., editor, Suppes, Patrick, editor, Woleński, Jan, editor, Hon, Giora, editor, and Rakover, Sam S., editor

Published
2001
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214. Explanation in Archaeology

Author

Salmon, Merrilee H., Hintikka, Jaakko, editor, van Dalen, Dirk, editor, Davidson, Donald, editor, Kuipers, Theo A. F., editor, Suppes, Patrick, editor, Woleński, Jan, editor, Hon, Giora, editor, and Rakover, Sam S., editor

Published
2001
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219. What Good is an Explanation?

Author

Lipton, Peter, Hintikka, Jaakko, editor, van Dalen, Dirk, editor, Davidson, Donald, editor, Kuipers, Theo A. F., editor, Suppes, Patrick, editor, Woleński, Jan, editor, Hon, Giora, editor, and Rakover, Sam S., editor

Published
2001
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220. Optical Diagrams as 'Paper Tools':Della Porta’s Analysis of Biconvex Lenses from De refractione to De telescopio

Author

Arianna Borrelli, Borrelli, Arianna, Hon, Giora, and Zik, Yaakov

Subjects
Sociology of scientific knowledge, media_common.quotation_subject, Representation (arts), 0603 philosophy, ethics and religion, 050105 experimental psychology, Visual arts, Media and communication studies, Image Inversion, Relevance (law), 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Function (engineering), media_common, Point (typography), Early Modern Period, 05 social sciences, 06 humanities and the arts, Art, Glass Sphere, Term (logic), Epistemology, Inverted Image, Diagrammatic reasoning, 060302 philosophy, Mediation, Spherical Mirror
Abstract

In the last decades, the epistemic relevance of mediation and representation strategies in the construction of scientific knowledge has been demonstrated by a large number of studies. Words, symbols, formulas or diagrams on a page provide an essential and epistemically independent means to connect, reflect and expand instrumental and laboratory experience. Historian of science Ursula Klein has introduced the term "paper tool" to describe this kind of function in the case of early chemical formulas, and in the present contribution I will argue that optical ray-tracing diagrams acted as "paper tools" in Della Porta's optical writings. Thanks to diagrammatic practices, Della Porta was able to extend to lenses the connection between light focusing properties and visually perceivable effects that had been recently established for convex mirrors. At the core of the connection stood the ambiguous concept of "point of inversion", and in the present paper we shall follow Della Porta's innovative attempts of adapting it from reflecting to refracting systems using diagrams as paper tools.

Published
2017

222. Maxwell's role in turning the concept of model into the methodology of modeling.

Author

Hon G and Goldstein BR

Subjects
Electricity, Electromagnetic Radiation, Philosophy history, Electromagnetic Phenomena, Physics history
Abstract

This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851-1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851-1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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224. 'Natures' and 'Laws': The making of the concept of law of nature - Robert Grosseteste (c. 1168-1253) and Roger Bacon (1214/1220-1292).

Author

Kedar Y and Hon G

Abstract

Contemporary scholars set the Greek conception of an immanent natural order in opposition to the seventeenth century mechanistic conception of extrinsic laws imposed upon nature from without. By contrast, we argue that in the process of making the concept of law of nature, forms and laws were coherently used in theories of natural causation. We submit that such a combination can be found in the thirteenth century. The heroes of our claim are Robert Grosseteste who turned the idea of corporeal form into the common feature of matter, and Roger Bacon who described the effects of that common feature. Bacon detached the explanatory principle from matter and rendered it independent and therefore external to natural substances. Our plausibility argument, anchored in close reading of the relevant texts, facilitates a coherent conception of both 'natures' and 'laws'., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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