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This editorial argues that international business studies should be grounded in an integrated view of social science, which is applied systematically to analyse international business behaviour and to address global policy issues. Economic, social and political trends that impact on IB need to be analysed in detail rather than taken as given. This approach is illustrated by a case study analysis of Brexit, Trump and other populist debates. The case study integrates economic, social, political and psychological theories to analyse, from an IB perspective, the causes and consequences of populism.

Throughout the world, laws play an important role in shaping population health. Law making is an intervention with measurable effects yet often unfolds without evaluation or monitoring. Policy surveillance—the systematic, scientific collection and analysis of laws of public health significance—can help bridge this gap by capturing important features of law in numeric form in structured longitudinal data sets. Currently deployed primarily in high-income countries, methods for cross-national policy surveillance hold significant promise, particularly given the growing quality and accessibility of global health data. Global policy surveillance can enable comparative research on the implementation and health impact of laws, their spread, and their political determinants. Greater transparency of status and trends in law supports health policy advocacy and promotes public accountability. Collecting, coding, and analyzing laws across countries presents numerous challenges—especially in low-resource settings. With insights from comparative politics and law, we suggest methods to address those challenges. We describe how longitudinal legal data have been used in limited, but important, ways for cross-national analysis and propose incorporating global policy surveillance into core global public health practice.

The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to have lasting impacts on energy and the environment at the global scale. Shelter-in-place measures implemented to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 have resulted in expectations for 2020 global energy demand to contract by nearly 5% with related global CO2 emissions declining by as much as 7%. Exactly how long and to what extent we will see continue to see energy demand, CO2 and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emission destruction resulting from COVID-19 is uncertain but dependent on global policy responses to the pandemic. Policy responses targeting the transportation sector, particularly ground-based transportation, can stimulate a sustainable mobility transition that mitigates the potential for long-term environmental damage. This paper reviews and examines social and cultural dynamics of transportation and extends state-of-the-art knowledge to consider how events surrounding the COVID-19 crisis may have created a sustainable mobility opportunity though (1) avoiding unnecessary transportation volume, (2) shifting transportation norms and practices and/or (3) improving the carbon-efficiency of transportation systems. Relevant policies for a low-carbon transportation transition are considered and those most appropriate to the current context are proposed with consideration of key factors that may help or hinder their implementation success.

The Asian Development Bank has presented a major report on the consequences for Asia and the Pacific of an ongoing global warming process, as exacerbated by more CO2 and other greenhouse gases such as methane. The Bank argues that countries in Asia and the Pacific contribute much to CO2 emissions and, consequently, have to share the burden of global coordination in the COP21 Treaty. It suggests the use of carbon capture, while recognising that huge investments in renewables are preferable. These are vital responses to the challenges involved, which are considered in this review article from the perspectives of global warming theory and global policy coordination.

The successful negotiation of the TPNW increased the polarization within the international community between supporters and opponents of the campaign to prohibit nuclear weapons. Against this worri...

Dominant discourses on young people’s work tend to highlight the dangers associated with their work. Childhood is seen as a time for school and play and work has been tagged as unarguably incompatible with schooling depriving them enjoying their childhood and reaping the full benefits that come with their schooling. However, far from being universally negative in young people’s lives, the contribution of work particularly to their education and well-being should not be overlooked. Misleading results of policies underpinned by dominant discourses hamper the chances of some working young people to benefit from schooling and damage their chances for development. These benefits are particularly crucial to young people in difficult circumstances of poverty and impoverishment. Utilizing child-focused alongside some traditional methods, the paper gives a voice and hearing to the concerns articulated by young workers and other stakeholders. This paper attempts to highlight the creative side of their work and how some young workers are innovatively finding a balance between schooling and work. It exposes the disconnection between interventions towards young people’s educational inclusion and improves well-being vis-a-vis universalised legislations targeted at abolishing their work. The paper is expected to inform a reconsideration of the conventional thinking and global policy on young people’s work in the global south as some young people are indeed demonstrating work-school compatibility.

Building on recent discussions of the role of public-private partnerships in governance, this article argues that we must be more critical of the goals set by PPPs, and pay closer attention to the ways in which gender-based inequalities are obscured or overlooked in the construction of global policy strategies. In particular, the Group of 8's New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition pledges to “act upon the critical role” played by women. Yet this article reveals that the New Alliance partnerships offer little in terms of substantive goals that address the gender inequalities experienced in rural land and labor markets, and instead appear to favor the expansion of trade without reference to the implications for rural food security.

How do international organizations (IOs) decide to address new issues? Most IO literature focuses on why states delegate to IOs and if, when, and how IOs are able to act autonomously. Less attention is paid to how IOs may use their autonomy to bring attention to new issues. This article theorizes about IO issue emergence using a qualitative case study of the advent of the World Bank's Roma inclusion agenda. By examining a case of issue emergence that appears to diverge from state demands, we can better understand how IOs exercise their autonomy and consequently shape global policy agendas.

This article introduces, summarizes and contextualizes the key questions and findings of a special issue of Global Policy on the resourcing of international organizations (IOs). The article sets out trends in the financial resources available to IOs; discusses their organizational consequences; and highlights analytical implications for the study of IOs. We discuss resource diversification associated with growing complexity of the origins and types of funding available to IOs; the importance of non‐state actors in IO funding; and contestation over the classification of resources. Resource diversification encourages organizational differentiation, manifested in major shifts in resource‐related actor constellations and their impact on the autonomy of IOs; adjustments to budgeting procedures; and functional differentiation within IOs and the emergence of new types of IOs that are partly driven by resourcing. These observations invite an analytical perspective in the study of IOs that pays systematic attention to the administrative governance dimension of IOs; the entrepreneurial character of many IOs; and organizational fields as a focus of analysis. Read together, the 11 contributions to the special issue underline that paying attention to their resourcing can advance our understanding of IOs.

This paper reports on the findings of an in-depth genealogical study of the discourse of quality in Australian Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) policy. Quality reform has become the foremost global policy agenda for ECEC due to assumptions about the economic potentials of quality services. In Australia, the recent National Quality Framework elevated early childhood policy in Australia from the margins as the lynchpin of a broader economic reform agenda. However, quality ECEC – what it is and does – is a complex, contestable notion that could be considered problematic for the sector to execute, particularly through market models of provision. Drawing on Foucauldian notions of discourse as the ‘already said’, the truth assumptions that have underpinned policy uses of quality ECEC in Australia are identified and critiqued. It is shown that the discourse of quality has been tactically deployed in Australian ECEC policy to realign quality ECEC outcomes with educative outcomes, as a means for g...

Drawing on clinical data from 15 months of on-site participant observation in the only public psychiatric hospital in the state of Puebla, Mexico, this article advances our understanding of globalization in relation to psychiatry. I challenge the construction of psychiatry as only treating the individual patient and provide grounded doctor-patient-family member interaction in a Mexican psychiatric clinic in order to review what happens when doctors cannot interact with patients as atomized individuals even though in theory they are trained to think of patients that way. Challenged by severe structural constraints and bolstered by lessons from other nations' efforts at deinstitutionalization, psychiatrists in Puebla push to keep patients out of the inpatient wards and in their respective communities. To this end, psychiatrists call upon co-present kin who are identified both as the customer and part of the caretaking system outside the clinic. This modification to the visit structure changes the dynamic and content of clinical visits while doctors seamlessly respond to unspoken beliefs and values that are central to local life, ultimately showing that efforts to define a "global psychiatry" informed by global policy will fail because it cannot exist in a uniform way-interpersonal interaction and personal experience matters.

As global policy has devoted much effort to promoting energy conservation and carbon reduction over the past few decades, low energy consumption and less pollution have become the future trends. Moreover, with natural resources gradually turning deficient gradually, it is very important for Taiwan to further establish key technologies from reprocessed natural resources as soon as possible. The special geographical features of East Asia have always displayed a large amount of rice husk, and therefore this paper investigates the green technology of thermoplastic polymerization with rice husk. This paper clarifies the adhesive wear and tribological properties to evaluate the anti-slip performance of the reprocessed natural resources step by step and uses a self-developed reciprocating friction tester with measurement systems. To monitor the tribological behaviors between the interfaces, the responses of friction coefficient are recorded during the friction processes. After each test, wear loss is measured by an accuracy balance and OM is utilized to observe the worn surface. Therefore, the anti-slip performance of the reprocessed natural resources can be evaluated and a better agricultural economy can thus be obtained.

This article introduces a Global Policy Special Issue on public and private protections of labor and social standards in the global economy, exploring whether public and private regulations of such standards develop in harmony or tension with one another. It promotes an approach to studying public-private interactions in global labor governance that is sensitive to how interactions are important at different stages in the making of public and private regulation; how the causal interaction can go from the public to the private and from the private to the public; how such interaction varies in quality and promise across different parts of the world, labor issue areas and policy instruments; and how public-private interaction can only be captured by combining case histories with large-N analysis. The evidence from the Special Issue’s articles leads to a set of generic propositions, describing how public interventions tend to strengthen private labor policy, while private interventions tend to either modestly substitute for or have little effect upon public labor and social protections. The article then discusses how these dynamics may be influenced by the political contentiousness of the specific labor issue and the characteristics of the state.

In the last years, besides traffic safety, two aspects of road tunnels have become really critical: energy consumption of the lighting installations and landscape integration of the portal gate. However, both aspects have been considered from different perspectives, and their development and advances seem to follow separate paths. In this work, energy consumption and landscape integration, together with the cost of portal construction, are proven to be strongly related when considered from the common framework of sustainability and its implications in a necessary global Policy for road tunnels. Departing from the evaluation of real tunnels in a real highway, three quantitative parameters ranged from 0 to 5 (energy consumption parameter, landscape integration parameter and construction cost parameter) are proposed to build a more general tool, the sustainability vector, that gives account of the degree of sustainability and highlights the necessity of corrective actions when necessary. Depending on the values of its module and director angle, a labeling system ranging from A to D, is proposed for the use of Regulatory Bodies and Public Administrations in matter of tunnel classification and sustainability requirements. According to this system, two of the tubes analyzed reach the “A” labeling, whereas two are “B” and six are “D”.

The restructuring of welfare provisions in post-Soviet Kazakhstan, a newly independent state in Central Asia, has been characterized by the shift from the Soviet welfare system dominated by the state to the welfare mix consisting of the state, the market, and the nonprofit, nongovernmental sector. One of the features of the post-Soviet welfare reconfiguration has been the development of social work as a new approach to welfare provision and an emerging professional field. This analysis draws upon key informant interviews conducted in Kazakhstan over the summer of 2012 and multiple relevant policy texts. This paper examines how the emerging fields of social work in post-Soviet Kazakhstan have been shaped by the shifting national and global policy contexts. More specifically, I identify two major fields of social work within the nongovernmental and the governmental sectors that are influenced by different institutional environments. First, domestic nongovernmental organizations have been increasingl...

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent global policy goals in contrast to Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), which had developmental focus. This is the global potential of SDGs for global health policy. However, the large number of goals bear the risk of prioritisation between different goals and broad global frameworks and specific targets may not be useful in shaping policy guidance and global approaches in policy areas, where we already have a global institutional and normative presence. In contrast to some other global social policy areas, global health policy has also something to lose. SDGs are thus likely to be better for global health in other policies, than for global health policy priorities, institutions and practice. This is a particular concern for the global health policy role of the World Health Organisation, global health policies seeking normative action as well as for such health policy priorities, which contrast or conflict with other policy areas or strong corporate interests. This has particular relevance to multistakeholder partnerships and the role of private sector in implementation of SDGs.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a new global policy to guide the way countries collectively manage and transform the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of people and the planet over the next 15 years. Achieving sustainable development presents all countries and the global policy community with a set of significant development challenges that are almost entirely geographic in nature. Many of the issues impacting sustainable development can be analyzed, modeled, and mapped within a geographic context, which in turn can provide the integrative framework necessary for global collaboration, consensus and evidence-based decision-making. However, and despite significant advances in geospatial information technologies, there is a lack of awareness, understanding and uptake, particular at the policy and decision-making level, of the vital and integrative role of geospatial information and related enabling architectures such as National Spatial Data Infrastructures. This paper reasons that the role of geospatial information in contributing to sustainable development has not adequately been described by either the sustainable development policy practice or by the geospatial professional community. This lack of policy and guidance, with commensurate critical gaps and connection points with national geospatial frameworks, is a visible impediment to developing countries and those most affected by the challenges and need to achieve sustainable development. The global geospatial community now has a unique opportunity to integrate and connect geospatial information into the global development agenda in a more holistic and sustainable manner, specifically in contributing their data resources toward measuring and monitoring the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, and their 169 associated targets, through the global indicator framework that anchors the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This paper introduces and discusses a new strategic framework for linking a global policy to national geospatial capabilities.

In recent years the United States, European Union and most recently Australia have taken steps to address illegal logging indirectly through trade policy. These policies generally involve restricting the importation of forest products deemed to be produced from illegally sourced timber. Previous research finds no overall trade benefits for these countries to impose such restrictions and conclude rationale to do so is likely based on solely domestic production benefits or perceived social, political or environmental benefits. This study investigates how the implementation of trade policies impacts the trade costs for importing countries that have yet to adopt policies and how their incentives are affected by actions of others. Specifically, we explore the dynamics using a spatial equilibrium price model to simulate actual and hypothetical trade policy actions targeting a well-defined market, the non-tropical hardwood plywood market. This is accomplished through increasing the transaction costs on the non-tropical hardwood plywood exports from high risk producing countries to various combinations of importing countries. We show that non-participating importing countries benefit from the status quo policy regime and have no apparent incentive to join. We show that the incentive to join will increase if a coordinated global policy decreases transaction costs, though it may inadvertently diminish the incumbent countries’ continued support for the policy. Thus trade-related economic incentives alone may be insufficient to encourage an effective multilateral regime to address illegal logging and confirm that a complex set of political, environmental and social interests are essential to motivate the development of a full multilateral stable cooperative solution.

Several recent, highly influential comparative studies have made strong statistical claims that improvements on global learning assessments such as PISA will lead to higher GDP growth rates. These claims have provided the primary source of legitimation for policy reforms championed by leading international organisations, most notably the World Bank and OECD. To date there have been several critiques but these have been too limited to challenge the validity of the claims. The consequence is continued utilisation and citation of these strong claims, resulting in a growing aura of scientific truth and concrete policy reforms. In this piece we report findings from two original studies that invalidate these statistical claims. Our intent is to contribute to a more rigorous global discussion on education policy, as well as call attention to the fact that the new global policy regime is founded on flawed statistics.

The latest wave of regional organizations may pose a more serious risk of fragmentation in global governance than earlier regional initiatives. Although these new organizations offer additional resources for global ends, the benefits of specialization, and innovation that could improve global governance, they also risk uncoordinated fragmentation, competition that undermines global norms, and a neglect of important global policy aims. Reinforcing global institutions, building consensus on global purposes and a global-regional division of labor, and establishing informal and formal organizational links between regional and global institutions can offset risks and expand the benefits of the new regionalism.

This article explores a CBO–INGO partnership addressing vulnerable children’s needs in rural Zimbabwe. It engages with the global policy consensus that communities are crucial to addressing vulnerable children’s needs, alongside questions regarding community existence and definition among the poor. Inhabitants identified a community which was ascertained by a local and community framework. Partnership emerged as possible in the presence of interdependence and when power inequalities are acknowledged as chronically problematic. The INGO’s risk-taking, flexibility, and long-term perspective enabled it to go some way in implementing aspects of the partnership, and its emphasis on partner capacity building emerged as desirable.

The publication of this volume in the Oxford Handbook series collates commissioned essays exploring the meanings of the “global” and “transnational” in relation to public policy and public administ...

School attendance is an important foundational competency for children and adolescents, and school absenteeism has been linked to myriad short- and long-term negative consequences, even into adulthood. Many efforts have been made to conceptualize and address this population across various categories and dimensions of functioning and across multiple disciplines, resulting in both a rich literature base and a splintered view regarding this population. This article (Part 1 of 2) reviews and critiques key categorical and dimensional approaches to conceptualizing school attendance and school absenteeism, with an eye toward reconciling these approaches (Part 2 of 2) to develop a roadmap for preventative and intervention strategies, early warning systems and nimble response, global policy review, dissemination and implementation, and adaptations to future changes in education and technology. This article sets the stage for a discussion of a multidimensional, multi-tiered system of supports pyramid model as a heuristic framework for conceptualizing the manifold aspects of school attendance and school absenteeism. This work was supported by the UNLV College of Liberal Arts and Lied Library.

In this Special Issue, we bring together contributions from authors in the scientific discipline Geo-Information Science who engaged with the question: How does Geo-Information Science contribute to the development of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) indicators? The editorial to the Special Issue situates the individual contributions in a broader social science debate, which critically examines the quantification of global policy goals and its effects on how we know and govern the world. We put forward concepts of ‘measuring the world’ and a brief history of the Geo-Information Science discipline, including its dominant positivist paradigm as well as scholarly debates that reflected on and shifted that paradigm. Given the global policy focus of the SDGs, we also briefly discuss policy science paradigms. We analyze the individual articles with regard to their contribution to the SDG indicator development trajectory. We also show how alternative ways of knowing and governing the world complement the dominant positivist paradigm.

Despite global policy commitments to preserve Earth’s marine biodiversity, many species are in a state of decline. Using data on 22,885 marine species, we identify 8.5 million km2 of priority areas that complement existing areas of conservation and biodiversity importance. New conservation priorities are found in over half (56%) of all coastal nations, with key priority regions in the northwest Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. We identify where different conservation actions, ranging from marine protected areas to broader policy approaches, may best overcome anthropogenic threats to these areas. This analysis shows 26-41% of the ocean (depending on targets used for species representation) needs to be effectively conserved through a combination of site-based actions and wider policy responses to achieve global conservation and sustainable development agendas.One Sentence SummaryAt least 26% of the ocean needs a combination of site-based conservation and wider policy responses to achieve global conservation goals.

This article analyses how the HIV care cascade, an analytical tool, has become a policy practice that determines the direction and content of international AIDS policy. It traces the development of the cascade through from its emergence around 2011 to its position framing global AIDS policy by 2018. The article distinguishes between the cascade model as a mapping tool and the care cascade as a policy that aims to end the AIDS epidemic. It then argues that the move from an analytical to a policy tool has important implications, both for the scope of policies and for policy-relevant research. It concludes by considering its implications in determining policy direction. The qualitative research that informs the article is based on published care cascade research and policy documents, and observations of the presentations and discussions at the 2012 and 2018 International AIDS Conferences (IAS). The article uses textual analysis to develop its argument.

Summary:. Despite poor access to quality surgical and anesthesia care for the majority of the world’s people, with greatest impact on low- and middle-income countries, surgery has only recently begun to gain acceptance as a necessary component of global health. As a leader in global surgical funding, the field of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is uniquely positioned to influence change in global policy and financial support. For improvements in surgical access and outcomes worldwide, investment in surgical systems, commitment to national surgery, obstetric, and anesthesia planning, and continued evaluation and improvement of care delivery should be pursued.

Resumen Introducción La problemática del cambio climático global que experimenta el planeta debe ser continuamente mostrada con el propósito de lograr en los países una visión objetiva y coherente y facilitar el desarrollo de planes y políticas de manejo medio ambiental. El objetivo fue proporcionar de forma consolidada y actualizada información sobre cambio climático a considerar en la toma de conciencia sobre su efecto para la supervivencia. Materiales y Métodos Se basó en la revisión de literatura sobre aspectos del cambio climático en la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra, para ello se recurrió a bases de datos físicas (bibliotecas) y virtuales (Bireme/OPS, Medline, PudMed, Scielo). Resultados De la revisión destacan cinco elementos claves: La evidencia del cambio climático; el cambio climático y su construcción mediática; el clima, su cambio y efecto sobre la salud; la política global y cambio climático; y los ecosistemas en materia de conservación en América Latina. Discusión El cambio climático tiene un amplio cuerpo teórico de cimiento que debe presentarse de forma concisa y actualizada en procura de favorecer la toma de decisiones en la mitigación y adaptación de los efectos adversos que de él se deriva para la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra. Conclusiones Toda acción de prevención, mitigación o adaptación a cambio climáticos requiere de información actual con el fin de garantizar el éxito una vez instauradas, debido a la diversidad de impactos y vulnerabilidad que tienen las poblaciones en distintas regiones del mundo. Abstract Introduction The problem of global climate change that the planet is experiencing must be continually shown so that countries achieve an objective and consistent view, and plans and policies for environmental management are expeditiously developed. The aim is to provide –on a consolidated and up-to-date basis– information on climate change to be considered in decision-making concerning its impact on survival. Materials and Methods Work was based on the literature review about climate-change aspects in the survival of life on earth; physical (libraries) and virtual (Bireme, Medline, PudMed, Scielo) databases were queried for this purpose. Results Five key elements to be highlighted from the review: The evidence of climate change; climate change itself and its media construction; climate, its change and impact on health; global policy and climate change; and ecosystems conservation in Latin America. Discussion Climate change is based on broad theoretical framework that must be shown in concise and up-to-date manner to contribute to decision-making about the mitigation of and adaptation to its adverse impacts on the survival of life on earth. Conclusions Any action for the prevention, mitigation or adaptation to climate change requires current information to ensure its success after implementation, due to the diversity of impacts and vulnerability suffered by populations in different regions around the world. Resumo Introdução O problema da mudança climática no mundo que está vivenciando o planeta deve ser continuamente mostrado para os países puderem ter uma visão objetiva e coerente e facilitar o desenvolvimento de planos e de políticas de gestão ambiental. O objetivo foi fornecer informações consolidadas e atualizadas sobre a mudança climática que devem ser consideradas para a conscientização sobre seu efeito na sobrevivência. Materiais e Métodos O estudo esteve baseado na revisão da literatura sobre aspectos da mudança climática na sobrevivência da vida na Terra e para isso, foram utilizados bancos de dados físicos (bibliotecas) e virtuais (Bireme/OPS, Medline, PudMed, Scielo). Resultados Cinco elementos-chave se destacam da revisão: as evidências da mudança climática; a mudança climática e sua construção na mídia; o clima, sua mudança e efeito na saúde; a política global e a mudança climática; e os ecossistemas de conservação na América Latina. Discussão A mudança climática tem um amplo corpo teórico de fundamentação que deve ser apresentado de forma concisa e atualizada, a fim de favorecer a tomada de decisão na redução e adaptação dos efeitos adversos derivados provocados por ela para a sobrevivência da vida no planeta. Conclusões Qualquer ação de prevenção, mitigação ou adaptação em relação à mudança climática exige informações atualizadas para garantir que tenha sucesso quando seja estabelecida, devido à diversidade de impactos e à vulnerabilidade das populações em diferentes regiões do mundo.