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AimThe aim of the present work is to analyze the modulation of the brain activity within the areas involved in lipreading when an additional visual stimulus is included.MethodsThe experiment consisted of two fMRI runs (lipreading_only and lipreading+picture) where two conditions were considered in each one (oral speech sentences condition [OSS] and oral speech syllables condition [OSSY]).ResultsDuring lipreading-only, higher activity in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) was identified for OSS than OSSY; during lipreading+picture, apart from the left MTG, higher activity was also present in the supplementary motor area (SMA), the left precentral gyrus (PreCG) and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The comparison between these two runs revealed higher activity for lipreading-only in the SMA and the left IFG.ConclusionThe presence of a visual reference during a lipreading task leads to a decrease in activity in frontal areas.

This qualitative case study aims at describing the process followed by ninth grade students at a private religious school when using and analyzing literary language. The instruments used to carry out this study were: students’ artifacts to identify and analyze the literary language used, field notes, and interviews. During this process, the learners as authors generated the construction of meaning and developed their competence in writing. The results show that students used metaphors and similes (literary features) to express ideas and details about their contexts in written production. In turn, students profited from the poetic function of the language where their voices as authors describe their perceptions and experiences as writers.

Se le denomina condrocalcinosis o enfermedad por depósito de cristales de pirofosfato de calcio a las manifestaciones clínicas y radiográficas derivadas de la presencia de pirofosfato de calcio intraarticular sobre las estructuras cartilaginosas. Esta enfermedad suele tener un curso crónico y se asocia a otras entidades como la diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial, hiperparatiroidismo, hiperuricemia y con mayor frecuencia a la osteoartrosis. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con antecedentes de osteoartrosis, que acudió a consulta con un síndrome poliarticular agudo de aproximadamente 1 mes de evolución, durante su seguimiento se estableció el diagnóstico de condrocalcinosis, luego de su tratamiento específico la paciente mejoró progresivamente incorporándose a sus actividades de la vida diaria. Se presenta este reporte por la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos de esta entidad de evolución crónica, que pocas veces se diagnostica.

The Project of Local Agricultural Innovation (PIAL lII) has been generating evidences of alternative valid of agricultural innovation for their implementation in the current and future Cuban agricultural context. It could be proven that PIAL has contributed to an improvement of the security and alimentary sovereignty of those involved and its families by increasing the efficiency of the integrated productive systems, an improved quality of life with justness and leadership of the farmer and more justness between women and men, creating new interaction spaces among different actors. This proposal is the result of good practices and lessons learned in the "La Maria", belonging to the CCS "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Consolacion del Sur municipality, which is in full, correspondence with the current priorities of the country, in a moment that the production of foods has been declared by the state a key element of national security and in which there is a strong debate on the current challenges of Cuban agriculture in relation to decentralized and participatory ways to innovate, produce and market rent actors. In this sense, PIAL is in line with earlier stages and that is, from the training and learning, that it contributes to good practices provided by the local innovation system are implemented by the municipal strategies and groups of local agricultural innovation and to consolidate it as participation spaces in promoting local agricultural innovation based on participatory processes and dynamics.

The tomato is an economically important crop worldwide, although fungal infections by Alternaria alternata are the main cause of large postharvest fruit losses. One alternative to chemical control is the induction of the defense mechanism of plants with natural molecules such as chitin. Chitin is a polysaccharide of the fungal cell wall that is recognized by plasma membrane receptors that activates the transcription of plant defense genes. Because there is little information on the genes involved in chitin perception and defense responses to fungal chitin oligomers in tomato fruits, the main objective of this study was to identify pattern recognition receptor-associated genes in tomato fruits that perceive chitin oligomers from the necrotrophic fungus A. alternata using RNA-Seq. Chitin oligomers were obtained from A. alternata via enzymatic treatment. Tomato fruits in the pink ripening stage were exposed to these chitin oligomers for 30 min. The induction of tomato genes encoding a plasma membrane receptor that recognizes fungal chitin (LRR, RLK, SlLYK4, and SlCERK1) was observed 30 min after treatment. Similarly, the perception of Alternaria chitin oligomers triggered the induction of genes involved in signaling pathways regulated by ethylene and jasmonic acid. Further, activation of plant defense phenomena was confirmed by the upregulation of several genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins. The scientific information generated in the present work will help to better elucidate tomato fruit's response to pathogens and to design protocols to reduce postharvest losses due to fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]