350 results on '"Hal Morgenstern"'
Search Results
302. Does practice make perfect?: Results of a six-year longitudinal study with semi-annual testings
- Author
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D. Sorenson, Barbara R. Visscher, S. Jin, W. G. Van Gorp, Eric N. Miller, Craig Uchiyama, P. Satz, Hal Morgenstern, Ramani S. Durvasula, M. Mitchell, and Charles H. Hinkin
- Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Longitudinal study ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,business.industry ,Semi-annual ,Statistics ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,business - Published
- 1996
303. Nested case‐control study of occupational chemical exposures and prostate cancer in aerospace and radiation workers.
- Author
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Anusha Krishnadasan, Nola Kennedy, Yingxu Zhao, Hal Morgenstern, and Beate Ritz
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PROSTATE cancer ,OCCUPATIONAL diseases ,DISEASES ,CANCER - Abstract
To date, little is known about the potential contributions of occupational exposure to chemicals to the etiology of prostate cancer. Previous studies examining associations suffered from limitations including the reliance on mortality data and inadequate exposure assessment.We conducted a nested case‐control study of 362 cases and 1,805 matched controls to examine the association between occupational chemical exposures and prostate cancer incidence. Workers were employed between 1950 and 1992 at a nuclear energy and rocket engine‐testing facility in Southern California. We obtained cancer‐incidence data from the California Cancer Registry and seven other state cancer registries. Data from company records were used to construct a job exposure matrix (JEM) for occupational exposures to hydrazine, trichloroethylene (TCE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene and mineral oil. Associations between chemical exposures and prostate cancer incidence were assessed in conditional logistic regression models.With adjustment for occupational confounders, including socioeconomic status, occupational physical activity, and exposure to the other chemicals evaluated, the odds ratio for low/moderate TCE exposure was 1.3; 95%CI = 0.8 to 2.1, and for high TCE exposure was 2.1; 95%CI = 1.2 to 3.9. Furthermore, we noted a positive trend between increasing levels of TCE exposure and prostate cancer (P‐value for trend = 0.02).Our results suggest that high levels of TCE exposure are associated with prostate cancer among workers in our study population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:383–390, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
304. Predictors of Treatment Response in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Author
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Hal Morgenstern, Richard J. Katz, Deborah L. Ackerman, Alexander Bystritsky, and Sander Greenland
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Adult ,Male ,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ,Clomipramine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Multivariate analysis ,Adolescent ,Personality Inventory ,Psychometrics ,law.invention ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Multicenter trial ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Psychiatry ,Depressive Disorder ,Confounding ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Multivariate Analysis ,Female ,Age of onset ,Psychology ,Anxiety disorder ,Clinical psychology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
There have been many attempts to find predictors of the therapeutic response to the clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The majority of studies have failed to identify such predictors. Possible reasons for this failure include the small sample size of most studies, samples homogeneous with respect to the study factors of interest, and the use of statistical procedures that are insensitive to individual differences or that inadequately control for confounding. We have reanalyzed data from Ciba-Geigy's large, multicenter clinical trial of clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder, using stratification and regression techniques to identify multiple prognostic factors and control for confounders. We assessed the relationship between therapeutic response and baseline measures such as severity of symptoms, type of symptoms (obsessions, compulsions, depression), length of illness, age of onset, and other demographic factors (age, race, and sex). We found age of onset to be a strong predictor of response to clomipramine: people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder later in life have a better chance of responding than do those who become ill earlier, independent of length of illness. We also found that baseline depression is associated with response, but the association appears to be nonlinear.
- Published
- 1994
305. Risk factors for anal cancer: results of a population-based casecontrol study.
- Author
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Hung-Fu Tseng, Hal Morgenstern, Thomas M. Mack, and Ruth K. Peters
- Abstract
Objective: Although the incidence of anal cancer is higher in women than in men, the reasons for this gender difference are not clear. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for anal cancer in both men and women. Methods: We conducted in-person interviews with 102 males and 106 females with squamous or transitional cell carcinoma of the anus and 208 individually matched controls. Results: Compared with persons who had never experienced receptive anal intercourse, those who had experienced it more than 130 times were 18 times as likely to develop anal cancer (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 17.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3234). This elevated risk occurred primarily among males. The adjusted OR for males having more than 10% of their sexual experiences with other men was 5.6 (95% CI = 1.422.0). A history of other anogenital or endometrial cancers increased the risk in women but not men. A history of anal warts, syphilis, severe hemorrhoids, physical inactivity, multiple sexual partners who smoked, and current smoking were also associated with increased risk. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that both sexual and non-sexual factors are important in the etiology of anal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
306. Depressive Symptoms as Predictors of Medical Outcomes in HIV Infection
- Author
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Barbara R. Visscher, Constantine G. Lyketsos, M. Lee, D. R. Hoover, I. S. Y. Chen, J. Wesch, Richard A. Kaslow, John Palenicek, Marcella Guccione, Neil M.H. Graham, Dudley Jp, Maurice R.G. O'Gorman, Eric N. Miller, A. J. Saah, Glenn J. Treisman, Bruce A. Cohen, Noya Galai, M. Ho, Sten H. Vermund, Julie H. McArthur, Parunag Nishanian, Joan S. Chmiel, James T. Becker, Donald R. Hoover, Janis V. Giorgi, H. Armenian, Leon G. Epstein, C. Meinert, M. J. VanRaden, Alvaro Muñoz, O. Martinez-Mara, Kenrad E. Nelson, L. A. Kingsley, T. Beaty, S. Piantadosi, S. Su, P. Gupta, D. Seminara, Lisa P. Jacobson, Mark J. VanRaden, Lewis K. Schrager, Walton Senterfitt, Steven M. Wolinsky, John P. Phair, Roger Detels, H. Farzadegan, C. R. Rinaldor, M. Guccione, J. Zack, Jerry Wesch, D. Variakojis, Joseph B. Margolick, J. L. Fahey, Hal Morgenstern, Jeremy M. G. Taylor, and Mary Amanda Dew
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Confounding ,Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,medicine.disease ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,business ,Psychiatry ,Socioeconomic status ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Depressive symptoms ,Cohort study - Abstract
Objective. —To ascertain whether depressive symptoms as determined by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression scale (CES-D) predict accelerated mortality and worse medical outcomes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Design. —Eight-year cohort study with semiannual follow-up. Setting. —Community volunteers. Participants. —A total of 1809 HIV-seropositive homosexual men without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who entered the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study in 1984 or 1985. Eight-year follow-up data were available on 75% of eligible participants. Outcome Measures. —Times to AIDS, death, and prophylactic treatment, and slopes describing the decline in CD4 count for each individual participant. Results. —Using a conventional definition of depression (CES-D ≥16 at the first study visit), 21.3% of participants were classified as depressed. Depressed participants had lower CD4 counts and reported more AIDS-related symptoms. There were no significant differences between depressed and nondepressed participants on any of the outcome measures ( P >.05 in all cases). In contrast, men reporting AIDS-related symptoms had shorter times to AIDS and to death even after adjusting for CD4 counts ( P Conclusions. —We find no evidence that depressive symptoms independently prognosticate worse outcomes in HIV infection. Because of associations of depression with symptom reports, CD4 counts, and indicators of socioeconomic status, future studies of the relationship between depression and HIV outcome should consider these variables as confounders. ( JAMA . 1993;270:2563-2567)
- Published
- 1993
307. Low Education as a Possible Risk Factor for Cognitive Abnormalities in HIV-1
- Author
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PAUL SATZ, HAL MORGENSTERN, ERIC N. MILLER, OLA A. SEINES, JUSTIN C. MCARTHUR, BRUCE A. COHEN, JERRY WESCH, JAMES T. BECKER, LISA JACOBSON, LOUIS F. D??ELIA, WILFRED VAN GORP, and BARBARA VISSCHER
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Gerontology ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Cognitive disorder ,Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study ,medicine.disease ,Verbal learning ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine ,Memory span ,Verbal fluency test ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Risk factor ,Serostatus ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
The present study reports new and unexpected results of cognitive abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) asymptomatic subjects in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. The major purpose of our analyses is to estimate the separate and combined effects of serostatus and education level on the prevalence of cognitive abnormality. Cognitive "abnormality" was defined as performance that deviated > or = 2 SDs below the mean of the total seronegative group on at least one of the five neuropsychological screening tests (Grooved Pegboard, Verbal Fluency, Digit Span, Symbol Digit Modalities, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning). The predicted prevalence of cognitive abnormality was 38% in seropositive individuals with no more than 12 years of education, compared with < 17% in the other education-serostatus groups. This interaction between education level and serostatus remained after controlling for the possible confounding effects of age, ethnicity, CD4 level, depression, prior drug history, and learning disability using logistic regression. To account for these findings, we suggest that low education might reflect an indirect index of lower reserve capacity (i.e., a risk factor) that lowers the threshold for neuropsychological abnormalities in cases of early HIV-1 infection.
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- 1993
308. Predicting the longterm risk and rate of TD
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Hal Morgenstern and WilliamM. Glazer
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Psychiatry and Mental health ,Biological Psychiatry - Published
- 1993
309. Insuring Latinos Against the Costs of Illness
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R. Burciaga Valdez, Chao Wang, Roberta Wyn, E. Richard Brown, Hal Morgenstern, and William G. Cumberland
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medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Public health ,Population ,Ethnic group ,General Medicine ,Environmental health ,Attributable risk ,Medicine ,Social determinants of health ,Health care reform ,business ,education ,Medicaid ,Health policy - Abstract
Objective. —To examine the determinants of health insurance coverage for Latinos in the United States and how different targeted strategies for health care reform differentially affect the country's major ethnic groups, focusing on the implications for the Latino population. Design. —Data from the 1980 and 1990 Current Population Surveys were used to compare the insurance status of nonelderly ( Main Outcome Measures. —Percentage uninsured, percentage insured by Medicaid, and attributable fraction for covariates. Results. —Latinos have the worst health insurance coverage of any ethnic group in the country. Approximately 39% of Latinos are uninsured compared with 13.8% for the Anglo and 24% for the black population. Providing coverage to all the poor could reduce the uninsured rate for Anglos by about 23%, whereas the reduction among Latinos could be about 37% and among blacks about 42%. Similar reductions could be achieved by covering all workers and their minor dependents. Regardless of the approach to reform, however, Latinos would remain with high absolute rates of uninsured. Conclusions. —Differences in Medicaid eligibility, labor force characteristics, and family composition between Latinos and other ethnic groups suggest that policy initiatives may affect Latinos differently. Targeted strategies, such as employer mandates, "pay-or-play" programs, or Medicaid expansions, can improve coverage, but many Latinos could still remain uninsured. (JAMA. 1993;269:889-894)
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- 1993
310. Erratum
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Sander Greenland and Hal Morgenstern
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Epidemiology ,General Medicine - Published
- 1991
311. Women, myocardial infarction, and dementia in the very old
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Hal Morgenstern, Miriam K. Aronson, and WL Ooi
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Internal medicine ,Cardiology ,Medicine ,Dementia ,Myocardial infarction ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,business ,Gerontology - Published
- 1991
312. Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research
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Hal Morgenstern
- Subjects
Male ,Risk ,Research design ,Program evaluation ,Time Factors ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Population ,MEDLINE ,Poison control ,Neoplasms ,Humans ,Medicine ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,Management science ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Religion ,Suicide ,Research Design ,Causal inference ,Female ,Epidemiologic Methods ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
Despite the widespread use of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research and health planning, little attention has been given by health scientists and practitioners to the methodological aspects of this approach. This paper reviews the major types of ecologic study designs, the analytic methods appropriate for each, the limitations of ecologic data for making causal inferences and what can be done to minimize these problems, and the relative advantages of ecologic analysis. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate the important principles and methods. A careful distinction is made between ecologic studies that generate or test etiologic hypotheses and those that evaluate the impact of intervention programs or policies (given adequate knowledge of disease etiology). Failure to recognize this difference in the conduct of ecologic studies can lead to results that are not very informative or that are misinterpreted by others.
- Published
- 1982
313. Considerations in Determining Matching Criteria and Stratum Sizes for Case-control Studies
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Duncan Thomas, Sander Greenland, and Hal Morgenstern
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Matching (statistics) ,Research Design ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Econometrics ,Humans ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,Epidemiologic Methods ,business ,Stratum - Abstract
Despite considerable research into the statistical properties of matching in case-control studies, much disagreement remains regarding practical guidelines for the employment of the procedure. We critically examine some recent statistical recommendations, and review a number of theoretical and practical considerations that should be employed in designing matched studies. We conclude that determination of matching criteria and stratum sizes should always involve practical as well as theoretical considerations, and that global recommendations regarding matching cannot be justified on the basis of statistical considerations alone.
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- 1981
314. Dimensions of delusional experience
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Kenneth S. Kendler, Hal Morgenstern, and William M. Glazer
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Adult ,Male ,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ,Psychometrics ,Mental Disorders ,Middle Aged ,Delusions ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Rating scale ,Humans ,Conviction ,Female ,Dimension (data warehouse) ,Factor Analysis, Statistical ,Construct (philosophy) ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
The authors describe a scale designed to measure five dimensions of delusional experience: conviction, extension, bizarreness, disorganization, and pressure. Reliability was adequate to excellent on four of the dimensions, but only fair on the dimension of bizarreness. In 52 delusional patients, no two dimensions correlated highly with each other, indicating that the dimensions were not redundant. Factor analysis identified two factors from the five dimensions--delusional involvement and delusional construct. On the basis of these results the authors suggest that delusions are a multidimensional phenomenon; the results have implications for the measurement of delusions in clinical research and for the understanding of the structure of psychotic experience.
- Published
- 1983
315. The use of pediatric medical care: A critical review
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Hal Morgenstern, Lisa F. Berkman, and Sarah McCue Horwitz
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Social stress ,Family Characteristics ,Conceptualization ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Health Status ,Child Health Services ,Distress ,Birth order ,Social support ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Nursing ,Child, Preschool ,Educational Status ,Humans ,Medicine ,Birth Order ,Child ,Explanatory power ,business ,Psychosocial ,Socioeconomic status ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
The problems of who uses medical services and why, are important ones for investigators interested in studying chronic diseases, particularly if they wish to avoid systematic error when assembling a study population. These issues are important when studying pediatric diseases due to the uneven use of medical services by children and the tendency of lower socioeconomic groups to use hospital facilities rather than private practitioners. In order to address these problems, we must understand why families seek medical care for young children. Utilization research shows that a number of descriptive factors such as child's age, birth order, parental education, financial resources and perceived symptoms are related to service use. Additionally, psychosocial variables, such as distress, also predict utilization. Neither the descriptive nor psychosocial variables explain much of the variance in utilization. While some of this lack of explanatory power can be attributed to problems in measurement or study design, there are also conceptual and methodological issues that are not addressed in pediatric utilization research. This paper discusses four of these issues. It is our conclusion that two of these problems, the need for a new utilization taxonomy and the ambiguity of cause and effect, can be remedied. While more difficult to address, the inadequate conceptualization of social stress, psychological distress, and social support can be improved. However, measuring health status independently of utilization represents a major methodologic problem for which we currently have no ideal solution.
- Published
- 1985
316. SELECTION BIAS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES12
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Hal Morgenstern, David G. Kleinbaum, and Lawrence L. Kupper
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Selection bias ,Research design ,Conceptual framework ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Follow up studies ,Association (psychology) ,Psychology ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Consideration of factors involved in the selection of subjects is essential for evaluating the validity of a putative etiologic association. The purpose of this paper is to provide a quantitative conceptual framework for understanding selection bias; this framework integrates both epidemiologic and statistical considerations. Emphasis is given to specifying the conditions under which such bias is likely to occur, identifying the direction and magnitude of the bias, and illustrating how these features differ by type of study design.
- Published
- 1981
317. A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL CELL CANCER
- Author
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Ernst L. Wynder, Marc T. Goodman, and Hal Morgenstern
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Alcohol Drinking ,Epidemiology ,Physical fitness ,Renal cell carcinoma ,Caffeine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Obesity ,Occupations ,Risk factor ,Aged ,business.industry ,Smoking ,Case-control study ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Neoplasms ,United States ,Confidence interval ,Chewing tobacco ,Endocrinology ,Physical Fitness ,Sweetening Agents ,Female ,Epidemiologic Methods ,business ,Demography - Abstract
A hospital-based case-control study was conducted between 1977 and 1983 of 189 men and 78 women with renal cell carcinoma at 18 hospital centers in six US cities and an equal number of controls matched on the basis of hospital, sex, race, age (+/- 5 years), and time of admission (+/- 12 months). Quetelet index (weight/height2) was found to be associated with renal cell cancer in both men and women. Crude odds ratios (ORs) for individuals in the upper tertile of the Quetelet index distribution (28 or more) were calculated to be 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-5.9) among men and 2.4 (95% CI = 1.2-6.8) among women compared to the lowest tertile. This relationship was found to be independent of the effects of cigarette smoking, chewing tobacco use, and decaffeinated coffee consumption. The use of chewing tobacco among men was positively associated with disease (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.2-12.9). This was due primarily to a significant interaction between chewing tobacco use and cumulative cigarette smoking. The fitted odds ratio for persons who chewed tobacco and had 30 pack-years of cigarette smoke exposure, compared to never users of either tobacco product, was 26.0 (95% CI = 4.4-153.0) after adjusting for Quetelet index and decaffeinated coffee use. The odds ratio for decaffeinated coffee consumption among men and women combined was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.0-3.8) after controlling for other risk factors. A consistent dose-response was not found, however, by number of cups of decaffeinated coffee consumed per day. Those drinking 1-2 cups had an odds ratio of 2.0 while those drinking 3 cups or more per day had an odds ratio of 1.3, thus casting doubt on a causal interpretation of the finding. Alcohol drinkers had a lower, although not significantly different, rate of renal cell cancer than did never drinkers when the data were examined separately by sex. However, combining the data for both sexes yielded a crude odds ratio of 0.6 (95% CI = 0.4-1.0) for this association. There was no independent effect of tobacco smoking on the odds ratio for renal cell cancer. No significant differences between cases and controls were found for either the amount or duration of artificial sweetener use or the lifetime consumption of saccharin. Beverages such as caffeinated coffee, soft drinks, and tea, in addition to physical activity and occupation, were unrelated to the occurrence of disease.
- Published
- 1986
318. What is directionality?
- Author
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Sander Greenland and Hal Morgenstern
- Subjects
Sample selection ,Research Design ,Epidemiology ,Terminology as Topic ,Cohort ,Directionality ,Retrospective cohort study ,Epidemiologic Methods ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In their reply, Kramer and Boivin state “The terms cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, prospective, and retrospective are used regularly by epidemiologic and clinical investigators to describe the design of their studies. It is clear that it is the concept of directionality that is essential to the distinctions indicated by this panoply of terms.” [5, p. 7181. Stating that “It is clear” is neither explanatory nor clarifying. In particular, Kramer and Boivin’s claim is not clear to us or, apparently, Dr Miettinen [4]. We and many others [e.g. 6101 regularly use all the terms they list without ever having recourse to the concept of “directionality.” Case-control studies are distinguished from cohort studies by their use of outcome-selective sampling. Crosssectional studies are distinguished from cohort studies by the data studied: the former collect and examine cross-sectional data (which allows only direct measurement of disease prevalence), whereas the latter collect and examine data taken over a span of cohort experience (which allows direct measurement of incidence as well). Prospective studies are based on ascertainment of events (exposures and outcomes) at the time they actually occur; retrospective studies are based on purely historical determinations; thus this distinction is one of timing. Since we and other [6-lo] can distinguish all the terms given by Kramer and Boivin [2, 51 without using the directionality concept, we ask them to please clarify just how directionality is “essential” to the distinctions among those terms. Kramer and Boivin also claim that “directionality remains a key concept for understanding sources of bias and the inferential problems arising therefrom” [ 1, p. 7 181. Unfortunately, they give no example in which directionality is in any way essential for understanding a source of bias or an inferential problem. We thus ask them to give an example in which, after considering sample selection, timing, and order of measurement, one needs directionality to understand a source of bias. Such an example may help clarify not only how directionality is essential (if it is) but also what it means.
- Published
- 1989
319. The Impact of Social Stressors and Social Networks on Pediatric Medical Care Use
- Author
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Sarah McCue Horwitz, Hal Morgenstern, and Lisa F. Berkman
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Adult ,Social stress ,Adolescent ,business.industry ,Health Status ,Child Health Services ,Age Factors ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Social Support ,Social Environment ,Medical care ,Medical services ,Nursing ,Ethnicity ,Group Practice ,Humans ,Medicine ,Female ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Birth Order ,Child ,business ,Attitude to Health ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
Substantial differences in the use of pediatric medical resources reinforce the need for identifying and understanding factors that influence the use of medical services for children. This research assesses the simultaneous impact of sociodemographic characteristics, health attitudes and beliefs, psychologic distress, social stressors, and social networks on the use of pediatric acute care services during a 12-month period. Using a prospective longitudinal study design, data were obtained on 513 children and their families enrolled in a prepaid group practice. Linear modeling results showed that health attitudes and social networks were important predictors of acute care utilization in addition to child's age, birth order, baseline health status, and ethnic group. The authors were able to show significant effects for network size, dispersion, and tendency to use one's network members. Individuals with large nondispersed networks are more likely to use pediatric health services, apparently due to the transmission of the networks' pro-medical care health beliefs. Also the tendency to call on network members modifies an individual's propensity to seek care for minor pediatric medical problems and can make a difference by as much as 1.6 visits per year per child for acute care episodes.
- Published
- 1985
320. THE RARE-DISEASE ASSUMPTION REVISITED
- Author
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Duncan Thomas, Hal Morgenstern, and Sander Greenland
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Epidemiology ,Computer science ,Relative risk ,Recall bias ,Statistics ,Interval estimation ,Population ,Estimator ,Odds ratio ,Rare disease assumption ,education ,Confidence interval - Abstract
The extension of case-control methods to the study of common outcomes has led to the development of several design and analysis techniques which do not employ the rare-disease assumption. Unfortunately, the principles underlying valid application of these techniques are more subtle than those first considered by Cornfield in the rare-disease setting, and appear to be easily misunderstood. We especially wish to caution that: The unrestricted inclusion of prevalent cases in the control group (as described by Hogue et al. for estimation of the risk ratio) will not make the odds ratio an unbiased estimate of the risk ratio (or anything else). In their response to our article, following, Hogue et al. describe restrictions on prevalence and duration necessary for the odds ratio from a case-exposure design to unbiasedly estimate the risk ratio in a stable population; these conditions were not mentioned in their original article, and in their new paper Hogue et al. do not provide mathematical proof that the conditions are sufficient to guarantee unbiasedness. Exclusion ("decontamination") of incident cases from the control group (as recommended by Hogue et al. for testing and test-based interval estimation) will result in improperly narrow risk-ratio confidence intervals whether or not the population is stable, and, in unstable populations, will generally lead to an invalid test. Methods that replace the rare-disease assumption with the stable-population assumption (such as case-exposure designs applied to open populations) will not yield unbiased results when the source population is a fixed cohort. (Of course, this will not be an issue for methods that are not based on either assumption, such as the case-base design applied to fixed cohorts, and the matched density design.) As each case-control design has certain practical implications for selection and interviewing, in choosing a design one should carefully consider practical issues (such as vulnerability to recall bias and ease of control selection) in addition to the statistical issues discussed here. In general, however, one should be wary of methods of studying incidence that involve the use of prevalent cases (such as the approach of Hogue et al.): prevalence is influenced by factors related to treatment, recovery, and fatality, and thus any etiologic study employing prevalent cases may be biased by such factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
- Published
- 1986
321. Ecological Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification
- Author
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Hal Morgenstern and Sander Greenland
- Subjects
Epidemiology ,Confounding ,General Medicine ,Individual level ,Variable (computer science) ,Risk Factors ,Data Interpretation, Statistical ,Covariate ,Econometrics ,Humans ,Ecological bias ,Risk factor ,Epidemiologic Methods ,Ecological fallacy ,Psychology ,Effect modification - Abstract
Ecological bias is sometimes attributed to confounding by the group variable (ie the variable used to define the ecological groups), or to risk factors associated with the group variable. We show that the group variable need not be a confounder (in the strict epidemiological sense) for ecological bias to occur: effect modification can lead to profound ecological bias, whether or not the group variable or the effect modifier are independent risk factors. Furthermore, an extraneous risk factor need not be associated with the study variable at the individual level in order to produce ecological bias. Thus the conditions for the production of ecological bias by a covariate are much broader than the conditions for the production of individual-level confounding by a covariate. We also show that standardization or ecological control of variables responsible for ecological bias are generally insufficient to remove such bias.
- Published
- 1989
322. Measures of Disease Incidence Used in Epidemiologic Research
- Author
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Hal Morgenstern, David G. Kleinbaum, and Lawrence L. Kupper
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Estimation ,Measure (data warehouse) ,Actuarial science ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,Epidemiologic research ,Epidemiologic data ,business - Abstract
This paper distinguishes between 2 concepts for measuring the incidence of disease: risk and rate. Alternative procedures for estimating these measures from epidemiologic data are reviewed and illustrated. An attempt is made to integrate statistical principles with epidemiologic methods while minimizing the use of higher mathematics. Several theoretical and practical criteria are discussed for choosing the appropriate incidence measure in the planning of a study and for selecting the best method of estimation in the analysis.
- Published
- 1980
323. A method for using epidemiologic data to estimate the potential impact of an intervention on the health status of a target population
- Author
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Elaine S. Bursic and Hal Morgenstern
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Risk ,Health (social science) ,Health Status ,Population ,Statistics as Topic ,MEDLINE ,Disease ,Weight loss ,Intervention (counseling) ,Statistics ,medicine ,Humans ,Fraction (mathematics) ,education ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Middle Aged ,Risk factor (computing) ,Health Planning ,Health ,medicine.symptom ,Epidemiologic Methods ,business ,Public Health Administration - Abstract
A general method is proposed for estimating the potential impact of a prevention program involving risk factor modification on the incidence of specific diseases in a target population. An evaluative framework for comparing alternative intervention strategies is also presented. On the basis of results from epidemiologic studies, the user must specify certain parameters regarding the distribution of the risk factor that is to be modified in the population, the magnitude of the association between the risk factor and disease, and the total risk of disease in the population. A quantitative measure, called the potential impact fraction, is derived to estimate the proportion of expected new cases that may be prevented under intervention programs of varying success. Estimates of this measure are then used to assess the potential efficacy, effectiveness, adequacy, and efficiency of planned intervention strategies. The method is illustrated with published data relating relative weight and coronary heart disease among middle-aged U.S. men, comparing different strategies of weight reduction. Key assumptions of the method and interpretation of results are discussed.
- Published
- 1982
324. Predictors of tardive dyskinesia: Results of a cross-sectional study in an outpatient population
- Author
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Laura D. Gibowski, William M. Glazer, Sharon Holmberg, and Hal Morgenstern
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Risk ,Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Time Factors ,Lithium (medication) ,Epidemiology ,Cross-sectional study ,Population ,Tardive dyskinesia ,Logistic regression ,Sex Factors ,Ambulatory Care ,Humans ,Medicine ,Potency ,Psychiatry ,education ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Involuntary movement ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Psychotic Disorders ,Population study ,Female ,business ,Antipsychotic Agents ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify predictors of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in a group of 180 psychiatric outpatients maintained on neuroleptic medications. The estimated prevalence of this involuntary movement disorder was 33% in the total study population. Using multiple logistic regression, we found that TD was independently related to five factors: being 55 yr of age and older; being male; using depot (injectable) neuroleptics; having 6 or more years of neuroleptic exposure; and having less than 6 months of psychiatric hospitalization. In addition, the effect of depot medication was much greater in white males than it was in other race-sex groups. We observed no other interaction effects between pairs of predictor variables, nor did we find significant independent effects of race, denture use, DSM III diagnosis, current neuroleptic dose and potency, percent time on neuroleptics, and recent use of antiparkinsonian drugs or lithium. This study is serving as a pilot investigation for a large prospective incidence study that has already begun among patients at risk of developing TD in the same source population.
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- 1987
325. Heterogeneity of Tardive Dyskinesia
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Donna Niedzwiecki, Jeffrey Hughes, Hal Morgenstern, and William M. Glazer
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Adult ,Male ,Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Multivariate analysis ,Facial Muscles ,Dyskinetic movements ,Tardive dyskinesia ,Logistic regression ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tongue ,Psychiatric medication ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Mood Disorders ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Jaw ,Psychotic Disorders ,Etiology ,Female ,Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ,Psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
To determine whether tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a single abnormal movement syndrome or multiple syndromes involving different anatomical areas, we examined 228 out-patients diagnosed with TD at the Connecticut Mental Health Center in New Haven. Application of factor analysis to the seven anatomical severity scores of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale yielded three statistically independent factors involving abnormal movements primarily of the jaw-tongue, face-lips, and extremities-trunk. Using logistic regression to predict the severity of these factors, we found that the severity of the orofacial scores was positively associated with age, schizoaffective or affective disorder, and living alone, while severity of non-orofacial movement was positively associated with current neuroleptic dose, non-use of psychiatric medication, and living alone. Our findings suggest that orofacial and non-orofacial dyskinetic movements may involve distinct clinical syndromes of TD, each having a different set of prognostic and, possibly, aetiological determinants.
- Published
- 1988
326. The foundations of confounding in epidemiology
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James M. Robins and Hal Morgenstern
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education.field_of_study ,Population ,Confounding ,Inference ,Estimator ,Sampling (statistics) ,Covariance ,Computational Mathematics ,Computational Theory and Mathematics ,If and only if ,Modelling and Simulation ,Modeling and Simulation ,Statistics ,Covariate ,Econometrics ,education ,Mathematics - Abstract
A statistically coherent view of confounding motivated by the over controversy over the proper control of confounding in the presence of prior knowledge is presented. Confounding by a covariate C in the presence of data on C is distinguished from confounding in the absence of data on C. A covariate C is defined to be a nonconfounder in the absence of data on C if the population parameter of interest can be unbiasedly estimated (asymptotically) absent data on C. Under this definition, C may be a confounder for some parameters of interest and a nonconfounder for others. If C is a confounder for a parameter of interest that has a causal interpretation, we call C a causal confounder. When data on C are available, C is defined to be a nonconfounder for a particular parameter of interest if and only if inference on the parameter of interest does not depend on the data through C. Bayesians, frequentists and pure likelihoodists will in general agree on the prior knowledge necessary to render C a non-confounder. In particular C will in general be a nonconfounder precisely when the crude data ignoring C are S-sufficient for the parameter of interest. The intuitive view held by many practicing epidemiologists that confounding by C represents a bias of the unadjusted crude estimator is in a sense correct provided inference is performed conditional on approximate ancillary statistics that measure the degree to which associations in the data differ due to sampling variability from those population associations known a priori.
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327. Tobacco smoking as a risk factor of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung: pooled analysis of seven case–control studies in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO)
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Vijayvel Jayaprakash, Hal Morgenstern, Ping Yang, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Rayjean J. Hung, Ann G. Schwartz, Kofi Asomaning, Joshua E. Muscat, Shawn M. Stoddard, David C. Christiani, Paolo Boffetta, Michele L. Cote, Loic Le Marchand, Boffetta, P., Jayaprakash, V., Yang, P., Asomaning, K., Muscat, J.E., Schwartz, A.G., Zhang, Z.-F., Le Marchand, L., Cote, M.L., Stoddard, S.M., Morgenstern, H., Hung, R.J., and Christiani, D.C.
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Oncology ,Male ,Pathology ,Cancer Research ,Lung Neoplasms ,Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma ,Epidemiology ,Lung cancer, Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, Tobacco smoking ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Bronchiolo-Alveolar ,Odds Ratio ,Lung ,Cancer ,0303 health sciences ,Smoking ,Lung Cancer ,respiratory system ,Middle Aged ,Tobacco smoking ,3. Good health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Respiratory ,Public Health and Health Services ,Female ,Lung cancer ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Oncology and Carcinogenesis ,Adenocarcinoma ,03 medical and health sciences ,Internal medicine ,Tobacco ,medicine ,Carcinoma ,Humans ,Risk factor ,030304 developmental biology ,Aged ,Original Paper ,Molecular epidemiology ,Tobacco Smoke and Health ,business.industry ,Prevention ,Case-control study ,Odds ratio ,Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar ,medicine.disease ,respiratory tract diseases ,Case-Control Studies ,business - Abstract
Background: The International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) was established in 2004, based on the collaboration of research groups leading large molecular epidemiology studies of lung cancer that are ongoing or have been recently completed. This framework offered the opportunity to investigate the role of tobacco smoking in the development of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), a rare form of lung cancer. Methods: Our pooled data comprised seven case-control studies from the United States, with detailed information on tobacco smoking and histology, which contributed 799 cases of BAC and 15,859 controls. We estimated the odds ratio of BAC for tobacco smoking, using never smokers as a referent category, after adjustment for age, sex, race, and study center. Results: The odds ratio of BAC for ever smoking was 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.08, 2.93); the risk increased linearly with duration, amount, and cumulative cigarette smoking and persisted long after smoking cessation. The proportion of BAC cases attributable to smoking was 0.47 (95% CI 0.39, 0.54). Conclusions: This analysis provides a precise estimate of the risk of BAC for tobacco smoking. © 2010 The Author(s).
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328. An epidemic of proteinuria in Pima Indians with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Robert G. Nelson, Hal Morgenstern, and Peter H. Bennett
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Adult ,Blood Glucose ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,Type 2 diabetes ,Rate ratio ,Disease Outbreaks ,time-dependent proportional hazards analysis ,generalized additive models ,heritage ,Cohort Studies ,Age Distribution ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Diabetes Mellitus ,medicine ,Humans ,Obesity ,Sex Distribution ,education ,Aged ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Type 1 diabetes ,education.field_of_study ,Proteinuria ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ,blood pressure ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Cholesterol ,Endocrinology ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Nephrology ,Cohort ,Indians, North American ,Pima Indians ,Female ,incidence rates ,medicine.symptom ,proteinuria ,business - Abstract
An epidemic of proteinuria in Pima Indians with Type 2 diabetes mellitus . Background The risk of proteinuria in Type 1 diabetes declined ≥30% over the past 50years, and improvements in metabolic control are believed to be largely responsible. Little is known about secular changes in the risk of proteinuria in Type 2 diabetes. Methods We examined trends in the incidence rate of proteinuria in Pima Indians ≥20years of age with diabetes diagnosed between January 1, 1955 and December 31, 1994. Results Among 1305 initially non-proteinuric diabetic subjects, 433 developed proteinuria during a median follow-up of 8.0years (range 0.8 to 30.2years). With subjects with diabetes diagnosed between 1955 and 1964 serving as the reference group, the rate of proteinuria was similar (rate ratio 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.79 to 1.3) in the cohort diagnosed between 1965 and 1974, 1.5 times as high (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.0) in the cohort diagnosed between 1975 and 1984, and 1.9 times as high (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 3.0) in the cohort diagnosed between 1985 and 1994, after adjusting for potential confounders in a generalized additive proportional hazards model. Between the first and last cohorts, plasma glucose concentration declined, on average, by 17% ( P = 0.0001) and the mean arterial pressure declined by 11% ( P = 0.0001). Conclusions The incidence rate of proteinuria in Pima Indians with Type 2 diabetes increased nearly twofold in the last 40years, despite improvements in plasma glucose and blood pressure. Rapidly changing environmental or behavioral factors must play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic renal disease in this population.
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329. Blood alcohol tests, prevalence of involvement, and outcomes following brain injury
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Carol Conroy, Hal Morgenstern, Jess F. Kraus, Daniel Fife, and Parivash Nourjah
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Gerontology ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Poison control ,Violence ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,California ,Internal medicine ,External cause ,Injury prevention ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Accidents, Occupational ,Humans ,Ethanol ,business.industry ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Accidents, Traffic ,Age Factors ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Length of Stay ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Hospitalization ,Accidents ,Brain Injuries ,Female ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
We collected data on all residents of San Diego County, California who were hospitalized for or died from a brain injury in 1981. The objectives were to assess the frequency of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing and the associations of BAC prevalence with the external cause of the brain injury and case outcome. We found that high BAC levels were most frequent among brain-injured subjects between the ages of 25 and 44 and among those subjects involved in motor vehicle crashes and assaults. Contrary to expectations, injury severity and hospital mortality were inversely related to BAC level, controlling for other predictors. We believe that these inverse associations might be due to differential rates of BAC testing by severity. Among brain-injured survivors with more severe injuries, however, we found that BAC level was positively associated with the prevalence of physician-diagnosed neurological impairment at discharge and with the length of hospitalization.
- Published
- 1989
330. The impact of neuroleptic medication on tardive dyskinesia: a meta-analysis of published studies
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Hal Morgenstern, P Nourjah, William M. Glazer, and Donna Niedzwiecki
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Chronic exposure ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced ,Diagnostic methods ,Adolescent ,Cross-sectional study ,Rate ratio ,Tardive dyskinesia ,Sex Factors ,Sex factors ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,Child ,Aged ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Age Factors ,Institutionalization ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Dyskinesia ,Meta-analysis ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Antipsychotic Agents ,Research Article - Abstract
To quantify the impact of chronic exposure to neuroleptic medication on the occurrence of tardive dyskinesia (TD), we conducted a meta-analysis of data collected from 21 studies published between 1966 and 1985. The observed prevalence of dyskinesia was greater among exposed subjects in all 21 studies; we estimate that, on the average, the occurrence rate was 2.9 times greater in exposed persons than would be expected if they had been unexposed. We estimate that 65 per cent of exposed cases and 51 per cent of all cases in these investigations were caused by long-term neuroleptic exposure. Among adult United States residents in 1980, we estimate that there were approximately 193,000 neuroleptic-induced TD cases of which about 60 per cent occurred in outpatients. We also observed substantial heterogeneity of effect (rate ratio) across studies, however, partially explained, by changes and differences in the rate of dyskinesia, by differences in the frequency of certain effect modifiers, and by differences in diagnostic methods. Methodologic limitations of the studies and their possible effects on our results are discussed.
- Published
- 1987
331. Re: 'Confounding Confounding'
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Sander Greenland, Hal Morgenstern, Charles Poole, and James M. Robins
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Models, Statistical ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Data Interpretation, Statistical ,Confounding ,Medicine ,Humans ,Regression Analysis ,Environmental Exposure ,business - Published
- 1989
332. Connections between epidemiology and health services research: a review of psychosocial effects on childhood morbidity and pediatric medical care use
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Hal Morgenstern, Sarah McCue Horwitz, and Lisa F. Berkman
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Child Health Services ,Health services research ,Psychosocial Deprivation ,Medical care ,United States ,Family medicine ,Child, Preschool ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Health Services Research ,Morbidity ,business ,Child ,Epidemiologic Methods ,Psychosocial - Published
- 1986
333. A note on optimal sampling for the comparison of proportions or rates
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Hal Morgenstern and Stephen D. Walter
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Statistics and Probability ,Optimal sampling ,Epidemiology ,Statistics ,Sampling Studies ,Mathematics - Published
- 1985
334. Morgenstern Corrects a Conceptual Error
- Author
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Sander Greenland and Hal Morgenstern
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business.industry ,Association (object-oriented programming) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Medicine ,business ,Letters to the Editor ,Mathematical economics - Published
- 1983
335. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and tardive dyskinesia
- Author
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William M. Glazer, Earl L. Giller, Gwendolyn E. P. Zahner, Hal Morgenstern, and Hisham Hafez
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Activity level ,Adult ,Blood Platelets ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced ,Bipolar Disorder ,Monoamine oxidase ,Tardive dyskinesia ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Platelet ,Monoamine Oxidase ,Biological Psychiatry ,Case-control study ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Endocrinology ,Dyskinesia ,Psychotic Disorders ,Toxicity ,Schizophrenia ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Pharmacogenetics ,Antipsychotic Agents - Abstract
A few studies of chronic psychiatric inpatients have reported an inverse association between platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity level and tardive dyskinesia (TD). In contrast to these earlier findings, we found no significant or consistent association between platelet MAO activity level and TD occurrence when we controlled for other TD predictors in a case-control study of 80 outpatients maintained on neuroleptic medications. We did find, however, that black subjects had significantly lower levels of MAO activity than did whites in an analysis controlling for age, sex, and neuroleptic dose.
- Published
- 1988
336. Estrogen replacement and tardive dyskinesia
- Author
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William M. Glazer, Hal Morgenstern, Louise M. Brenner, Frederick Naftolin, Eytan R. Barnea, and Neil J. MacLusky
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced ,medicine.drug_class ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Tardive dyskinesia ,law.invention ,Endocrinology ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Biological Psychiatry ,Aged ,Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,business.industry ,Confounding ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Menopause ,Clinical trial ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Dyskinesia ,Psychotic Disorders ,Estrogen ,Drug Therapy, Combination ,Female ,Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Antipsychotic Agents - Abstract
A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted among 10 post-menopausal women with tardive dyskinesia (TD) to test the effect of estrogen replacement of the severity of abnormal movements and other outcome variables. After 3 weeks of treatment, the mean Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score decreased by 38% in the estrogen group and by 9% in the placebo group; the difference between groups was marginally significant (p less than 0.10). However, the small sample size and the imbalance between groups in baseline AIMS scores do not allow us to rule out the confounding effects of other prognostic factors. There were no significant differences between treatment groups for parkinsonian and psychological symptoms at any visit or for changes in these variables between visits. The findings of this preliminary trial are consistent with the results of other human and animal investigations, and they support the need for future research to understand the role of estrogens in the neuropathology and treatment of TD.
- Published
- 1985
337. The changing association between social status and coronary heart disease in a rural population
- Author
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Hal Morgenstern
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Risk ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Context (language use) ,Coronary Disease ,Rural Health ,Social class ,Medicine ,Humans ,Aged ,business.industry ,Rural health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Coronary heart disease ,Blood pressure ,Social Class ,Population study ,Female ,sense organs ,Rural area ,business ,Demography ,Social status - Abstract
Until recently, inconsistent findings regarding the association between social status and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been explained primarily in terms of methodologic differences among studies. However, a closer examination of selected findings reveals that the association may have changed from positive (increasing risk with higher social status) to negative (increasing risk with lower social status) in certain urban populations as the absolute rate of CHD was also changing, following a period of rapid socio-ecologic change or “modernization”. The purpose of this study is to investigate a possible change in social status effect and to examine its biological basis for the white adult population of a rural county in Georgia between 1960 and 1974. While an apparent change in the association between social status and CHD was found for men in the predicted direction, no trend was found for women. The change was most dramatic among men under the age of 55 for whom the age-standardized ratio measure of association shifted from significantly greater than one (the null value) to significantly less than one. This result was concluded to be valid and is consistent with the finding of a substantial decline in CHD mortality during the same period for men in the study population but not for women. There is convincing evidence that the changing effect of social status was partially due to differential changes in certain biological risk factors of CHD, as intervening factors-particularly blood pressure increases among younger men during the 1960's. Alternatively, there was no support for the hypothesis that social status modified the effect of biological factors on CHD. Major sex differences in the findings and the implications of these results are discussed in the general context of social epidemiologic research.
- Published
- 1980
338. Development of dementing illnesses in an 80-year-old volunteer cohort
- Author
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William H. Frishman, Howard A. Eder, Theodore Brown, Paula A. Fuld, Claudia H. Kawas, Wee Lock Ooi, Miriam K. Aronson, Hal Morgenstern, Lewis I. Gidez, and Robert Katzman
- Subjects
Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health Status ,Cohort Studies ,Alzheimer Disease ,Risk Factors ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Dementia ,Humans ,Family history ,Risk factor ,Vascular dementia ,Psychiatry ,Aged ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,medicine.disease ,Lipids ,Cerebrovascular Disorders ,Neurology ,Cohort ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Mental Status Schedule ,Cohort study - Abstract
We have prospectively followed over a 5-year period 434 volunteers who were at intake ambulatory, functional, presumably nondemented, and between 75 and 85 years of age. Fifty-six (an incidence of 3.53 per 100 person-years at risk) developed a progressive dementia: 32 met diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) (an incidence of 2.0 per 100 person-years at risk), 15 had vascular or mixed dementia, and 9 had other disorders or remain undiagnosed. New cases of dementia were as common as myocardial infarction and twice as common as stroke. Risk factors for both dementia and AD were age (over 80) and gender (female); other reported risk factors such as family history, prior head injury, thyroid disease, maternal age, and smoking were not risk factors for AD in this elderly cohort. Prior stroke was the major risk factor for vascular or mixed dementia; diabetes and left ventricular hypertrophy but not a history of hypertension per se were also risk factors for vascular dementia. The major predictor of the development of AD was the mental status score on entry. The 58.5% of the cohort who made zero to two errors on a 33-item mental status test had a less than 0.6% per year chance of developing AD, whereas the 16% of the cohort with five to eight errors on this test developed AD at a rate of over 12% per year. Thus, it is possible to identify a large cohort of 80-year-olds who are at low risk for AD and a smaller cohort at very high risk.
- Published
- 1989
339. The impact of a psychosocial support program on survival with breast cancer: the importance of selection bias in program evaluation
- Author
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Adrian M. Ostfeld, Bernie S. Siegel, Hal Morgenstern, Stephen D. Walter, and George A. Gellert
- Subjects
Program evaluation ,Gerontology ,Adult ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Breast Neoplasms ,Social Environment ,Social support ,Breast cancer ,Quality of life ,medicine ,Humans ,media_common ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Selection bias ,business.industry ,Cancer ,Social environment ,Social Support ,Retrospective cohort study ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Self-Help Groups ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Quality of Life ,Female ,business ,Demography - Abstract
A retrospective follow-up study was conducted to assess the impact of a psychosocial support program on survival with breast cancer. One-hundred and two nonparticipants were individually matched to 34 participants on several prognostic factors, and both groups were followed from date of cancer diagnosis (1971–1980) until December, 1981. Preliminary findings suggest a strong beneficial effect of the program on survival, which is statistically significant. However, this observed effect is due largely to a selection bias caused by the failure to match on the duration of the lag period between cancer diagnosis and program entry. Correcting for this bias in the analysis results in a small, nonsignificant program effect. We are not able to rule out a possible effect, however, because of the relative lack of statistical power and because of a modest, though nonsignificant benefit observed for women who entered the program shortly after diagnosis. Furthermore, the program might have other beneficial effects on the quality of life.
- Published
- 1984
340. Associated Links Among Smoking, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Pooled Analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium
- Author
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David C. Christiani, Mónica Pérez-Ríos, Neil E. Caporaso, Isabelle Stücker, Rayjean J. Hung, Angeline S. Andrew, Xuchen Zong, Yi Wang, Hongbing Hongbing Shen, Yongyue Wei, Gad Rennert, Juncheng Dai, Gary E. Goodman, Guillermo Fernández-Tardón, Erik H.F.M. van der Heijden, John K. Field, Maria Teresa Landi, M. Dawn Teare, Joshua E. Muscat, Marta Maria Rodriguez-Suarez, Alberto Ruano-Ravina, Keitaro Matsuo, Size Chen, Janet Horsman, Pier Alberto Bertazzi, Philip Lazarus, Ping Yang, Geoffrey Liu, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Michael P.A. Davies, Ruyi Huang, Penella J. Woll, Hermann Brenner, Michael W. Marcus, Yun-Chul Hong, Yan Zhang, Anath Flugelman, Joachim Heinrich, Ruyang Zhang, Irene Brüske, Juan Miguel Barros-Dios, Angela S. Wenzlaff, Triantafillos Liloglou, Hal Morgenstern, John R. McLaughlin, Eric J. Duell, Michele L. Cote, Adonina Tardón, Katja K.H. Aben, Ann G. Schwartz, Matt J. Barnett, Christa Stegmaier, Jin Hee Kim, Mark D. Thornquist, and Li Su
- Subjects
Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Causal Mediation Analysis ,Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ,Multicenter Pooling ,Small Cell Lung Cancer Risk ,Smoking Behaviors ,Pulmonary disease ,lcsh:Medicine ,Causal mediation analysis ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ,Lung cancer ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,neoplasms ,Malalties pulmonars obstructives cròniques ,COPD ,lcsh:R5-920 ,business.industry ,Smoking behaviors ,Mortality rate ,Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ,lcsh:R ,Other Research Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 0] ,Case-control study ,General Medicine ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,humanities ,3. Good health ,Multicenter pooling ,respiratory tract diseases ,Pooled analysis ,Urological cancers Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 15] ,Càncer de pulmó ,Small cell lung cancer risk ,Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ,business ,lcsh:Medicine (General) - Abstract
Background\ud \ud The high relapse and mortality rate of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) fuels the need for epidemiologic study to aid in its prevention.\ud \ud Methods\ud \ud We included 24 studies from the ILCCO collaboration. Random-effects panel logistic regression and cubic spline regression were used to estimate the effects of smoking behaviors on SCLC risk and explore their non-linearity. Further, we explored whether the risk of smoking on SCLC was mediated through COPD.\ud \ud Findings\ud \ud Significant dose–response relationships of SCLC risk were observed for all quantitative smoking variables. Smoking pack-years were associated with a sharper increase of SCLC risk for pack-years ranged 0 to approximately 50. The former smokers with longer cessation showed a 43%quit_for_5–9 years to 89%quit_for_≥ 20 years declined SCLC risk vs. subjects who had quit smoking < 5 years. Compared with non-COPD subjects, smoking behaviors showed a significantly higher effect on SCLC risk among COPD subjects, and further, COPD patients showed a 1.86-fold higher risk of SCLC. Furthermore, smoking behaviors on SCLC risk were significantly mediated through COPD which accounted for 0.70% to 7.55% of total effects.\ud \ud Interpretation\ud \ud This is the largest pooling study that provides improved understanding of smoking on SCLC, and further demonstrates a causal pathway through COPD that warrants further experimental study.\ud \ud Abbreviations\ud COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPG, cigarettes per day; ILCCO, International Lung Cancer Consortium; MeSH, medical subject headings; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; OR, odds ratio; SCLC, small cell lung cancer.
341. Increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease: A pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium
- Author
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Keitaro Matsuo, Yun Chul Hong, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Lenka Foretova, Bernard J. Park, Stefano Bonassi, Rayjean J. Hung, Monica Neri, Chikako Kiyohara, Carol J. Etzel, Dana Mates, Curtis C. Harris, Erich Wichmann, John K. Field, Gad Rennert, Loic Le Marchand, Philip Lazarus, Isabelle Stücker, Eric J. Duell, Paolo Boffetta, Jose I. Mayordomo, David C. Christiani, Ping Yang, Anne Tjønnelan, Mei Liu, David Zaridze, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Hal Morgenstern, Ann G. Schwartz, Jolanta Lissowska, John K. Wiencke, John R. McLaughlin, Katja K.H. Aben, Olaide Y. Raji, Ivana Holcatova, Vladimir Bencko, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Michele L. Cote, Irene Orlow, Vladimir Janout, Donatella Ugolini, Angeline S. Andrew, Paul Brennan, Qing Lan, Adeline Seow, Eleonora Fabianova, Margaret R. Spitz, Hermann Brenner, Penella J. Woll, Henricus F. M. van der Heijden, Heiko Mueller, Dolores Isla, Mila Pinchev, Heike Bickeböller, Joshua E. Muscat, M. Dawn Teare, Hedy S. Rennert, Peter Rudnai, Søren Friis, Coté, M.L., Liu, M., Bonassi, S., Neri, M., Schwartz, A.G., Christiani, D.C., Spitz, M.R., Muscat, J.E., Rennert, G., Aben, K.K., Andrew, A.S., Bencko, V., Bickeböller, H., Boffetta, P., Brennan, P., Brenner, H., Duell, E.J., Fabianova, E., Field, J.K., Foretova, L., Friis, S., Harris, C.C., Holcatova, I., Hong, Y.-C., Isla, D., Janout, V., Kiemeney, L.A., Kiyohara, C., Lan, Q., Lazarus, P., Lissowska, J., Le Marchand, L., Mates, D., Matsuo, K., Mayordomo, J.I., McLaughlin, J.R., Morgenstern, H., Müeller, H., Orlow, I., Park, B.J., Pinchev, M., Raji, O.Y., Rennert, H.S., Rudnai, P., Seow, A., Stucker, I., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Dawn Teare, M., Tjønnelan, A., Ugolini, D., Van Der Heijden, H.F.M., Wichmann, E., Wiencke, J.K., Woll, P.J., Yang, P., Zaridze, D., Zhang, Z.-F., Etzel, C.J., and Hung, R.J.
- Subjects
Male ,Familial aggregation ,Cancer Research ,History ,Lung Neoplasms ,Aetiology, screening and detection [ONCOL 5] ,Disease ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Ethnicity ,Odds Ratio ,Family history ,Aged, 80 and over ,0303 health sciences ,Confounding ,Smoking ,Age Factors ,Family aggregation ,Middle Aged ,3. Good health ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,Lung cancer ,Case-Control Studie ,Social Adjustment ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Sibling ,Histology ,Logistic Model ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Interviews ,Translational research [ONCOL 3] ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Age Of Onset ,Molecular epidemiology Aetiology, screening and detection [NCEBP 1] ,Aged ,030304 developmental biology ,Family Health ,business.industry ,Lung neoplasm ,Meta-analysis ,Siblings ,Case-control study ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Lung Neoplasm ,Case-Control Studies ,Càncer de pulmó ,Age of onset ,business ,Confidence Interval - Abstract
Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Familial aggregation of lung cancer exists after accounting for cigarette smoking. However, the extent to which family history affects risk by smoking status, histology, relative type and ethnicity is not well described. This pooled analysis included 24 case-control studies in the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Each study collected age of onset/interview, gender, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, histology and first-degree family history of lung cancer. Data from 24,380 lung cancer cases and 23,305 healthy controls were analysed. Unconditional logistic regression models and generalised estimating equations were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Individuals with a first-degree relative with lung cancer had a 1.51-fold increase in the risk of lung cancer, after adjustment for smoking and other potential confounders (95% CI: 1.39, 1.63). The association was strongest for those with a family history in a sibling, after adjustment (odds ratios (OR)=1.82, 95% CI: 1.62, 2.05). No modifying effect by histologic type was found. Never smokers showed a lower association with positive familial history of lung cancer (OR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.52), slightly stronger for those with an affected sibling (OR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.93), after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of lung cancer among never smokers and similar magnitudes of the effect of family history on lung cancer risk across histological types suggests familial aggregation of lung cancer is independent of those risks associated with cigarette smoking. While the role of genetic variation in the aetiology of lung cancer remains to be fully characterised, family history assessment is immediately available and those with a positive history represent a higher risk group. 01 september 2012
342. Classification schemes for epidemiologic research designs
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Hal Morgenstern and Sander Greenland
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Text mining ,Research Design ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Humans ,Classification scheme ,Epidemiologic research ,Data mining ,Epidemiologic Methods ,business ,computer.software_genre ,computer - Published
- 1988
343. Protesting the Journal's cautionary editorial
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Hal Morgenstern, William M. Glazer, and Kenneth S. Kendler
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Psychiatry and Mental health - Published
- 1984
344. Predictors of Occurrence, Severity, and Course of Tardive Dyskinesia in an Outpatient Population
- Author
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Hal Morgenstern and William M. Glazer
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medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Population ,Tardive dyskinesia ,medicine.disease ,Mental health ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,Medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,business ,Psychiatry ,education - Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of three different studies of tardive dyskinesia conducted within a single-source, outpatient population at the Connecticut Mental Health Center in New Haven. Emerging themes from this work suggest that prevalence, severity and course of tardive dyskinesia are influenced--probably in different ways--by treatment, psychiatric illness, and other personal characteristics.
- Published
- 1988
345. Matching in Epidemiologic Studies: Validity and Efficiency Considerations
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Hal Morgenstern, David G. Kleinbaum, Donald K. Lewis, John M. Karon, and Lawrence L. Kupper
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Statistics and Probability ,Matching (statistics) ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Applied Mathematics ,Confounding ,Absolute risk reduction ,General Medicine ,Odds ratio ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Confidence interval ,Relative risk ,Statistics ,Econometrics ,Technical report ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Mathematics - Abstract
SUMMARY Validity and efficiency issues are considered with regard to the use of matching and random sampling as alternative methods of subject selection in follow-up and case-control studies. We discuss the simple situation involving dichotomous disease and exposure variables and a single dichotomous matching factor, and we consider the influence on efiiciency of a possible loss of subjects due to matching constraints. The decision to match or not should be motivated by efficiency considerations. An efficiency criterion based on a comparison of confidence intervals under matching and random sampling for the effect measure of interest (the risk ratio and risk difference in follow-up studies, and the odds ratio in case-control studies) leads to the following conclusions when the sampling method does not influence the size of the comparison group. In follow-up studies, matching on a confounder is expected to lead to a gain in efficiency over random sampling, while matching on a nonconfounder is not expected to result in a loss of efficiency. In case-control studies, the same conclusions hold, except that matching is not as advantageous as in follow-up studies and can lead to a loss of efliciency in some situations (usually of little practical importance). When matching reduces the size of the comparison group, there is likely to be a meaningful gain in efficiency due to random sampling only when the matched comparison group is at most 40-50% the size of the randomlysampled comparison group in a follow-up study, and at most 50-65% the size in a case-control study.
- Published
- 1981
346. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods
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Lawrence L. Kupper, S. J. Pocock, David G. Kleinbaum, and Hal Morgenstern
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Statistics and Probability ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,business.industry ,Applied Mathematics ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,Epidemiologic research ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,business ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Published
- 1983
347. Determinants of Pediatric Injuries
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Sarah McCue Horwitz, Hal Morgenstern, Loretta DiPietro, and Carol L. Morrison
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Employment ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Racial Groups ,Mothers ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Attitude ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,Wounds and Injuries ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,Early childhood ,Child ,business ,Prospective cohort study ,Psychosocial - Abstract
Injuries are an important health issue for children. Previous research, however, has presented confusing and conflicting results on the determinants of childhood injuries, particularly psychosocial predictors, largely due to methodologic problems. The purpose of this analysis, based on a prospective follow-up study of 532 children, was to identify factors related to injuries encountered in a prepaid group practice during a 12-month period. Using logistic regression, we found four factors independently associated with the risk of at least one treated injury: high activity level, high rate of pediatric utilization for non-injury-related visits during the follow-up period, occurrence of a treated injury during the year preceding the follow-up period, and negative attitude toward medical care providers by the child's mother. In addition, four factors were found to be independent predictors of injuries judged severe enough to always warrant medical care: occurrence of a treated injury in the preceding year, high rate of pediatric utilization for non-injury-related visits during the follow-up period, working more than 15 hours a week outside the home by the child's mother, and more life events reported by the mother for the year preceding the follow-up period. Since family stressors are related specifically to the risk of more severe injuries, which are unlikely to escape medical attention, we conclude that these factors probably are related to the occurrence of common injuries of early childhood and not exclusively to utilization behavior. We therefore suggest that children from families with these characteristics be targeted for injury prevention strategies.
- Published
- 1988
348. Tardive Dyskinesia
- Author
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William M. Glazer, Daniel C. Moore, Nina R. Schooler, Hal Morgenstern, and Louise M. Brenner
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Male ,Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychosis ,Time Factors ,Neuroleptic therapy ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Tardive dyskinesia ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Recurrence ,medicine ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Depressive Disorder ,Chemotherapy ,Mental Disorders ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Discontinuation ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Regimen ,Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care ,Dyskinesia ,Anesthesia ,Schizophrenia ,Female ,Schizophrenic Psychology ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Antipsychotic Agents ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
• Twenty-one nonschizophrenic and 12 schizophrenic outpatients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) were followed up for a mean of 12.0 and 8.6 months, respectively, following discontinuation of neuroleptic therapy. Of the 33 patients, only one demonstrated complete reversal of TD. Cumulative survival curves of the length of time to first improvement (reduction in movement ratings by 50% of baseline) did not differ between the two groups. The median time to first improvement was seven months. If a patient can be kept off of a neuroleptic regimen for 18 months, the estimated probability of showing a 50% reduction in movement is 87.2%. In the nonschizophrenic group, depressed mood was negatively correlated with severity of abnormal movements.
- Published
- 1984
349. Letters.
- Author
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Frank J. J. Conijn, Eric L. Hurwitz, and Hal Morgenstern
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
350. Type of Alcoholic Beverage and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer--A Pooled Analysis Within the INHANCE Consortium.
- Author
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Mark P. Purdue, Mia Hashibe, Julien Berthiller, Carlo La Vecchia, Luigino Dal Maso, Rolando Herrero, Silvia Franceschi, Xavier Castellsague, Qingyi Wei, Erich M. Sturgis, Hal Morgenstern, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Fabio Levi, Renato Talamini, Elaine Smith, Joshua Muscat, Philip Lazarus, Stephen M. Schwartz, Chu Chen, and Jose Eluf Neto
- Subjects
ALCOHOLIC beverages ,HEAD & neck cancer ,CANCER risk factors ,ALCOHOL drinking ,BEER ,WINES ,LIQUORS ,PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of alcohol ,HETEROGENEITY - Abstract
The authors pooled data from 15 case-control studies of head and neck cancer (9,107 cases, 14,219 controls) to investigate the independent associations with consumption of beer, wine, and liquor. In particular, they calculated associations with different measures of beverage consumption separately for subjects who drank beer only (858 cases, 986 controls), for liquor-only drinkers (499 cases, 527 controls), and for wine-only drinkers (1,021 cases, 2,460 controls), with alcohol never drinkers (1,124 cases, 3,487 controls) used as a common reference group. The authors observed similar associations with ethanol-standardized consumption frequency for beer-only drinkers (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, and 5.4 for ≤5, 6–15, 16–30, and >30 drinks per week, respectively; P
trend < 0.0001) and liquor-only drinkers (ORs = 1.6, 1.5, 2.3, and 3.6; P < 0.0001). Among wine-only drinkers, the odds ratios for moderate levels of consumption frequency approached the null, whereas those for higher consumption levels were comparable to those of drinkers of other beverage types (ORs = 1.1, 1.2, 1.9, and 6.3; P < 0.0001). Study findings suggest that the relative risks of head and neck cancer for beer and liquor are comparable. The authors observed weaker associations with moderate wine consumption, although they cannot rule out confounding from diet and other lifestyle factors as an explanation for this finding. Given the presence of heterogeneity in study-specific results, their findings should be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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