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Grape coloring is an essential stage in the grape ripening process, which has a very important influence on the quality of grape berries. In this paper, nine-year-old grape variety Frey was used as the research object and the influences of a novel abscisic acid (ABA) functional analog, natenpac, on grape coloring and quality improvement in the field were studied. At the initial stage of fruit coloring, foliar spraying, root irrigation, and fruit soaking were carried out with 2, 5, and 10 mg/L natenpac, respectively, and clean water treatment as the blank control. By comparing the apparent changes, such as average transverse diameter, color, and single fruit weight, and internal quality changes, such as soluble solids, anthocyanin, and soluble sugar contents, the optimal application mode and concentration were determined. The results showed that natenpac could make Frey grape finish coloring 7-10 days earlier than the control by foliar spraying or root soaking modes, and contributed to significant increases in soluble solid content and coloring degree, and slight increases in the transverse diameter and single fruit weight of berries. The three treatment modes showed a great difference in efficacy. Root irrigation and foliar spraying were better than fruit soaking and 2 mg/L of foliar spraying was the best. This study clarified the best application mode and concentration of natenpac to Frey grape and provided the basis for guiding the field application of natenpac in grape coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of grape quality zoning and selective harvesting in small vineyards (<1 ha) has not yet gained much importance worldwide. However, winegrowers with small vineyards are looking for ways to improve wine quality and maximise profit. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the most predictive vegetation index for grape quality zoning among three vegetation indices—NDVI, NDRE, and OSAVI—at three grapevine growth stages for the efficient use in small vineyards for the selective harvesting and production of different wine types from the same vineyard. Multispectral images were used to delineate two vigour zones at three different growth stages. The target vines were sampled, and the most predictive vegetation index was determined by overlapping the quality and vigour structures for each site and year. A differential economic analysis was performed, considering only the costs and revenues associated with grape quality zoning. The results show that OSAVI is the least predictive, while NDVI and NDRE are useful for grape quality zoning and selective harvesting. Multi-year monitoring is required to determine the ideal growth stage for image acquisition. The use of grape quality zoning and selective harvesting can be economically efficient for small wineries producing two different "super-premium" wines from the same vineyard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron chlorosis is common in vineyards grown on calcareous soils, and consists of a chlorophyll deficiency caused by a disorder in iron nutrition. It is manifested by interveinal yellowing of the youngest leaves and decreased growth and production. Most of the vineyards in Spain are planted on calcareous soils, so iron chlorosis is frequent, even in tolerant rootstocks. In the case of Spain, Tempranillo accounts for 20.8% of the total Spanish wine area, with this red variety being the most planted. The study of iron chlorosis and the availability of nutrients is essential for improving the qualitative balance of the wine, as it is one of the most representative in our country. The aim of this work was to evaluate how carbonated irrigation modifies soil pH and increases the absorption of nutrients, as well as to assess the impact of chlorosis on the physiology of the variety and the composition of the grape. In the first instance, a test was carried out on bare soil of calcareous composition, evaluating three different levels of carbonated water, and seeing what response it gave to the pH level. The result showed that the dose of 400 ppm of CO2 provided the optimal pH. Subsequently, in a potted soil, the dose of 400 ppm of CO2 was evaluated on the variety cv. Tempranillo, in three different compositions of calcareous soil. Results showed that carbonated irrigation increased the levels of chlorophyll impacting on primary metabolism (acids and sugar), plant growth, and higher crop yield, improving the optimal grape ripeness. Given that irrigation with 400 ppm CO2 increased the ability to control ferric chlorosis, this strategy could be an easy-to-use alternative to iron-based chelates for preventing Fe deficiency in the grapevine as well as moderating the different levels of iron chlorosis. This strategy could be an alternative to the use of synthetic Fe chelates as EDTA or o,o-EDDHA for preventing Fe chlorosis in susceptible Tempranillo (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard in calcareous soils, with less of a risk to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viticulture in a cool climate is more challenging than in traditional wine regions. Due to the weather conditions, the berries may not achieve their full maturation composition. Therefore, suitable grape cultivars should be selected for cultivation in cool climate regions. The aim of this research was to compare selected grape cultivars grown under the same climatic conditions in terms of their antioxidant activity, chemical composition, and macronutrient contents. Their dry matter content, total soluble solids, pH, total acidity, and vitamin C were also analyzed. This research confirmed the existence of differences between the cultivars regarding their antioxidant activity, total soluble solids and polyphenols, and content of vitamin C and macronutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malic acid is a component of the rhizosphere exudate and is vital for crop growth. However, little information is available about the effects of external applications of malic acid on the nutrient absorption and quality of grape fruit, and few studies have been performed on the relationship between the changes in the rhizosphere microbial community and nutrient absorption and fruit quality of grapes after adding malic acid. Here, the LM (low concentration of malic acid) and HM (high concentration of malic acid) treatments comprised 5% and 10% malic acid (the ratio of acid to the total weight of the fertilizer) combined with NPK fertilizer, respectively. Applying malic acid changed the grape rhizosphere microbial community structure and community-level physiological profile (CLPP) significantly, and HM had a positive effect on the utilization of substrates. The microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of the grapes with added malic acid was closely related to the CLPP. The N and P content in the leaves and fruits increased after applying malic acid compared to the control, while K content in the fruits increased significantly. In addition, malic acid significantly reduced the weight per fruit, significantly increased soluble sugar content (SSC) and vitamin C content of the fruit, and significantly improved the fruit sugar-acid ratio and grape tasting score. Moreover, the principal component analysis and grape nutrient and fruit quality scores showed that grape nutrients and fruit quality were significantly affected by malic acid and ranked as 5% malic acid > 10% malic acid > control. Pearson's correlation heatmap of microbial composition, nutrient absorption and fruit quality of the grapes showed that the grape microbial community was closely related to grape nutrients and fruit quality. Adding malic acid was positively correlated to Planococcaceae , Bacillaceae , Woeseiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae. Furthermore, Planococcaceae , Bacillaceae , Woeseiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae were closely related to grape nutrient absorption and fruit quality. Bacillaceae and Woeseiaceae were positively correlated with total soluble sugar, while Planococcaceae and Rhodobacteraceae were positively correlated with titratable acid. Hence, Bacillaceae and Woeseiaceae were the key bacteria that played a major role in grape fruit quality and nutrient absorption after applying malic acid water-soluble fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One alternative for adapting viticulture to high temperatures and the scarcity of water is the development of new varieties adapted to such conditions. This work describes six new genotypes, derived from "Monastrell" × "Cabernet Sauvignon" (MC16, MC19, MC72, MC80) and "Monastrell" × "Syrah" (MS104, MS49) crosses, grown under deficit irrigation and rainfed conditions in a semi-arid wine-producing area (Murcia, southeastern Spain). The effect of genotype, year, and irrigation treatment on the phenological, productiveness, morphological, and grape quality data was evaluated. The study material was obtained and selected as part of a breeding program run by the Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarollo Agrario y Medioambiental (IMIDA). The results obtained show that under rainfed conditions, the values for productive variables decreased, while those referring to the phenolic content increased. Notable variation in the parameters evaluated was also seen for the different genotypes studied. The behavior of the genotypes MC80 and MS104 under rainfed conditions was noteworthy. In addition to maintaining very adequate yields, phenolic contents, must pH, and total acidity values, MC80 fell into the best 'phenolic quality group' and MS104 returned a low º°Baumé value, ideal for the production of low-alcohol-content wines. These genotypes could favor the development of sustainable quality viticulture in dry and hot areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature causes premature grape leaf senescence, abnormal berry softening, and shortening of the fruiting period. Furthermore, the fruit quality and yield are severely affected. Here, the "Jumeigui" grape quality and leaf senescence were evaluated under shading; green, blue, black, and gray nets were used for shading, and their spectra were measured. At the same density, the shade-net color significantly affected cooling and shading efficiencies, with gray nets showing the best light transmission and cooling effect. Shading significantly alleviated abnormal heat-induced grape softness. The total soluble solids (TSS) content and grape coloration were affected under gray, blue, and green shade nets. Nonetheless, TSS exceeded 18 °Brix under gray, blue, and green nets, as required of first-class high-quality fruit. The peel color was not significantly affected under gray or blue shade nets, whereas unshaded grapes showed clear heat-stress damage, especially on the edges of unshaded bottom leaves, in which the net photosynthesis rate was significantly lower than that under shading, indicating that high light intensity and heat caused premature leaf senescence. Colored shade nets reduced greenhouse temperature and light intensity, thereby alleviating the premature senescence of grape plants. Grape quality under black shade nets was poor, whereas superior quality was achieved using gray or blue shade nets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rootstocks are the link between the soil and scion in grapevines, can provide tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and regulate yield and grape quality. The vascular system of grapevine rootstocks in nurseries is still an underexplored niche for research, despite its potential for hosting beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the composition of fungal communities in 110 Richter and 41 Berlandieri rootstocks at four stages of the grapevine propagation process. Taxonomic analysis revealed that the fungal community predominantly consisted of phylum Ascomycota in all stages of the propagation process. The alpha-diversity of fungal communities differed among sampling times for both rootstocks, with richness and fungal diversity in the vascular system decreasing through the propagation process. The core microbiome was composed of the genera Cadophora, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Alternaria in both rootstocks, while the pathogenic genus Neofusicoccum was identified as a persistent taxon throughout the propagation process. FUNguild analysis showed that the relative abundance of plant pathogens associated with trunk diseases increased towards the last stage in nurseries. Fungal communities in the vascular system of grapevine rootstocks differed between the different stages of the propagation process in nurseries. Numerous genera associated with potential biocontrol activity and grapevine trunk diseases were identified. Understanding the large diversity of fungi in the rootstock vascular tissue and the interactions between fungal microbiota and grapevine will help to develop sustainable strategies for grapevine protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the technological process for obtaining grape seeds oil, a very important stage is the separation of grape seed from pomace. Depending on the attention paid to this stage depends on the quantity and quality of grape seed oil. Therefore, INMA Bucharest has developed vibrating sieves equipment to encourage the exploitation of vegetable waste from the wine industry. In this article, the point focus is the qualitative and quantitative separation of grape seeds from the marc of three grape varieties. At the same time, we changed the way the equipment works by changing the frequency of the equipment control panel. In this article, we aim to separate the seeds from the pomace in order to extract the oil contained in them. For this, we took into account the research in the field which confirms the fact that globally grapes are the most cultivated and widespread fruits, about 7.5 million hectares with a production of approx. 78 million tonnes and most of this is used in the wine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern foothills of Helan Mountain are a production area of high-quality wine grapes, but the low content of water-soluble calcium in the alkaline soil in this area has become an important limiting factor for the production of high-end wines. In this study, 7-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown at Lilan Winery, which is located at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, China, were used to examine the effect of exogenous calcium supplementation on fruit growth and berry quality. Calcium sugar alcohol was applied as a foliar spray at 1.2 L/hm² (T1), 2.4 L/hm² (T2), 3.6 L/hm² (T3), 4.8 L/hm² (T4), and 6.0 L/hm² (T5) concentrations at the fruit expansion stage, the early stage of grape veraison, the middle stage of grape veraison, and the later stage of grape veraison. Water control was used for comparison. The results showed that foliar calcium supplementation can significantly enhance the photosynthetic characteristics of wine grape leaves, increase the chlorophyll content of leaves, and improve the quality of grape berries. Under the T3 (3.6 L/hm²) concentration of exogenous calcium, the transverse diameter, the longitudinal diameter, and fruit shape index of grapes were the highest, which were increased by 1.71%, 5.33%, and 3.92% compared to the control, respectively. The application of high calcium concentrations (T4 and T5) inhibited the physiological development of grapes. The spike length, hundred-grain weight, yield of wine grapes, sugar-acid ratio, tannin, and total phenols were the highest in the T2 (2.4 L/hm²) treatment. The results of principal component analysis based on multiple indicators showed that foliar application of 2.4-3.6 L/hm² chelated sugar alcohol calcium on the leaf surfaces of grape leaves was the most suitable for improving the physiological characteristics and berry quality of wine grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The gibberellins (GAs) GA5 (inhibitor of GA3‐oxidase), GA4 (biologically active), GA4/7 (commercially available mixture of Ga4 and GA7) prohexadione‐calcium (ProCa, inhibitor of dioxygenases that render GAs bioactive, negative control), and GA3 (positive control) were applied to bunches of Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec. Different techniques, doses, and timings were used in a 3‐year field experiment. In year 1, GA5, ProCa, and GA3 were applied at 35, 20, and 0 days before veraison (DBV) by dipping bunches three times. In year 2, single applications of GA5 and GA3, also by immersion, were tested at 60, 45, and 30 DBV. In year 3, applications at 60 and 30 DBV of GA5, GA4, and a mixture of GA4/7 were evaluated by dipping or spraying the bunches. RESULTS: Vegetative growth, berry weight, and sugar content were unaffected by treatments. ProCa did not affect the yield with respect to water control, although it reduced the levels of phenolics in berry skins, an undesirable effect for winemaking. GA5, in the dose range 5–50 mg L−1, raised berry numbers, thereby augmenting bunch weight and skin phenolics at harvest, so increasing berry quality for winemaking. GA4 and GA4/7 produced similar benefits to GA5, with similar doses. CONCLUSION: The applications of GA5, GA4, and GA4/7 to developing grape berry bunches, in a range of concentrations and by dipping or spraying, increased berry numbers per bunch at harvest. The method can be used as a viticultural practice to improve the production and quality of wine grapes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European climate is changing displaying profound impacts on agriculture, thus strongly reaching the scientific community's attention. In this review, the compilation of selected scientific research on the agroclimatic conditions' changes and their impact on the productivity parameters (phenology timing, product quality and quantity) of grapevines and on the spatiotemporal characteristics of the viticultural areas are attempted for the first time. For this purpose, a thorough investigation through multiple search queries was conducted for the period (2005–2021). Overall, increasing (decreasing) trends in critical temperature (precipitation) parameters are the reality of the recent past with visible impacts on viticulture. The observed climate warming already enforces emerging phenomena related to the modification of the developmental rate (earlier phenological events, shortening of phenological intervals, lengthening of the growing season, earlier harvest), the alteration of product quality, the heterogeneous effects on grapevine yield and the emergence of new cool-climate viticulture areas highlighting the cultivation's rebirth in the northern and central parts of the continent. The vulnerability of the wine-growing ecosystem urges the integration of innovative and sustainable solutions for confronting the impacts of climate change and safeguarding the production (quantity and quality) capacity of viticultural systems in Europe under a continuously changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elicitors as alternatives to agrochemicals are widely used as a sustainable farming practice. The use of elicitors in viticulture to control disease and improve phenolic compounds is widely recognized in this field. Concurrently, they also affect other secondary metabolites, such as aroma compounds. Grape and wine aroma compounds are an important quality factor that reflects nutritional information and influences consumer preference. However, the effects of elicitors on aroma compounds are diverse, as different grape varieties respond differently to treatments. Among the numerous commercialized elicitors, some have proven very effective in improving the quality of grapes and the resulting wines. This review summarizes some of the elicitors commonly used in grapevines for protection against biotic and abiotic stresses and their impact on the quality of volatile compounds. The work is intended to serve as a reference for growers for the sustainable development of high-quality grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and nano-silver (Ag-NPs) on the physiological and biochemical characteristics, and quality of grape bunches during a cold storage period. For investigations, two varieties of grapes were used, Shine Muscat and Kyoho, with different concentrations of AgNO3 and Ag-NPs on post-harvest dipping. The data indicated that AgNO3 and Ag-NPs enhanced the fruits' longevity and quality. Depending on the data analysis, it was found that the lowest weight loss value was obtained from Ag-NP treated grapes, followed by AgNO3 treated grapes, while the highest loss occurred in the control grapes. Immersion of grape bunches in Ag-NPs was the best application for maintenance of overall storage quality for both cultivars. In the same trend, treatment with Ag-NPs produced the best results for soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), pyrogallol peroxidase (POD), and pectin methylestraese activity (PME). It was concluded that Ag-NPs and AgNO3 were helpful in maintaining the quality of grape bunches up to 30 days, while grape bunches under control conditions were spoiled with 30 days of cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aroma is one of the most important indicators of grape quality. Girdling and foliar fertilization with K (K2O) are common agronomic practices applied to improve berry quality in grape production. However, little is known about its effect on the accumulation and biosynthesis of the entire aromatic profile. Our study was aimed to explore the influences of girdling and foliar fertilization with K (alone or in combination) on the general properties, phenolic composition, volatile free aroma compounds, spatial and temporal expression of terpene-related genes and sensory properties in 'Hanxiangmi' table grape. In this study, we found that girdling and foliar fertilization with K (alone or in combination) facilitated fruit enlargement and increased the accumulation of phenolic compounds in skin. The combination treatment of girdling and foliar fertilization with K significantly promoted the concentrations of total soluble solids (TSS) in the pulp and proanthocyanidins in the berry skin, and had a lower titratable acidity (TA) compared to those of the control. In contrast, girdling treatment alone increased the concentrations of titratable acidity. Volatile free aroma composition analysis revealed that the combination treatment increased the volatile compounds and concentrations significantly, most notably in terpenes, such as nerol, citronellol and linalool. Spatial and temporal expression analysis showed that the expression level of VvDXS was significantly correlated with linalool and total terpenes concentrations, as a result of which, we speculated that VvDXS is the candidate gene for the regulation of important grape terpenes. We hope that our results can direct farmers to better apply girdling and foliar fertilization with K in grape production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable liquid film (BLF) improves soil structure and increases plant freezing tolerance after spraying on the surface of soil and plant. In this study, the effects of BLF on grape composition and volatile compounds in Cabernet sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes were determined by spraying BLF during the dormant periods over three years. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential impact of BLF as an overwintering protection measure on grape fruit quality. In 2020 and 2021, BLF spraying increased reducing sugar content and 100-berry weight, decreased titratable acid content, and improved the maturity factor. Compared with the vines not sprayed with BLF, the content of total phenols and total anthocyanins in grape skins showed an increase over the three-year period, with the largest increases of 31.92% and 48.38%, respectively, and the content of total tannins and total flavan-3-ols increased in 2020 and 2021. BLF treatment also increased the total phenolic content in seeds for all three years, reaching a significant level in 2019, 16.38% higher than control treatment (CK). HPLC analysis showed that BLF treatment affected the content and composition of monomeric anthocyanins in grape skins, especially in 2021, BLF treatment significantly increased the content of nine monomeric anthocyanins, and the proportion of acetylated and coumaroylated anthocyanins. However, GC-MS analysis indicated that BLF had little effect on volatile compounds. These results suggest that BLF can be used as an overwintering protection measure in cold regions to promote the accumulation of sugars and polyphenolics, thereby improving overall grape quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the German wine industry, more and more wine estates engage in collaborations to secure grape and wine qualities and quantities to meet the market demands, creating vertically coordinated supply chain networks. The focus of many scholars in this field is mainly set on structural arrangements and less on relational management mechanisms, as studies of structures and their implementation are more readily undertaken and quantified. Both structural and relational mechanisms and their influence on the different levels such as network-, dyad- and firm-level are researched. In the agri-food industry, small- and medium-sized businesses, often family-led, prevail, amplifying the influence of single decision-makers on cooperative decisions. In such a setting, personal relationships and social bonds are stronger than in classical B2B relationships in other industries. Research on chain management does not, generally, take the interpersonal or individual influence of decisions-makers into account. However, recent and emerging literature indicates an influence of managers on chain management. Hence, the questions arise how do managers affect decisions and how can the interpersonal influence be managed? This paper aims to expand the theoretical framework of chain management including the impacts of behavioural and interpersonal aspects in decision-making regarding relationship management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic and bioorganic fertilizers were increasingly used for agricultural soil. However, little is known on what kind of organic fertilizer application strategies can promote grape production well and how appropriate fertilization strategies improve soil properties and shift microbial community. This study investigated the improvement in soil physicochemical properties as well as their relations with microbial community structure and grape quality under different fertilization strategies. Our results found that (bio)organic fertilizer (CF1, CF2, and BF) especially combined application of organic and bioorganic fertilization (CBF) had smaller effects on electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, while it improved soil nutrients including N, P, K, and organic matter (OM) well, thereby promoting the grape quality comparing to the group without any fertilizer (CK) and with chemical fertilizer (NPK). Especially, the concentrations of Cr, Hg, Zn, and Cu were reduced by 13.63%, 12.50%, 12.52%, and 11.75% in CBF, respectively. Additionally, CF1, CF2, and BF, especially CBF, optimized the communities' composition and increased the abundance of some plant probiotics such as Solirubrobacter and Lysobacter. Nevertheless, excessive application of organic fertilizer derived from livestock manure could cause the accumulation of heavy metals such as Zn and Cu in soil and leaves, which could further influence the grape quality. Additionally, the structure of microbial communities was also changed possibly because some bacterial genera showed distinct adaptability to the stress of heavy metals or the utilization capacity of N, P, K, and OM. Our results demonstrated that combined application of organic and bioorganic fertilization showed a great influence on soil physicochemical properties, whose positive changes could further optimize microbial communities and facilitate the promotion of grape quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the valuable and rich sources of antioxidant compounds and vitamins is grape fruit. Nowadays, the production of high quality grapes with strong texture and high shelf life of fruits is very important. Therefore, the use of organic acids to improve the quality and quantity of crops and orchards is becoming more common. Humic acid, as an organic acid derived from humus and other natural sources, can work without damaging the environmental effects to enhance the quality of grapes. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The experiment treatment consisted of four concentrations of humic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g L-1). Attributes such as weight, length and width of berry and grape panicle, as well as acidity, organic acids, soluble solids as well as some phytochemical traits such as total phenol and flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidant activity were evaluated by DPPH method. According to the results of analysis of variance, traits such as weight and width of berry and panicle, total phenol and antioxidant activity, acidity and soluble solids at 1% probability level were statistically significant between treated and control samples. But traits such as total flavonoid content and anthocyanin content of samples had significantly different at 5% probability level. In general, most of the traits had the highest values in the 2 g L-1 humic acid treatment. The highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity were observed in 2 and 1 g L-1 humic acid treatments with 1.667 mg ml-1 juice and 33.84%, respectively. In general, the results showed that application of humic acid can be improved many of the physical and biochemical properties of grape fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity and bio compounds induced by salicylic acid (AS) and potassium (K) in 'Flame' grape peel and pulp. The applications were made in table grape of the 'Flame' variety, with 9 treatments and 3 repetitions, T1 control 0.0 (T2 AS 0.0, K 5 mM) (T3 AS 2.0, K 5.0 mM) (T4 AS 2.0, K 0 mM) (T5 AS 0.100, K 0.250 mM) (T6 AS 0.100, K 2. 50 mM) (T7 AS 1, K 2. 50 mM) (T8 AS 1, K .250 mM) (T9 AS 0. 25, K .625 mM) with 6 applications in the veraison stage throughout the cycle. The parameters of antioxidant capacity were determined by the DPPH and FRAP method, phenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, pH, °Brix, titratable acidity and physical parameters in grape peel and pulp. Doses of AS 2.0, K 0 mM; AS 1, K 2.50 mM; and AS 0.25, K .625 mM influenced the increase in quality, as well as the bioactive and antioxidant activity. Anthocyanins were the main phenols in peel with 406.08 mg (C3G)/g1. 'Flame' table grape peels have a high content of compounds, favouring the antioxidant activity. A serving of unpeeled table grapes could provide up to 110 mg of phenols. The use of salicylic acid and potassium can be an alternative to enrich the nutritional quality of the grape and benefit the health of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Hormone treatment enhanced the content of osmotic substances under high-temperature conditions. The effect of ABA and BR treated separately is better than treated together. To determine the effect of abscisic acid (ABA), brassinolide (BR) and ABA + BR on grape quality under high-temperature stress, various metabolites were analyzed. Compared with the control (CK), DL-tryptophan, d-raffinose, geniposidic acid, dodecanedioic acid and polyphenols were found to be higher after ABA treatment. After BR treatment, amino acids and poricoic acid B were higher than in CK. And carbohydrates and amino acids were up-regulated after ABA + BR treatment. BR and ABA + BR treatment also induced higher endogenous ABA and epibrassinolide contents. In addition, treated grape had higher soluble solid concentrations and soluble sugar content, and delayed the degradation of middle lamella and microfibrils. Antioxidant and heat shock-related genes were examined, which significantly increased in treated grape. The finding of this study suggested that ABA, BR and ABA + BR are very useful for alleviating high-temperature damage by increasing the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, and endogenous hormones content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising temperatures in most viticultural regions are associated with a higher incidence of drastic weather circumstances such as heatwaves. The consequences are reflected in qualitative and quantitative white grapes characteristics. In fact, there is an enhancement in alcohol content and a jeopardized reduction in the aromatic potential. We performed a scientific test to assuage the bump of heatwaves and exposure of grapes on Vitis vinifera cv. "Sauvignon Blanc" with exposed vines (untreated) or with kaolin foliar treatment or with partial fruit-zone shading (shading net 30 and 70%). This work aimed to evaluate the effects of shading net (SD-30% and SD-70%) and foliar kaolin (K) treatment on physiology, technological maturity, and thiolic precursors in Italy during the 2020–2021 seasons. For this purpose, four treatments were established: SD-30% (green artificial shading net at 30%), SD-70% (green artificial shading net at 70%), K (foliar kaolin), and CTRL (no application). During the two vintages, single-leaf gas exchange appraisal, leaf temperature, berry temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, pre-dawn, and leaf water potential were measured. Moreover, berry weight, pH, °Brix, acidity (technological maturity specifications), and the following thiolic precursors were analyzed: 3-S-glutathionylhexan-1-ol (Glut-3MH), S-4-(4-methylpentan-2-one)-L-cysteine (Cys-4MMP), and 3-S-cysteinylhexan-1-ol (Cys-3MH). SD-70% and K denoted less negative water potential, a lower berry temperature, and a higher level of all precursors than the other treatments. Acidity and sugar parameters indicated significant differences among treatments. The lower berry weight and the lower tartaric acidity were found in the CTRL treatment. In comparison, SD-70% and K showed lower and more balanced sugar contents. As a result of global warming, color shading net and kaolin have been demonstrated to be good practices to counterpoise the divergence between aromatic and technological maturity in Sauvignon Blanc grapevines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted during the growing season of (2021) on grape vines in one of the private fields in Chiman Kirkuk government at the age of 9 years with three levels of foliar spraying with boron (0, 20, 40 mg.L-1) using boric acid as a source of boron and the second factor using calcium chloride as a source calcium in three concentrations (0, 2, 4) g. L-1 to study the Effect of foliar application of calcium and boron on the growth and yield and quality attributes of grape CV. HALAWANY, the result obtained that the treatment with boron and calcium affected grapes and recorded the highest value in the percentage (leaf area, chlorophyll content of leaves). The average number of beads in the cluster, Average cluster weight, Total soluble solids percentage, the percentage of total sugars in the juice, vitamin C and reduced titrability acidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The export of grapes from one country to another is dependent on the grape's quality that should pass the strict phytosanitary requirements of the importing country. There is a requirement of fumigation of grapes with CO2 and SO2 at specified concentrations for a certain period besides the other pack‐house protocols and export standards. This study was focused to develop and establish an electronically controlled model fumigation chamber for the treatment of grapes in the grapes‐producing region. The gas injection and evacuation systems are electronically operated, and the fumigant concentration can be varied according to the requirement. Heaters of 2 kW are fitted inside the chamber to maintain the treatment temperature above 16°C for grapes fumigation. The fumigation chamber was found leak‐proof during pressurized helium leak testing. The CO2 and SO2 gas concentrations can be maintained between 600 and 60,000 ± 100 ppmv and 10 and 10,000 ± 2 ppmv, respectively, for 1–90 min (1% is equivalent to 10,000 ppmv). The fumigation of grapes with 6% CO2 for 30 min followed by fumigation with 1% SO2 for 30 min ensured 100% mortality of the adult fruit fly (Drosophilla melanogaster). This chamber may also be used for the fumigation treatment of other fruits, vegetables, nuts, and so on, as per the time and concentration of gases required for the 100% mortality of target pest. Nevertheless, the protocol for such treatments should be developed for other fruits, and the effect of the gases on the quality of the products should be studied. Practical Applications: The developed automated fumigation chamber for treatment of grapes with CO2 and SO2 is an effective measure for disinfesting the grapes from invasive pests like Drosophilla suzukii, spiders, and so on. This would help in overcoming phytosanitary measures put in place by many grapes importing countries like New Zealand, Australia, and so on. These countries offer huge market potential for export of Indian grapes, and if the trade barriers are overcome, it would lead to earning huge foreign exchange. Furthermore, the developed automated fumigation chamber can be used as an integral part of horticultural pack houses both for domestic as well as international trade as it would eliminate most of the adult field pests at preliminary stages before pack‐house operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viniculture in colder countries requires the use of rootstocks adapted to the climatic and soil conditions, which influence the essential characteristics of the vine yield in terms of the physiological and morphological features. The current study was carried out in 2015--2018 in southern Poland to examine the impact of the '5BB', '125AA', '101-14M', 'SO4' and 'Börner' rootstocks on the growth, yield and fruit quality of three grape varieties: 'Seyval Blanc', 'Johanniter' and 'Solaris'. The following biometric parameters were compared: the increment in the trunk cross-sectional area, number of inflorescences on the vine, total yield, mean weight of a cluster and chemical parameters, such as the total soluble solid (TSS) content and grape titratable acidity (TA). The cluster weight of the individual varieties was also assessed in eight categories by weight (0-700 g). The results showed that 'Solaris' and 'Johanniter' grafted onto 'Börner' and 'Seyval Blanc' onto '5BB' had significantly increased trunk diameters. For the 'Solaris' cultivar, the 'Börner' rootstock increased the TSS volume by 8.2%. In the 'Seyval Blanc' cultivar, '125AA' and 'Börner' reduced the TSS content and increased the content of TA in the berries. In the 'Johanniter' cultivar, the 'Börner' rootstock led to an increase in the TSS content with a concomitant increase in the TA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vineyard inter-row management affects grapevine vegetative and bunch health status, as well as yield and grape quality parameters. Several studies assessed that cover-cropped inter-row in place of soil tillage often reduced plant vigour and yield but positively contributed to vineyard ecosystem services and, to a lower extent, to grape quality. In 2013 and 2014, two inter-row management strategies, i.e. soil tillage and mowing of spontaneous cover crops, were compared in an organic vineyard in north-eastern Italy and cultivated with 'Sauvignon Blanc' (Vitis vinifera L.), clones R3 and 297. In particular, the effects of tillage and mowing treatments on grapevine vegetative and bunch health status, yield and grape quality were evaluated. The vegetative parameters were lower in the mowing treatment than in the tillage one and in clone R3 compared to 297. The incidence of Botrytis cinerea was higher in the tillage treatment than in the mowing one and in clone 297 compared to R3. A significant reduction of the yield and bunch weight was ascertained in the mowing treatment, and these parameters were higher for clone 297 compared to clone R3. Titratable acidity was significantly higher in the tillage treatment than in the mowing one and in clone 297 compared to R3. Moreover, hue of berry skin was qualitatively better in the tillage treatment than in the mowing one. In the pedo-climatic conditions of Friuli Venezia Giulia (north-eastern Italy), the management of the vineyard inter-row with spontaneous cover crops proved to be effective to manage grapevine vigour, reducing yield and improving quality of the grapes during maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling plant growth, in particular with functional-structural plant models, can provide tools to study impacts of changing environments in silico. Simulation studies can be used as pilot studies for reducing the on-field experimental effort when predictive capabilities are given. Robust model calibration leads to less fragile predictions, while introducing uncertainties in predictions allows accounting for natural variability, resulting in stochastic plant growth models. In this study, stochastic model components that can be implemented into the functional-structural plant model Virtual Riesling are developed relying on Bayesian model calibration with the goal to enhance the model towards a fully stochastic model. In this first step, model development targeting phenology, in particular budburst variability, phytomer development rate and internode growth are presented in detail. Multi-objective optimization is applied to estimate a single set of cardinal temperatures, which is used in phenology and growth modeling based on a development days approach. Measurements from two seasons of grapevines grown in a vineyard with free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) are used; thus, model building and selection are coupled with an investigation as to whether including effects of elevated CO 2 conditions to be expected in 2050 would improve the models. The results show how natural variability complicates the detection of possible treatment effects, but demonstrate that Bayesian calibration in combination with mixed models can realistically recover natural shoot growth variability in predictions. We expect these and further stochastic model extensions to result in more realistic virtual plant simulations to study effects, which are used to conduct in silico studies of canopy microclimate and its effects on grape health and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of red‐wine grape pomaces on the quality and sensory attributes of beef hamburger patties. Both phenolic content and antioxidant activity were assessed using Syrah, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon pomaces. Following the assessment, hamburger patties were prepared with Merlot pomace at 0%, 2% and 4% for the patty quality and sensory attributes. Grape seeds possessed significantly higher phenolics and antioxidant activities over the seedless pomace (P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found for phenolics and antioxidant activities within the seeds and seedless pomaces. The patty pH decreased as the pomace was added for 2% and 4%. Colour values (L*, a* and b*) of patties lowered as the pomace was added. Allo‐Kramer shear force and hardness values increased while cooking yield decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of pomace. No significant difference between control and Merlot patties was found for flavour, juiciness and colour, whereas lower sensory attributes were observed for texture, taste and overall acceptability. It is observed that the addition of fermented red‐wine grape pomace provides hamburger patties with health promoting factors such as antioxidant and other functional components, but it also provided darker, sourer and lower cooking yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought caused by climate change increased the relevance of irrigation management in viticulture. In order to regulate irrigation strategies for Vitis vinifera L., their influences on vine performance, yield and quality attributes need to be understood. This study evaluates the effects of different irrigation schedulings on vine performance and grape composition in a vineyard of cv. ‘Sultani Çekirdeksiz’ (Sultana clone, H5) during three consecutive years (2015–2017). Three irrigation treatments were assayed: (i) full irrigation (FI), soil water content was completed to field capacity within one week intervals; (ii) DI65, applying 65% water of FI and (iii) DI35, applying 35% water of FI. Water stress caused by the deficit irrigation treatments limited vine performance in terms of vegetative development and yield. The highest phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and total flavonoid accumulation were obtained under DI35, although this treatment had lowest yield. In conclusion, DI65 (moderate stress) might result in a more balanced yield and grape quality attributes in comparison with FI and DI35.

BACKGROUND The commercial preservation of table grapes largely depends on the application of sulfur dioxide (SO2). However, little is known about whether SO2 participates in sulfur metabolism to improve the postharvest quality of table grapes. In this study, the contents of sulfur‐containing compounds, activities of enzymes, and expression of genes involved in sulfur metabolism in table grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless) were evaluated. RESULTS: The results indicated that SO2 treatment maintained the postharvest quality of table grapes. The sulfite content in rachises and berries, but not the sulfate content, increased in response to SO2 treatment. SO2 caused high activities of sulfite reductase, O‐acetylserine (thiol)‐lyase, and γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase, thereby increasing the contents of cysteine, hydrogen sulfide, and glutathione in the rachises and berries. The expression of VvSURTL, VvATPS1, VvATPS2, and VvAPR3 decreased in response to SO2 treatment; however, the transcript levels of VvSiR1 and VvOASTL exhibited the opposite tendency. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that the sulfite converted from SO2 participated in sulfur metabolism and maintained the postharvest quality of table grapes by modulating the contents of metabolites, activities of enzymes, and expression of genes related to sulfur metabolism. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Featured Application: This work provides a reference support to further test the hypothesis that Vitis vinifera cultivars with wide xylem vessels may be more susceptible to esca disease and opens the way to alternative cultural practices and disease management strategies. Esca disease is one of the most important grapevine trunk diseases. It seriously reduces the quality and quantity of grapevine production, and results in a shorter vineyard lifespan. Previous studies have suggested that wide xylem vessel diameter favours development on grapevine of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, one of the fungi involved in esca, thus affecting disease susceptibility. In this study, cultivars mainly originated from European countries, 27 white-berried and 24 red-berried grapevine cultivars, were grown in the same experimental vineyard and were analysed for xylem vessel sizes (as diameter and frequency) for correlation with esca incidence. In this study, the cultivars showed significant differences in the xylem vessel parameters. However, no relationship was detected between vessel size and esca incidence in the field. Overall, white-berried cultivars showed wider vessel diameters than red-berried cultivars. The relationship between xylem vessel size in the red-berried and white-berried cultivars and incidence of esca symptoms is discussed. We suggest that vessel anatomy profiles can provide useful information for further investigations on grapevine genotype structure–esca incidence relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative postharvest treatments can reduce the decay of grapes maintaining the quality without a negative impact on both consumers and the environment. Therefore, the response of 'Flame Seedless' grape was tested to some postharvest application by salicylic acid (SA) 2 mmol L-1, Aloe Vera gel 20% (w/v), and ethanol 10 % and calcium chloride (CC) 1% compared with control (SO2) under cold storage at 0°C for 4 weeks. The tested treatments reduced weight loss percentage, delayed changes in firmness; soluble solids content, total acidity, and reduced PPO and POD activities during storage periods, especially SA and Aloe Vera gel treatments when compared to the control. It is concluded that dipping 'Flame Seedless' grape in SA 2 mmol L-1or Aloe Vera gel 20% (w/v) are safe and healthy alternatives to chemicals and fungicides for extending the storage life of table grapes and maintaining their quality during cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autumn of 2021 in Spain was thermally normal but the coldest since 2012. Precipitation was generally scarce, being below normal in some regions such as Andalusia, Murcia, Galicia, and Extremadura. There was meteorological drought in some areas of the Canary Islands, Galicia, and Andalusia. The grape harvest started early in some regions, but intermittent rains affected the quality of the grapes. Snowfall in the mountains of the northern peninsula and floods in some places are also mentioned. Additionally, changes in vegetation and fauna during these months are described. [Extracted from the article]

Skin of Niagara grapes is thin and light green, but browning and postharvest disease seriously shorten their storage life after harvest. In this study, we studied the effects of 1.0 μL L−1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) combined with 200 μL L−1 SO2 on the grape quality of Niagara grapes. It was stored in cold storage for 6 days after cold storage at low temperature and modified atmosphere packaging. 1-MCP combined with SO2 can delay the consumption of nutrients and declined of textural characteristics by inhibiting the respiration rate and ethylene production rate. It also reduced the changes of antioxidant components and antioxidant enzyme activities to delay the decay, berry drop and browning, and to maintain a high marketable berry quality. In conclusion, postharvest 1-MCP combined with 200 μL L−1 SO2 treatment can effectively maintain the quality and prolonged the shelf life of Niagara grapes in modified atmosphere packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the Japanese grape leafhopper, Arboridia kakogawana (Matsumura, 1932) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), for the EU territory. This species is not included in the EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. Adults of A. kakogawana overwinter in broad‐leaved and mixed forests and move to vineyards in the spring where there may be up to four generations, before adults move back to forests during late summer–early autumn to overwinter, possibly under diapause. A. kakogawana has a restricted host range (Vitis spp. and Parthenocissus quinquefolia). It is native to Eastern Asia, from where it moved westwards reaching southern Russia in 1999, and subsequently Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia in 2020. A. kakogawana develops on the abaxial side of the leaves causing chlorotic spots that reduce grape quality. Plants for planting of Vitis L. are banned from entering the EU except from Switzerland, where A. kakogawana is not known to occur. Therefore, this can be considered as a closed entry pathway. However, other plants for planting including the host P. quinquefolia and many broad‐leaved trees where overwintering takes place, as well as isolated bark and wood with bark provide potential pathways which are partly regulated but remain open. There are no EU records of interception. Additional introductions and further spread of A. kakogawana into/within the EU, coupled with the ample availability of grapevines and the climatic conditions would most probably allow successful establishment in most EU member states. Should this happen, economic impact in table and wine grapes is anticipated. A. kakogawana satisfies all the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest (UQP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of hydrogen cyanamide on the induction of sprouting and on the productive indexes of the vine 'Grano D'Oro' (Vitis labrusca L.) in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina. The experiment was carried out in the 2020, in a vineyard of 'Grano D'Oro'. The treatments consisted of the application of the following doses of hydrogen cyanamide: 0% (control), 2% 4% and 6% hydrogen cyanamide. It was evaluated: % sprouting, production, productivity, number of branches plant-1, fertility index and technological maturation. The application of hydrogen cyanamide, regardless of the applied dose (2, 4 or 6%) resulted in an increase in sprouted buds (%). As a result of the higher percentage of sprouting and the higher number of bunches per plant, a positive effect of the application of hydrogen cyanamide on production (kg plant-1) and productivity (ton hectare-1) was observed. Regarding the fertility index, it was found that the application of hydrogen cyanamide did not affect this variable. The technological maturation of the berries of the 'Grano D'Oro' vine was not influenced by the application of hydrogen cyanamide. In this context, it is concluded that the application of hydrogen cyanamide is recommended in the 'Grano D'Oro' vine grown in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina, resulting in an increase in production rates, without compromising the quality of the grape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As viticulture is not a consolidated activity in the Planalto Norte region of Santa Catarina, producers do not monitor the physical-chemical quality of their products, and in this context, the objective of this work is to carry out the physical-chemical characterization of ten samples. of grape juices made in the Planalto Norte region of Santa Catarina. The present study was carried out at the Federal Institute of Santa Catarina -- IFSC Câmpus Canoinhas. In October 2020, laboratory analyzes were carried out, performing the physical-chemical characterization of the samples. The evaluations were carried out in triplicate, with the variables evaluated: relative density, soluble solids (°Brix), Glucometric Degree (°Babo), acidity total titratable (meq L-1), pH, color tone and color intensity. Average relative density values of 1.050 were observed. The values referring to the content of soluble solids (°Brix) showed average values of 13.5°Brix. The glucometric degree, expressed in °Babo, presented a mean value of 11.1 °Babo among the evaluated samples, with values ranging from 8.0 °Babo to 14.5 °Babo. The titratable total acidity variable showed an average value of 80.1 meq L-1, where values ranging from 69.4 meq L-1 to 102.2 meq L-1 were observed. An average value of 3.08 was observed for the pH of the samples, with values ranging from 2.98 to 3.32. There was an average value of 32.9 for the evaluated samples for color intensity and for the color tone variable, the values presented average values of 1.03. The Planalto Norte Catarinense has the potential for the production of quality grape juices, however, care is needed with the ripening point of the harvested grapes, in order to obtain products with higher soluble solids, glucometric grade and relative densitys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine water stress can exert profound effects on the abundance of the green leafhopper Empoasca vitis (Göthe) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in vineyards. Three experiments were carried out using potted grapevines in controlled conditions to investigate the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. Grapevines were subjected to different levels of water stress, monitored by a pressure chamber, and E. vitis adults were confined on them prior or after the induction of water stress. At the end of each experiment, the number of leafhopper eggs laid in grapevine leaves and that of hatched eggs were counted. Empoasca vitis females preferred to oviposit into leaf veins and petioles, but tendrils and internodes (with a diameter of less than 2 mm) were also used. Moderate water stress levels (stem potential values from –0.9 to –1.0 MPa) reduced the reproductive potential of E. vitis and egg survival (hatching rate of 60%). High stress levels (values from –1.6 to 1.7 MPa) had a marked negative effect on egg laying and egg hatching (hatching rate of 33%), and hence reduced the subsequent abundance of nymphs and adults. Severe stress levels (values from –1.6 to 1.7 MPa) dramatically reduced the survival of eggs (hatching rate of 5%), and subsequently the size of progeny. The positive effect of a moderate water stress on E. vitis control was discussed in relation to yield and grape quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine bunch rot is detrimental to grape and wine quality. Traditionally, detecting and quantifying the severity of rot infection is executed visually. This study aimed at defining local, area-specific threshold values of rot-associated disease markers. This is a first step towards making informed decisions about the quality of grapes delivered at winery intake. Viticulturists visually assessed on-vine rot infection in nine white wine grape cultivars. Results showed that severity ratings were consistent between assessors. Chemical analyses of the grape must from these assessed samples were done. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) showed that rot severity was positively correlated with glycerol, alcohol, gluconic acid and acetic acid concentrations. As severity increased, gluconic acid, glycerol, alcohol, Brix, acetic acid and total titratable acidity (TA) concentrations also increased. Following the probability chosen for sensitivity and specificity, grape rot indicators' threshold values in white grape must are as follow: Alcohol ≥ 0.10 %v/v; acetic acid ≥ 0.17 g/L; glycerol ≥ 0.79 g/L; gluconic acid ≥ 0.99 g/L; TA ≥ 8.86 g/L. Statistical determined threshold values differentiating between rot-affected and healthy grape must, would eliminate the subjectivity and bias associated with visual assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period 2013 - 2015 the influence of the meteorological conditions of the year on the harvest quality and aroma-releasing enzyme addition before the alcoholic fermentation on the chemical composition, aromatic profile and organoleptic features of red wines were investigated. The objects of the study were the clone Pamid 5/76, candidate--clones Gamza 52-9-4 and Gamza 52-9-5 and the varieties Kaylashki Rubin and Trapezitsa (obtained by interspecific hybridization). The sugar accumulation dynamics in the grapes was monitored during the ripening phase, in order to determine the time of technological maturity. The latest ripening variety was Kaylashki Rubin, and it demonstrated the most gradual sugar accumulation and acidity reduction. The experimental wines had different composition and organoleptic characteristics, depending on the potential and specifics of the variety and the harvest. Kaylashki Rubin wines had the highest alcohol content and sugar-free extract and the lowest - Pamid 5/76. The amount of total phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in wines was increasing in the order Pamid 5/76 < Trapezitsa < Gamza 52-9-4 < Gamza 52-9-5 < Kaylashki Rubin. The positive effect of the added aroma-releasing enzyme on the content of esters in wines and their aromatic characteristics was confirmed. No effect of the enzyme addition on the amount of total aldehydes and higher alcohols was observed. No correlation was found between the studied components of the aromatic composition of the wines and their tasting evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of a spiral continuous flow‐through pulsed light (SCFPL) system on decontamination of Escherichia coli in freshly squeezed grape juice. The impacts of pulsed light fluence and liquid flow rate on the disinfection effect of E. coli were investigated. The physical properties and nutritional quality of the treated grape juice were measured. The results showed that at conditions of a liquid flow rate of 60 ml/min and PL fluences of 13, 40, and 66 J/cm2 treatment, E. coli reductions were 1.3, 1.7, and 2.6 log‐cycles, respectively. When PL fluence was set at 66 J/cm2 and sample flow rates of 0, 30, and 60 ml/min, E. coli reductions of 0.8, 2.9, and 2.6 log CFU/ml were achieved, respectively. The TSS and pH of values were not affected. No visual difference of the juice color was observed after treatment. The ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, and total phenolic content (TPC) were slightly affected. Novelty impact statement: A new spiral continuous flow pulsed strong light (SCFPL) decontamination system has been developed in this work. Different from the previous continuous flow‐through decontamination system, this SCFPL system can greatly improve the utilization of light energy and increase the heat dissipation of juice during treatment. The results showed that the E. coli reduction of 2.9 log CFU/ml could be achieved, and the physical properties and nutritional quality of the grape juice were slightly affected. This new system can provide reference value for the application of pulsed light in food industry for liquid food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the present study is to apply a mathematical approach (correlation and factor analysis) to assess the similarity and remoteness of the impact of climate indicators in some clones of Syrah variety. Their grouping is based on phenological, and technological indicators. Temperatures during the individual experimental years have a dominant influence on the quality of grapes in the individual clones included in the study. As a result of analysis, correlations were established between phenological indicators like follow: sap, bud burst, first leaf separation, flowering, fruit set, veraison, ripeness and technological ones - average mass per bunch, normal and undeveloped berries, percent of clusters and damaged berries, average bunch size (width and length). The phenological indicators - sap flow, flowering and fruit set "pea size" and technological - undeveloped berries, damaged berries have high factor weights in the first component, which is a summary of these indicators, with the highest relative weight in the vines grouping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results regarding the influence of the regulation of inflorescences on the vegetative phases of the Cardinal, Alphonse Lavalleé, Afuz-Ali and Victoria varieties. In parallel, the influence on some technological properties was studied, such as: the production of grapes, extra quality class, and first quality, second quality of grapes, carbohydrate content and acidity. The study was carried out over a period of three years, within the Severin vineyard, in the Severin - Dealul viilor wine center. The results showed that the number of inflorescences on the stem influences the moment of the initiation of the vegetative phases but also the productive properties; the crop load has been identified and ensures optimal results for each studied variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tomato, foliar application of calcium-based nutrient solutions is used to complement soil fertilization. However, knowledge regarding the factors that influence the effectiveness of foliar fertilizer applications remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of foliar fertilization with calcium for improving production and quality of hydroponic Sweet Grape tomatoes. An experiment was conducted in a commercial hydroponic system in a splitsplit-plot scheme, with two calcium doses: 1,5 and 3 mmol L-1 of Ca. The solutions were sprayed on the leaves at intervals of 7 and 14 days, using commercial foliar fertilizers containing 0.3 g L-1 of calcium chloride or calcium acetate. The results indicate that the foliar application of calcium fertilizers, regardless of the amount of calcium provided in the nutrient solution and the frequency of applications, positively affects fruit production and quality. No difference was found between the effects of application of the two calcium sources, as well as the frequency of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girdling can promote anthocyanin accumulation in grape berries. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of girdling on the accumulation of anthocyanins and the transcript levels of key genes in anthocyanin synthesis in spine grape skins. We also determined the effect of girdling on the contents of vitamin C, titratable acids, soluble sugars, and aroma compounds, and the transcript levels of genes related to sugar transport and aroma compound synthesis. The girdling treatment promoted anthocyanin accumulation in spine grape skins by increasing the transcript levels of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis. Girdling also increased the transcript levels of genes related to sugar transport in leaves, petioles, and flesh, promoted the transport of photosynthetic products to berries, and increased the soluble sugar content in berries. The transcript levels of genes related to aroma compound synthesis and the contents of aroma compounds in flesh were also increased by the girdling treatment. Together, our results show that a girdling treatment can increase the contents of anthocyanins, soluble sugars, vitamin C, and aroma compounds, decrease the titratable acid content, and significantly improve the quality of spine grape berries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]