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This article offers a case study of how regional, gender, and religious ideals collided at one Tennessee women’s college during the antebellum and Civil War eras. Mary Sharp College, founded by Baptists in 185, strongly advocated for women’s education that equaled the contemporary men’s institutions. Local factors relating to religion and education contributed to the creation of Mary Sharp College. Tennessee Baptists founded the college as a replacement for more informal education of women and made the school the first women’s college in the U.S. to require Latin and Greek. Two key early figures tied to college, the Vermont-born Graves brothers. James Robinson Graves, a Baptist pastor and editor of The Tennessee Baptist, provided advertising for the college; Zuinglius Calvin Graves, a Baptist educator, gave it direction. J. R. and Z. C. Graves combined southern identity, gender ideology, and Baptist piety to produce a unique form of higher education for women. Although the Graves brothers saw the home and family as the proper place for southern white women, they still believed in the necessity of a rigorous education. Mary Sharp built up faith and southern character in women and prepared them for their chief service to society: motherhood. When the Civil War came, despite their own northern connections and divided loyalties in Tennessee, the Graves brothers and their college fully supported the Confederacy. Despite the college’s supposedly secure location, an occupation by the Union army led the school to close in 1863 and remain closed until 1866, when it reopened as a much weaker school but as one firmly committed both to educated female piety and to the “Lost Cause.”

La virilidad ha sido uno de los elementos más representativos de los movimientos y regímenes fascistas. En concreto, la creación de una masculinidad fascista con rasgos autoritarios, juveniles, militares y ultranacionalistas. En los últimos tiempos, el estudio de las masculinidades ha despertado un mayor interés historiográfico. Cada vez existe una mayor conciencia de su historicidad, su pluralidad y su variabilidad. Ciencias sociales como la antropología o la sociología han complejizado sus teorizaciones sobre las relaciones de poder y desigualdad que se establecen entre las diferentes formas de ser hombre y mujer. Sin embargo, uno de los mayores desafíos sigue siendo explicar esas transformaciones en el pasado. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es estudiar las masculinidades en el primer franquismo (1936-1959). Para ello, adopta un enfoque interdisciplinar fundamentado en elementos conceptuales y teóricos del feminismo, el posestructuralismo y el posmarxismo. Esta cuenta con un enfoque multinivel en el que se enfatiza la historia cotidiana de la masculinidad en los espacios nacional y local. Para tal efecto, se ha realizado un estudio de caso centrado en la provincia de Granada, Andalucía. El análisis se ha basado en fuentes de distinta naturaleza. Para estudiar las culturas políticas franquistas, se han empleado fuentes hemerográficas, educativas y populares con el propósito de obtener una visión más común del género. Las fuentes orales han permitido analizar los procesos de subjetivación y las narrativas que emplearon los hombres para dar cuenta de su masculinidad a través de experiencias. Finalmente, el manuscrito se divide en una introducción, dos partes y unas conclusiones. Cada una de ellas trata en distintos capítulos la relación de la masculinidad con la familia, la nación y el trabajo. La primera parte explica el proceso que llevo a una masculinidad marcial franquista a ser dominante y cómo fue desplazada por otra trabajadora en las posteriores décadas. Asimismo, reconstruye el marco cultural del modelo de hombre sustentador y las transformaciones que se dieron en la paternidad. La segunda parte busca demostrar la plasmación local y subjetiva de estos modelos de masculinidad. Por un lado, se refleja cómo en SMO coexistieron distintos modelos de masculinidad. Por otro lado, se reconstruye el proceso de formación de la masculinidad en la familia y el trabajo. Esto ha permitido acabar con la idea de la existencia de una única masculinidad ideal, afirmando la pluralidad de masculinidades hegemónicas. Se ha destacado la importancia de la conformación de una masculinidad marcial y una masculinidad trabajadora por las culturas políticas franquistas, presentando un enfoque en el que se expone cómo los hombres encarnaron estos modelos, reproduciéndolos o transformándolos. Las conclusiones de esta investigación permiten superar el estudio exclusivo del “hombre nuevo” fascista al estudiar el franquismo, dotar de un marco a la masculinidad encarnada por la mayoría de los españoles de a pie y ofrecer una interpretación más satisfactoria de su evolución y la de la dictadura desde sus orígenes hasta llegar a su reconocimiento internacional en la etapa que dio paso al desarrollismo., Virility has been highlighted as one of the dominant characteristics of fascist movements and regimes. In particular, the creation of a masculinity with authoritarian, youthful, martial, and ultranationalist features. The study of masculinities has aroused greater historiographical interest recently. There is a growing awareness of its historicity, plurality, and variability. Social Sciences such as anthropology or sociology have made more complex theories of power relations and inequality between men and women. Nevertheless, explaining these changes over time remains one of the greatest challenges. This thesis analyses masculinities in the Franco regime (1936-1959). This research has an interdisciplinary approach based on conceptual and theoretical tools of feminism, post-structuralism, and post-Marxism. It provides a multilevel approach that emphasises the everyday history of masculinity at national and local levels. For this purpose, a case study of the province of Granada, Andalusia, has been carried out. The analysis of these issues has been drawn on a wide range of sources. To study Francoist political cultures, newspapers, educational, and popular sources were used to obtain a more common gender approach. Oral sources have made possible the analysis of subjectivation processes and the narratives used by men to give an account of their masculinity through personal experiences. Finally, the manuscript is divided into an introduction, two parts and conclusions. Each chapter addresses the relationship of masculinity with family, nationalism, and work. The first part explains the process that led to a Francoist martial masculinity becoming dominant and how it was displaced by a work-based masculinity over the years. It also reconstructs the cultural basis of the breadwinner and the transformations that took place in fatherhood. The second part discusses the local and subjective expression of these models of masculinity. On the one hand, it reflects how different models of masculinity coexisted in military service. On the other hand, it reconstructs work-based masculinity around family and work. This has made possible to refuse the idea of a single ideal of masculinity and yet to affirm the plurality of hegemonic masculinities. The relevance of the formation of a martial manliness and a masculinity based on work by political cultures of Francoism has underlined, presenting an approach that considers how men embodied these models, reproducing or transforming them. The results provided by this research thus makes it possible to break with the exclusive study of the fascist "new man", to provide a cultural framework for the masculinity embodied by ordinary Spaniards, and to offer a more satisfactory view of their evolution and the dictatorship’s one from its foundation to its international recognition and the beginning of Developmentalism., Tesis Univ. Granada.

In the Swedish context, fairly little is known about the variation in the level and composition of female wealth over the long term. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap, emphasising the main features of unmarried women's wealth and assessing how it evolved during the second half of the nineteenth century. To this end, the study relies on a sample of about 500 probate inventories drawn up in the city of Uppsala between 1850 and 1910. The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of transformation encompassing several aspects of Swedish society. The change included the economic and financial structure of the country, as well as the legal framework and the labour market. The research proves that unmarried women's wealth increased in the period here analysed, even though dissimilarly between spinsters and widows. Their wealth changed also from a qualitative point of view, as shown by the increasing presence of specific assets such as real estate and stocks recorded in their inventories. Among the several factors that can be retraced at the origins of this phenomenon, the development of a more equal legal framework and the evolution of the housing market seemed to have played a major role.

The study sheds light on the development of modern gender discourses and constructions through the literary-journalistic genre of the Spectators. It offers insight into the stereotypical gender discourses of the emerging bourgeois culture in the 18th century as well as into local particularities within the French- and Spanish-speaking context of the time., Die Studie gibt Aufschluss über die Entstehung der modernen Geschlechterdiskurse und konstruktionen anhand der literarisch-journalistischen Gattung der Moralischen Wochenschriften. Sie bietet einen Einblick in die stereotypen Geschlechterdiskurse der entstehenden bürgerlichen Kultur im 18. Jahrhundert sowie in lokale Besonderheiten innerhalb des französisch- und spanischsprachigen Kontextes der Zeit.

Поступила в редакцию: 15.02.2022. Принята к печати: 21.10.2022. Submitted: 15.02.2022. Accepted: 21.10.2022. В статье предпринята попытка изучения процесса трансформации гендерных ролей немецких женщин под влиянием Первой мировой войны. В качестве методологической базы использовались наработки основанного на принципах междисциплинарности и обладающего значительным эвристическим потенциалом направления гендерная история. История войн, фронта и тыла с гендерной точки зрения привлекает внимание современных исследователей. Более того, гендерная перспектива — именно потому, что она долгое время стояла вне мейнстрима — бросила вызов и коренным образом изменила историографию современной немецкой истории. Гендерные исследования показывают, что дебаты о войне и мире всегда являются также обсуждением гендерного социального порядка или действующих в соответствующее время моделей «мужественности» и «женственности». Долгое время в немецкой историографии в трудах Ф. Эрве, А. Шазер, У. Фреверт преобладало мнение о том, что Первая мировая война стала решающим фактором эмансипации женщин в Германии ХХ в. Однако исследования последних двух десятилетий, особенно У. Даниель и Б. Кундрус убедительно показали, что этот тезис как минимум необходимо корректировать. Увеличение доли женского труда в промышленности Германии в годы войны соответствовало довоенной тенденции и по количественным показателям не превышало ее. Работа в индустрии была уделом представительниц низших классов. Меры социальной поддержки семей военнослужащих со стороны государства, с одной стороны, способствовали финансовой самостоятельности женщин, с другой — усиливали их зависимость от него, формировали иждивенческие настроения. Неспособность властей Германии в годы войны обеспечить основные жизненные потребности населения приводила к широкому распространению противозаконной деятельности (воровство, черный рынок) и формированию протестных настроений, которые вслед за поражением в войне стали одной из основных причин ноябрьской революции. This article attempts to study the process of gender roles transformation of German women under the influence of World War I. Gender history as a social history of the sexes has significant heuristic potential which is why the author uses it as a methodological basis of the research. The recent years have seen an increased interest in war history, the front, and the rear from the gender point of view among researchers. The gender perspective — precisely because it has long remained outside the mainstream — has challenged and fundamentally changed the contemporary historiography of German history. Gender studies demonstrate that debates about war and peace are always also discussions of the gendered social order, or the ideas of “masculinity” and “femininity” at a certain time. For a long time, in historiography, the opinion prevailed that World War I was a decisive factor in the emancipation of women in Germany in the twentieth century. However, studies of the last two decades have convincingly shown that this thesis needs to be corrected at least. The increase in the share of female labour in German industry during the war years corresponded to the pre-war trend and did not exceed it in quantitative terms. Women’s labour in the industry was the lot of the lower classes. Measures of social support of the state for the families of military personnel, on the one hand, contributed to women’s financial independence, and, on the other hand, increased their dependence on it, formed dependents. The inability of the German authorities during the war years to provide for the basic life needs of the population le d to widespread illegal activities (larceny, illegal markets) and protests, which together with the military defeat, became one of the main reasons for the November Revolution. Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 22-28-00201 «Гендерный фактор политической мобилизации в условиях Первой мировой войны: Россия, Франция, Германия»). The research is supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project 22-28-00201 “The Gender Factor of Political Mobilisation under the Conditions of the First World War: Russia, France, Germany”).

Gender, anxiety, identity, and Gawain’s impossible choice have long been identified and examined as worth studying in the fourteenth-century alliterative poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. By focusing on the different states of dress that Gawain finds himself in, the gendered behaviors he engages in, and the fact that he takes on and wears a piece of woman’s clothing as his own before his final encounter, it becomes clear that Gawain begins to utilize and slip into a gender fluid state of identity. His behaviors in Haut Desert cross gendered lines, but also the lines of private and public identity: Gawain’s fault is revealed at the Green Chapel, when the Green Knight reveals himself to be Bertilak as well as his knowledge of Gawain’s girdle. By taking up the green girdle, Gawain cross-dresses and gains access to alternative courses of action and paths towards virtue and survival. Upon returning to his court, his community must take on the girdle as a token of Gawain himself and integrate it in a way that allows for his gender fluidity to become enclosed within the borders of the chivalric community. Gawain’s survival and the benefit which he brings his court are materially represented by the girdle which stands for both the honorable and shameful, the knightly and the monstrous, and the feminine and masculine.

Цель статьи — выделить способы решения семейных конфликтов российскими кре- стьянами в первой трети XX века. В первой трети XX века в России происходят политические события, вызвавшие кардинальные перемены в государственном строе и повседневной жизни общества. Изучив эго-документы крестьян на основе методо- логических подходов истории повседневности и гендерной истории, мы выделяем реально использовавшиеся крестьянами способы решения семейных конфликтов, а также опреде- ляем степень их взаимодействия с органами власти по этому вопросу. Научная новизна выводов данной статьи состоит в выявлении правового нигилизма в решении семейных конфликтов крестьянами в России первой трети XX века. В данный период семейные конфликты разрешались крестьянами с использованием традиционных патриархальных методов. Среди способов решения семейных конфликтов, открыто указываемых в эго-до- кументах крестьян, мы можем выделить замужество или женитьбу, а также рукоприклад- ство мужа по отношению к жене. Указание на применение рукоприкладства для реше- ния семейного конфликта чаще встречается в эго-документах крестьян мужского пола, что стало выражением непонимания усилившегося процесса изменения роли женщины в семье. Крестьяне обращались в органы власти для решения семейных конфликтов, тре- бующих решения материальных вопросов. Случаи таких обращений относятся к периоду, предшествующему 1917 году, а также концу 1920‑х годов., The article highlights the ways of solving family conflicts by Russian peasants in the first third of the XX century. In the first third of the XX century political events took place in Russia, which caused radical changes in the state system and the daily life of society. Having studied the ego documents of the peasants on the basis of methodological approaches to the history of everyday life and gender history, we identify the methods actually used by the peasants to resolve family conflicts, and also determine the degree of their interaction with the authorities on this issue. The scientific novelty of the conclusions of this article consists in identifying legal nihilism in solving family conflicts by peasants in Russia in the first third of the XX century. It’s concluded ВЕСТНИК Сургутского государственного педагогического университета № 2 (77) 2022 г. 123 that during this period family conflicts were resolved by peasants using traditional patriarchal methods. Such ways to resolve family conflicts of peasants as marriage and the assault of the husband towards his wife were identified. An indication of the use of physical assault to resolve a family conflict is more common in the ego documents of male peasants, which has become an expression of misunderstanding of the intensified process of changing the role of women in the family. The author of the article redlines that peasants appealed to the authorities to resolve family conflicts requiring the resolution of material issues. Cases of such appeals relate to the period preceding 1917, as well as the end of the 1920s., ВЕСТНИК СУРГУТСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, Выпуск 2 (77) 2022, Pages 122-136

The vakstugor were informal and armed reunions organised by the parents of Stockholm during thewitch craze that reached the city around the year 1674. They were designed to defend the children from the witches’ assaults, and included both men and women, who could carry weapons. By comparing both the ordinary violence found in ordinary court records and the violence found in the Witchcraft Commission records, this study intends to understand the phenomenon of the vakstugor, in the light of the relationship between violence and gender. The study first reassessed women’s ordinary spectrum of violence, to understand what violence looked like during the period spanning from 1667 to 1686. It then found that the experience of the vakstugor exhibits a significant widening of this spectrum. Followingly, the thesis found that, despite the fact that women were usually excluded from collective violent organisations, such as armies, militias and the like, their participation in the vakstugor was not considered illegitimate by the authorities because of theirgender. Finally, an important underlying aim of this thesis is to draw the attention on the yet unstudied phenomenon of the vakstugor, which existed not only in Stockholm, but also in northern Sweden and Norway.

This article deals with the feminist journalism of Marie Štechová (1890–1970) from 1915– 1930. The texts were published partly in Czech and partly in Slovak. Their speaker is a philosophically and religiously minded intellectual whose concern is to pass on her own insights and experiences as a form of practical advice. The expressionism and pathos of the early texts give way to irony in the 1920s. Respect for individuality, the right to a selfdetermined life and fulfilment in intellectual activity are central themes. The struggle for female self -assertion is situated in urban bourgeois society. Nature, on the other hand, is recommended as a place of private contemplation and ultimately also inner emigration. Štechová’s views are based on the ethos of the pre -war women’s rights movement, but her demands are placed on a new argumentative basis.

Throughout the long 1970s, country music actively sought to cultivate a more traditional, “authentic,” and conservative image and sound. By examining the country music industry, during the long 1970s, this dissertation highlights how authenticity, Southern heritage, and traditionalism within country music overlapped with the South’s broader resistance to social change. Past studies of country music have primarily been concerned with how the music and its traditional format represent the working-class culture of its audience. However, very little attention has been paid to how this adherence to authenticity and traditionalism impacted its artists, particularly the female ones. In turn, the scholarship that does pertain solely to female artists is often dismissive of the impact that the country music industry and its restrictive culture had on female artists and instead opts to foster a retroactively feminist portrayal of the them and their music. In examining the careers of Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Tanya Tucker, and Tammy Wynette, this dissertation argues that country music held its female artists to a far stricter standard than its male artists throughout the long 1970s and actively encouraged them to foster lyrics and personas that were in line with the genre’s conception of traditional femininity. Over time, artists like Lynn and Wynette became so intrinsically connected to these traditional personas that they could not escape it, which negatively impacted not only their careers but personal lives as well. Likewise, when Parton and Tucker attempted to challenge the gendered restriction that they encountered within country music, they were punished and shunned by the broader country music community to the point that they left it altogether. By exploring these highly calculated measures that the industry used to maintain each of these elements and its broader effects on the genre, its artists, and audience base, this dissertation also highlights how the authenticity label evolved into a gatekeeping term, employed at various times throughout the industry’s history to prevent unsatisfactory or controversial ideologies, images, people, and musical elements from gaining access to or the ability to change and diversify the genre.

Questo fascicolo di «Laboratoire italien» fa seguito a un numero dedicato a «Voci e percorsi del femminismo nelle riviste femminili (1870-1970)» e offre una prima ricognizione delle riviste femministe italiane dagli anni Settanta del secolo scorso alla svolta multimediale del nuovo millennio e alla dimensione transnazionale dei femminismi contemporanei. Ce dossier de Laboratoire italien fait suite à un numéro consacré aux Voix et parcours du féminisme dans les revues de femmes (1870-1970) et propose un premier état des lieux des revues féministes italiennes depuis les années 1970 jusqu’au tournant numérique du nouveau millénaire et à la dimension transnationale des féminismes contemporains. This issue of Laboratoire italien follows a previous one devoted to Voices and Paths of Feminism in Women’s Magazines (1870-1970). It provides an initial appraisal of Italian feminist magazines from the 1970s to the digital turn of the new millennium and the transnational dimension of contemporary feminisms.

This thesis draws on oral testimony and archival research to examine the response of nurses to HIV and AIDS in Australia, from the first recorded AIDS-related death in 1983 to the introduction of effective treatment—Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)—in 1996. As they have around the world, nurses played a significant role in responding to Australia’s HIV and AIDS crisis. The thirty nurses whose interviews helped to shape this thesis are from diverse geographic and clinical settings; they represent each state and territory in Australia, rural and urban areas, wards, clinics and community nursing. Together, their stories paint a vivid and nuanced picture of HIV and AIDS nursing, and shed light on underexamined aspects of Australia’s AIDS crisis.

A disagreement may occur between Skolverket’s aim to include various perspectives in history teaching, and the realization of the subject amongst students with negative attitudes towards the gender perspective. The object of this overview is to compile and analyze the result of an information retrieval regarding adolescents’ attitudes towards gender history, and how they may affect the teaching frame. Thus, this overview can become a tool for history teachers when implementing gender history in their teaching. Useful material was found through the databases: Education Research Complete (ERC), ERIC via EBSCO, Sociological Abstracts, Google Scholar, and DiVa Portal. Each source has been reviewed and valued based on its relevance to the effects of attitudes in regards to gender history. Therefore, sources processing attitudes around feminism, gender equality, and women’s history have also been valued as useful. The result in this overview conveys both positive and negative attitudes towards feminism, gender equality, and women’s history. However, the research provides examples of how the teacher can affect how the students encounter gender history, and, therefore, also their attitudes towards the subject matter. The teacher is wise to implement a teaching with a gender perspective, which will challenge the students’ preconceived perceptions. Secondly, the research conveys the important use of a variation of historical agents for the sake of each students’ identification within gender history. Thirdly, a significant part of the used sources promotes the idea of including gender history as a vital segment of the traditional history teaching. Otherwise it would remain simply a less valued supplement. Lastly, a relationship-oriented teaching is suggested as a useful tool whilst managing the problems which may occur when teaching gender history.

This work looks at the intersections of nature, race, and spirituality in Black communities primarily situated in the United States from the early 20th century to the present day. These communties stories are interpreted through the Black women that lived in them, and their stories denote that Black folks' relationship with and amongst nature could not be had without spiritual praxes in their day-to-day lives.

Елизавета Дьяконова – автор дневника, одна из первых феминисток в России. Проведенный анализ текста позволяет увидеть, что в ее дневнике более ста упоминаний о смерти. Именно идея смерти красной нитью проходит через весь дневник. Размышления о смерти, как следует из проведенного анализа, способствуют поиску ответа на вопрос, связанного с преодолением гендерных стереотипов и дающего возможность раскрыть смыслозначимость одного из интереснейших источников по истории гендера. Ответ на вопрос о том, что же могло послужить истинной причиной разочарования в жизни, и содержится в этом источнике личного происхождения – дневнике, дающем объяснение всему с ней происходящему. В статье дана характеристика целого ряда причин, побудивших Е.А.Дьяконову обратиться к теме смерти., Elizaveta Diakonova is the author of the diary, one of the first feminists in Russia. An analysis of the text shows that her diary contains more than 100 references to death. It’s the idea of death that runs through the diary. The analysis shows deaths reflections allow to answer the question related to the elimination of gender stereotypes and to the possibility of revealing the meaning of one of the most interesting sources in the history of gender. The answer to the question of what might have been the real cause of disenchantment in life is contained in the diary which explains everything that happened to the author. The article describes a number of reasons that led E.A. Diakonova to address the topic of death, Журнал Института Наследия, Выпуск 1 (28) 2022

peerReviewed

This dissertation focuses on the life of Frances MacGregor Ingram, a progressive reformer in Louisville, Kentucky. It follows Ingram’s career in social work at the Neighborhood House settlement and the Progressive reform movements in which she held leadership positions from 1905 to 1939. This project concentrates on Ingram’s involvement in reform movements pertaining to tenement housing, garbage collection management, dance hall regulation, juvenile delinquency, mental hygiene institutions, probation, wholesome recreation, child welfare, child labor, women’s working conditions, unemployment, and Great Depression relief. Most Progressive Era scholarship concentrates on northern cities and reformers, such as Jane Addams at Hull House. But much of the literature overlooks southern contributions to the settlement house movement and progressive reform as a whole. This dissertation serves three purposes. First it helps fill the gap in scholarship on southern progressivism. Reformers in the urban South were not limited to charity work and prohibition. They engaged in complex and dynamic social reforms. Incredibly diverse in scope, Kentucky’s reform history should be understood in the context of southern society and politics, which impacted which progressive reforms were successful and which were not. Second, it builds on other women’s reform scholars by expanding previous conceptions of the Progressive Era to include the 1930s. By doing so, it provides a better understanding of women’s reform activism. Third, this dissertation provides a more balanced approach by emphasizing the alliances Ingram formed with immigrant communities. With a few exceptions, settlement literature primarily focuses on the movement leaders. Unlike some settlements, Neighborhood House Americanization programs via clubs, recreation, and citizenship classes were negotiated between the settlement and its neighbors. Through the lens of Ingram’s urban reform experience in Kentucky, this dissertation uses gender, class, race, ethnicity, and region to unpack the complicated relationships between reformers like Ingram, working-class immigrants, and male political officials.

The paper examines the process of the Turkish nation building process starting from the premises that whether we talk about culture, religion, ethnicity, language, traditions or other elements nations identify with and take pride in, continuity in time is an essential requirement to legitimize the bases of national identity in the nationalist discourse.

Heuristic value of autobiographies for specialists in gender and female studies (based on the comparison of theoretical results of Russian and international autobiographical studies). The article discusses the qualitative changes in the study of autobiographies in historical works. The author focuses on the importance of gender studies in the field of complex relations between various approaches, including the philosophical, psychological, and linguistic way of analyzing life histories, in general, and women’s autobiographies, in particular (which comprises using the theory of female writing created by French feminist philosophers), as well as old and recent literature in the field of autobiographical research. The gender approach to the analysis of documents makes it possible to conclude that men report less about their family and private life and tend to give this life a different meaning and place in the system of value hierarchies. The second conclusion when comparing male and female autobiographies is the individualized and independent representation of the ego in life stories. Analysts point out that when collecting material about men’s lives, it is the gender of the story collector that is important. When talking to a female interviewer, the narrator presents the same life events in a different way than to male interviewer. When reading an egotext, a male analyst immediately forms a male community and, at the same time, hierarchies typical of relations between men. Keywords: autobiography, women, gender, gender history, history methodology, biographi- cal research, memory psychology, historiography

The present paper explored the Great Union Day which marked the union of Transylvania with Romania from a gender perspective. The Great Union Day is well approached in Romanian historiography yet less is known about women’s presence and reactions to this historical day. We have indeed the figures but they do not reveal the whole range of emotions, reactions of women thus the study focused on these aspects through the analysis of such historical records as memoires, journals, public speeches and official documents.

The present study approaches the subject of the diplomatic relation between Italy and the Soviet Union during 1944 and 1945 beginning with 27th May 1944 when Pietro Quaroni, a career diplomat, presented the credentials of ambassador.

Although the revolutionary outbreak of the Spanish colonies in the Americas was sudden and apparently unplanned it was, in fact, a long process, during which colonial economies underwent growth, societies developed identities, ideas advanced to new positions and Spanish Americans began conscious of their own culture and jealous of their own resources. In Cuba the process of creating a national identity displays similarities with what happened in the former European colonies from the two Americas, turned into independent states but, on the other hand, shows different characteristics that make Cuba an exceptional case among the nations of the New World. A number of factors of different natures, as well as the vicinity of a state that from the second half of XIXth century is paving the way for a great power, helped to keep Cuba in Spanish hands until the end of the XIXth century long after the other colonies of the Spanish empire had fallen to local settler armies elsewhere. This short study aims to illustrate some aspects regarding the historical dynamics in the build up of a Cuban national identity.

The present study contributes to the knowledge of less known aspects regarding the dethroning of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza and of the important role that the army had in the plot. It highlights the personality of a great officer, Nicolae Haralambie, who was attracted to the conspiracy through a woman.

The Greek-Catholic and Orthodox Deaneries of Târgu Mureş were part of the ceded territory through The Vienna Arbitration. The economic issues that the two deaneries faced during World War II were complex and varied. The first one was related to the seizure of the majority of the harvest collected on the church territory in the autumn of 1940. The living of the clergy and their families was affected also by the payment delayed until February 1941. Beside all of these, the economical stability was affected, for a longer period of time, by the loss of their lands, which constituted a source for additional revenues, especially for the poorer parishes. Some of the investments in building new churches were in vain. Two churches were demolished by unknown authors during 1941. The economic problems, that the two deaneries faced, have returned to the previous situation after the liberation of the Northern Transylvania.

A principios del siglo XX, los diarios de lady Holland fueron publicados por el conde de Ilcester que puso en valor el testimonio de esta noble inglesa, testigo excepcional del ocaso del Antiguo Régimen. Sin embargo, la intervención del editor modificó sustancialmente la finalidad original de la obra que, a la luz de nuevas corrientes históricas como la historia de género, adquiere una significación distinta. Ello se podrá comprobar con el análisis de su escrito publicado con el título de Spanish Journal (1910) basado en las anotaciones realizadas por la diarista durante sus viajes a España en los primeros años del siglo XIX. Lady Holland's diaries were published by the Earl of Ilcester in the first decade of 20th century. He valued her testimony as a witness of the exceptional period between the French Revolution and the end of the Georgian Era. However, editor’s intervention substantially modified the original purpose of the work which acquires a different meaning in the new historical fields like gender history. This can be verified with the analysis of The Spanish Journal (1910) based on the annotations made by the diarist during her trips to Spain in the first years of the 19th century. Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco de la Convocatoria FPU UA 2017 del Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia de Conocimiento de la Universidad de Alicante.

Women's and gender history in Russia has been developing since the 1990s and began to be institutionalized in the 2000s and 2010s. Throughout that period, unfavorable intra-academic and sociopolitical conditions hindered the development of women's and gender history in Russia. Those who tried to establish a new field of study under these conditions sought various strategies by which to legitimize their research and build up authority among peers. This article analyzes their strategies for legitimizing women's and gender history in the Russian academy and beyond, using Bourdieu's work in the scientific field. I argue that in the 2000s, at the stage of institutionalization, researchers in the field of women's and gender history tried to legitimize their field by applying a number of strategies. These included appeals to scale, geography, and a connection with the generalized "West," as well as attempts to ascertain the practical significance of women's and gender history and, finally, highlight their connections to the classical heritage of the humanities and social sciences. Despite arguing with an explicitly feminist gist in mind, researchers of this generation had little to do with activism and were comparatively less active in the media than before. In the 2010s, however, as the development of new media and a new wave of feminism in Russia significantly changed the strategies for legitimizing the field, researchers started coming to women's and gender history by way of feminist activism. Lacking prospects within the academy, young researchers turned to social media and journalism to establish their authority through popularity with the general public.

International audience; Over the span of a little less than thirty years, the “multiple masculinities” which have existed and coexisted in past times have come to occupy a rather prominent place in the research agendas of scholars interested in gender history. Literature has covered a vast array of topics: from the construction of different types of masculinity in the most diverse (regional, political, social, economic, religious) contexts and how it was expressed, to the relationship between masculinity and power and hierarchies, for example, often adopting multidisciplinary approaches. This introductory chapter offers a general overview of the main research trends as well as a more in depth look at the topics which are explored in the articles that compose this monographic issue of «Genesis».

What is Work? is a hugely impressive and important contribution to the fields of labour history, gender history and social history and one which should remain an essential text for some time to com...

Jen Manion, associate professor of history at Amherst College, has previously explored Early Modern–era carceral, sexuality, and gender history. Her new contribution, Female Husbands, focuses on th...