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This study centers on the impact of migration on the vitality of San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec (SLQZ) spoken in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. The data show (a) that children in Los Angeles, whether US- or Mexican-born, are not growing up as active SLQZ speakers and (b) that given sustained travel between the two communities, language use in Los Angeles is replicated in San Lucas, thereby introducing Spanish and English into otherwise Zapotec-only domains such as the home. The case of SLQZ is one in which a language vitality assessment that considers the home community only, would lead to an incorrect evaluation. Signs of language endangerment become evident in a sociolinguistic analysis that crosses borders.

Three species of bethylid wasps, Prorops nasuta Waterston, Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, and C. hyalinipennis Ashmead, attack the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), by both predation and parasitism. C. hyalinipennis has only recently been reported to attack H. hampei. Its previously recorded hosts belong to the coleopteran families Curculionidae, Anobiidae, and Scolytidae. We evaluated five further coleopteran species, in the families Curculionidae, Bostrichidae, and Bruchidae, as alternative hosts. High proportions of all five species were both fed upon and oviposited on (normally by concurrent host feeding). Offspring developmental mortality varied greatly (12–95%) on different host species. Offspring production per host was about three times greater than on H. hampei when females were presented with the curculionids Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal) and two species of Sitophilus. C. stephanoderis and P. nasuta are currently the main biological control agents of H. hampei: they have long been thought to be monophagous but C. stephanoderis has recently been reported to attack H. obscurus. We evaluated C. oryzae, as a potential host or prey for P. nasuta, and both C. oryzae and Sitophilus sp. for C. stephanoderis. Host feeding was very common in both parasitoid species. The majority of females also oviposited on C. oryzae (71% P. nasuta, 60% C. stephanoderis) and 20% of C. stephanoderis parasitized Sitophilus sp. Fifty-two percent of C. stephanoderis and 7% of P. nasuta offspring survived to adulthood when developing on C. oryzae. The lifetime fecundities of these parasitoids presented with these host species were, however, low (maximum 17 eggs, mean ≤ 8.25) and preoviposition periods were generally long (ca. 19 days). Adult female C. stephanoderis lived longer when presented C. oryzae rather than Sitophilus sp. Host feeding also increased longevity. We discuss these results in the context of mass rearing these bethylids for release as biological control agents.

Cuticular hydrocarbons from the ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum Roger and a highly integrated eucharitid myrmecophile, Kapala sulcifacies (Cameron), associated with it, have been characterized. Ninety hydrocarbons were identified from the ant, 55 hydrocarbons from the female wasp and 54 hydrocarbons from the male wasp. The wasps and ants share 40 hydrocarbons. These shared 40 hydrocarbons represent 92.6% of their hydrocarbon composition for female Kapala, 84.3% for male Kapala and 67.7% for the ants. The wasps have a carbon number range of C27 to C35; the ants have a range of C23 to C35. Both species possess n-alkanes, C27 to C33 for the wasps, C23 to C34 for the ants. Both species also possess major quantities of Z-7- and Z-9 alkenes: C29 to C33 for the wasps; C23 to C35 for the ants. The female wasps possess a low amount of a conjugated C31 diene (neither the ants nor the male wasps possess this hydrocarbon), and the ants, but not the wasps, contain low quantities of nonconjugated dienes (carbon ...

We developed a simple and fast LC method quantifying lidocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) in plasma. An extraction of liquid–liquid with dichloromethane and sodium hydroxide, was done using 500 μL of plasma or serum, with a UV detection at 210 nm. The results showed linearity of r = 0.996 for lidocaine and 0.998 for MEGX. Precision and accuracy showed coefficient of variation within an acceptable range. Stability test was acceptable for a period of 90 days. Levels were assayed for two patients, in the first, 1,256.14 ng mL−1 of lidocaine and 17.79 ng mL−1 of MEGX were obtained while in the second the levels for the substances were 1,194.33 and 10.47 ng mL−1. This simple and fast method is reliable and can be recommended for the quantification of lidocaine and MEGX in plasma.

Calidad del agua del Refugio Mata Redonda y los arrozales colindantes, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si el agua de la laguna Mata Redonda (LMR) y de la actividad arrocera en el sector San Lázaro (SSL) de Nicoya, es apropiada para el sostenimiento de la biodiversidad y el desarrollo de la vida acuática. El análisis de la calidad fisicoquímica del agua se llevó a cabo mediante el índice de calidad de agua para el manejo de lagunas de inundación (ICA-L) a partir de datos de temperatura, pH, porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno, conductividad eléctrica, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, sólidos suspendidos, nitratos y fósforo total. El ICA-L promedio del agua que drenó de los arrozales por el canal principal, (ICA-Lp) fue 42, correspondiente a la categoría “mala” (no apta para el sostenimiento de la biodiversidad de lagunas de inundación). En la LMR (ICA-Lp 80) y en la salida de la laguna (ICA-Lp 81) la calidad del agua se clasificó como “buena”. No obstante incrementos en la concentración de fósforo total y en la demanda biológica de oxígeno (DBO) conducirían a un deterioro del ecosistema. El nivel de riesgo de los plaguicidas aplicados a los arrozales durante el período en estudio, bajo las condiciones del SSL, fue estimado mediante el Pesticide Index Rating Impact (PIRI); los resultados mostraron que la deltametrina, esfenvalerato, permetrina y butaclor, por su alta toxicidad y movilidad, serían los menos apropiados de aplicar. En tanto que, imidapropid, bispiribac-Na, triazofos, glifosato, acefato, clomazone y tricopyr, resultarían poco peligrosos bajo prácticas de aplicación apropiadas. Water quality of the Refugio Mata Redonda and surrounding rice paddies, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The objective of this study was assess if the water quality from the Mata Redonda lagoon (MRL) and from the rice fields in San Lazaro sector of Nicoya, is appropriate for biodiversity and aquatic life development. The water quality analysis was carried out using the Water quality index for managing flood lagoons (ICA-L), which is based on the following data: temperature, pH, oxygen saturation percentage, electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, nitrate content and total phosphorus content. The ICA-L average (ICA-Lp) from the water drained form the rice fields in the main channel was 42, which corresponds to a ¨bad¨ category value (unfit for sustaining biodiversity in flood lagoons). In the MRL (ICA-Lp 80) and in the lagoon´s drainage (ICA-Lp 81), water quality was classified as “good”. Nevertheless, increases in total phosphorus and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) may cause negative changes in the composition of the ecosystem. The risk level associated with pesticide application in rice fields (under the San Lazaro area conditions during the study period) was estimated using the Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI). The PIRI results showed that the less appropriate to use pesticides are: deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, permethrin and butachlor, because of their high toxicity and mobility. On the other hand, imidapro-pid, bispyribac-Na, triazophos, glyphosate, acephate, clomazone and tricopyr, would be less dangerous if applied under appropriate practices.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of several clinical and biologic factors on the disposition kinetics of oral chloramphenicol in pediatric patients and to determine the usefulness of this information to predict chloramphenicol serum concentrations. STUDY DESIGN: The clinical, biologic, and pharmacokinetic data of 30 consecutive pediatric patients diagnosed with sepsis and admitted to a tertiary care center were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were randomly assigned to a study group and a validation group. The model was developed by a three-step approach involving Bayesian estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters, selection of covariates by principal component analysis, and final selection by stepwise multiple linear regression. The model was tested in the study group and compared with a general population model using a prediction error analysis. RESULTS: Regression analysis revealed that weight, albumin, and white blood cell (WBC) count were the most important determinants for chloramphenicol distribution volume, whereas age, WBC count, and serum creatinine were the most important determinants for chloramphenicol clearance. The performance of the constructed population model improved significantly in terms of both bias and precision compared with the general model when tested in the validation group. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and biologic factors may significantly influence chloramphenicol's disposition in pediatric patients with sepsis and therefore should be considered in programming dosage regimens.

We describe behavioral sequences and daily activities of pre-ovipositing and ovipositing females of Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), an ectoparasitoid of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Noticeable behavioral differences among preovipositing and ovipositing females include host examination, host stinging—probing, host feeding, and the oviposition per se. The female of C. stephanoderis feeds primarily on host eggs, but pupae are also exploited, mainly by pre-ovipositing females. After the onset of the oviposition period, C. stephanoderis examines the pupae repeatedly, stings them at frequent intervals, and spends more time feeding than during the pre-oviposition period. Host paralysis is linked both to host feeding and oviposition. It induces irreversible developmental arrest, which presumably allows preservation of the host until subsequent utilization, and contributes to successful offspring development, particularly by reducing host motility. Oviposition consists in a host selection process, a prolonged period of preparation of the potential host, and the egg-laying phase itself. Under our experimental conditions, pre-ovipositing and ovipositing females are active 17% and 36% of the day, respectively. Host handling time averages 6% and 23% in pre-ovipositing and ovipositing females, respectively. All coffee berry borer developmental stages are exploited by C. stephanoderis females, either for host feeding and/or oviposition activities. Such flexible behavior is advantageous given that host availability is limited inside the coffee berries.

The influence of female body size and adult feeding on the fecundity and longevity of female Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), attacking the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was examined under laboratory conditions. Size and fecundity were positively correlated, whereas size had no influence on longevity of females continually provided with hosts. In contrast to theoretical models of host feeding, host feeding rate in C. stephanoderis increased over the parasitoid's lifespan, whereas oviposition rate decreased with age. The oviposition rate was higher and the oviposition period longer in large females than in small ones. As C. stephanoderis grew older, egg and sperm exhaustion were observed, especially in small females where a single mating was not sufficient for fertilization of all the eggs deposited during their lifetime. Developmental mortality of the offspring of small females was higher compared with large females, which may be attributed to a greater ability of large females to subdue and parasitize coffee berry borer pupae. Host feeding, by itself, promoted female survival. All host stages enhanced wasp longevity, but eggs and pupae were the most effective host stages in increasing longevity. Our findings have significant implications in mass rearing and management programs by determining conditions likely to improve parasitoid production and defining desirable biological attributes of C. stephanoderis as a biological control agent of the coffee berry borer.

We report here the first case of queen dimorphism in a ponerine ant species. A total of 550 colonies of the Neotropical ponerine ant Ectatomma ruidum, from two natural populations in southeastern Mexico, were investigated for polymorphism and reproductive function within the queen caste. The distribution of different morphological traits (head and thorax widths, and scutum and alitrunk lengths) was shown to be bimodal. Thorax width and head width were significantly isometric for both macro- and microgynes and thorax proportions did not change with the category of the queen. Microgynes appear as an isometric reduction of the normal queens. On average, macrogynes were found to be approximately 20% larger in size and twice as heavy as microgynes (and up to three times heavier in terms of dry weight). Their wing surface was 72% greater. There was no difference between the two morphs in terms of their capacity to be inseminated and all dealate females present in natural colonies could be considered as true potentially reproductive queens whatever the class to which they belonged. Ovary size, number of ovarioles per ovary, and number of mature oocytes produced were significantly higher for macrogynes than for microgynes, but small queens were able to function as active egg-layers. However, the number of egg-laying individuals was significantly lower for this form, although egg-laying activity appeared to be independent of queen weight. Despite its markedly reduced reproductive capacity compared to macrogynes, the distribution of the microgyne form of E. ruidum in both studied populations was very broad, reaching one-third of all alate and dealate females and extending to one-third of all colonies. In 72.2% of the colonies where alate and/or dealate microgynes were present, both forms co-occurred. Fat content analysis results supported the idea that semi-claustral independent colony founding, typical for this species, would essentially be achieved by macrogynes, while microgynes would be adopted by established colonies. We argue that queen dimorphism in E. ruidum could represent an attractive alternative dispersal strategy for female sexuals. The small females may constitute an important reserve of potential reproductives at a very low energetic cost to the colony, the production of a macrogyne being about 7.5 times more costly than a microgyne. The significantly greater `wing surface/body weight' ratio of microgynes also suggests their greater capacity for dispersion. The combination of such a capacity for microgynes, along with their ability to contribute in the production of both female morphs, including the reproductively efficient macrogynes, would contribute to insuring genetic reassortment at the population level and could explain, in part, the ecological success of E. ruidum in Neotropical zones.

The effect of the density of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on reproductive and host-feeding behaviours of the parasitoid Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The number of hosts used for oviposition was density-dependent at low host density. Beyond a density of six hosts/day, the oviposition rate reached a maximum of 1.2 eggs/day due to egg limitation. Cephalonomia stephanoderis females responded to increasing host availability with a linear increase in host feeding. Overall, parasitoids killed more coffee berry borers by feeding and paralysis than by parasitism. At low host density, the pre-oviposition phase was extended, oogenesis was delayed, more males were produced, and host feeding occasionally occurred concurrently with oviposition. We suggest that the efficacy of C. stephanoderis as a biological control agent depends on seasonal variations in host density. Inoculative vs inundative releases in coffee plantations are discussed in relation to the abundance of the coffee berry borer during the fructification and interharvest periods.

The coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampei(Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is the most important pest of coffee worldwide.Cephalonomia hyalinipennisAshmead (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) was recently discovered naturally attackingH. hampeiin Mexico.C. hyalinipennisboth preys upon and parasitizesH. hampei.We report laboratory investigations on the reproductive biology ofC. hyalinipennisaimed at assessing the suitability of this parasitoid for culturing and release in biological control programs. Adult females lived up to 95 days (mean for mated females = 57 days), and risk of death increased with age. Mating status, reproductive effort, and female size influenced adult female longevity, but only weakly. The number ofH. hampeipreyed upon did not affect longevity. Rates of attack (predation plus parasitism) declined with age, but the proportion of attackedH. hampeithat were parasitized increased. Overall, about half of the attackedH. hampeiwere preyed upon and half were parasitized. Females received approximately 46 sperm per mating and 77% became sperm depleted before the end of their reproductive lives. Estimated mean lifetime fecundity was 88 eggs. Offspring survival from egg to adulthood was 60%, with batches of eggs tending to survive or die collectively; 21.2% of surviving progeny were males. These results suggest thatC. hyalinipennismay be suitable for mass rearing and release, but further work is needed to investigate interactions betweenC. hyalinipennisand other parasitoids ofH. hampei.

Multiparasitism is reported for the first time in Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Dilocantha lachaudii, Isomerala coronata, and Kapala sp. were found simultaneously attacking the same population of Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae) in southern Mexico. Adults of D. lachaudii and I. coronata completed development on the same individual host on three occasions. The genus Kapala is reported for the first time as a parasitoid of E. tuberculatum, and I. coronata is reported in Mexico for the first time.

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho de la Información The motivation to analyze the encounter of fundamental rights of freedom of expression as a fundamental and contrasted with respect to personality rights law, honor, privacy and self-image in the case of people being charged for a crime and are exposed to images in mass media , as responsible or delinquent prior to a judicial process, because currently there is no respect for the honor of people and lack of presumption of innocence. Regularly Social Communication of the Attorney General in the state of Michoacán ( PGJE ) , and now the National Security (CNS ) present in statements accompanied by photographs, conducting criminal investigations and send them to the editors of the media, the post reporters, and practically make guilty , the next day the major newspapers and publish them , your photo with a headline that often has no relation to the content . With the implementation of the New Criminal Justice System , which removes practices inquisitorial system , drives the presumption of innocence and he has made in the process of training and integration of this scheme of judicial work, succeed in creating awareness especially in representatives of the media on human rights and the right of a person accused to due process , and not to receive a parallel trial that ultimately affects not only his honor , privacy and the right to self-image , but harms others . La motivación de analizar el encuentro de derechos fundamentales, de la libertad de expresión como derecho fundamental y contrapuesto con el respeto a los derechos de la personalidad, el honor, la intimidad y la propia imagen en el caso de personas que son imputadas por un delito y son expuestos con imágenes en medios de comunicación masiva, como responsables o delincuentes, previo a un proceso judicial, se debe a que actualmente no hay respeto por el honor de las personas y desconocimiento de la Presunción de inocencia. Regularmente las área de Comunicación Social de la Procuraduría General de Justicia en el estado de Michoacán (PGJE), y ahora de la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad (CNS) presentan en comunicados acompañados de las fotografías, las pesquisas de delincuentes que realizan y los envían a las redacciones de los medios de comunicación, a los correos de los periodistas, y prácticamente los hacen culpables, al otro día los diarios de mayor circulación así los publican, su foto acompañada de un titular que en muchas ocasiones no tiene relación con el contenido. Con la implementación del Nuevo Sistema de Justicia Penal, que retira las prácticas del sistema inquisitorio, impulsa la presunción de inocencia y se ha logrado que en el proceso de capacitación e integración de este esquema del trabajo Judicial, se logre crear conciencia sobre todo en los representantes de los medios de comunicación sobre los derechos humanos y el derecho de una persona imputada a un debido proceso, y no a recibir un juicio paralelo que al final no sólo afecta su honor, su intimidad y el derecho a la propia imagen, sino que daña a terceros.

A partir de la revolución industrial, los sistemas de producción en masa, el auge de los materiales sintéticos y la dependencia energética de los combustibles fósiles, desencadenaron no sólo patrones de consumismo y hedonismo entre la “sociedad moderna”, sino un vertiginoso incremento de los efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, esta es sólo la visión a gran escala, en esta tesis se estudió el problema a partir del análisis del ciclo de vida de la unidad mínima del proceso de producción, el producto u objeto. En concreto se desarrolló un objeto textil sustentable basado en el concepto de ciclo de vida cerrado, en donde se ensayan cada una de las etapas del proceso de producción, desde la selección de la materia prima, en este caso la poliláctida, hasta su reincorporación al medio ambiente, específicamente a través de compostaje. Para dicho efecto se conceptualizó un juguete, que sintetiza y expone las características funcionales y estéticas del sustrato, conjugando el concepto de fosilización con la biodegradación por compostaje, que brindará a el usuario (infante) la oportunidad de aprender jugando y expone la cualidades ecológicas del material. De esta manera, se pretende incidir en los hábitos de consumo, estableciendo nuevos lineamientos de diseño, abarcando los ámbitos ambiental, social y económico propios del concepto de desarrollo sustentable, incorporando el factor estético – emocional de diseño industrial. Se partió de la evaluación los factores que influyen en el proceso de biodegradación de la polilactida en un sistema de compostaje contrastando un sustrato previamente intemperizado (A1) contra uno de reciente manufactura (D1) exponiéndolos a diferentes concentraciones de humedad (0ml, 100ml y 200ml). Así mismo, se estudiaron las características estéticas del material a través de un ensayo de generación de texturas y uno de tinción, lo que permitió concretar el concepto de diseño, convirtiéndolo en un objeto factible. De esta manera, se estudió a través de un ensayo de cromatografía de permeación de gel (GPC) la variación del peso molecular medio de los sustratos estudiados, como resultado del proceso de biodegradación en un sistema de compostaje, resultando como condición ideal de irrigación para sustratos previamente intemperizados, la aplicación de 100 ml 3 veces por semana, mientras que para sustratos nuevos, la condición ideal es la irrigación de 200 ml 3 veces por semana, dichos resultados se ratificaron a través del ensayo de dinamometría. De igual forma, se evaluó por tanto por GPC como por dinamometría la incidencia del proceso de termofijado y tinción, con 3 pH distintos (pH 5 como ideal, pH 6 y pH 7 como escenarios de alcalinidad), sobre la biodegradabilidad y tenacidad mecánica del sustrato, resultando un aumento de la resistencia del tejido como consecuencia del proceso de fijado en el cual desencadenan procesos de orientación y cristalización, caso contrario al proceso de teñido en donde se observa un detrimento de resistencia y del peso molecular. En cuanto a la experimentación estética del sustrato, se desarrollaron 9 variantes de tejidos texturizados, identificando 3 que se adaptan a las necesidades formales del objeto de diseño, todas ellas resultado del ensayo del proceso de generación de texturas sugerido por Gacén, 1991a. Mientras que en el apartado de teñido se desarrollaron 24 tonalidades, que debido a su intensidad brillo, son susceptibles de ser utilizados en un contexto lúdico, adecuado para el objeto diseñado. Los resultados permitieron concluir que existe una relación directa entre la cantidad de agua aplicada, el tiempo de intemperización de la fibra textil y el aumento de la biodegradación del sustrato, reflejándose en una disminución del tiempo en días por gramo de fibra requeridos para la biodegradación. Se confirmaron ciclos de biodegradación entre 35 y 42 días en función de la instauración en agua del sustrato, con valores de hasta 63 días por gramo de fibra para fibras intemperizadas y fase de latencia mayor para sistemas saturados. Al comparar el tiempo de biodegradación (18.8 días/g de fibra) del sustrato no intemperizado expuesto a 200 ml de irrigación, contra su equivalente intemperizado que muestra 24.8 días/g de fibra, y en comparación de los sustratos expuestos 0 ml y 100 ml se concluye que el tiempo de intemperización no muestran diferencias significativas en los tiempos finales de biodegradación estimados, siendo entonces el factor de mayor importancia la cantidad de agua administrada a los sustratos. Finalmente, como resultado del desarrollo de este proyecto, se logró establecer un puente entre las esferas científica, tecnológica, e industrial a través de una nueva metodología de trabajo de enfoque sistémico, en donde cada una de las disciplinas involucradas, aportó conocimientos dentro de su área de especialidad, entretejiendo un producto final que cumple los objetivos planteados.

Microdontine syrphid flies are obligate social parasites of ants. Larvae prey on ant brood whereas adults live outside the nests. Knowledge of their interaction with their host is often scarce, as it is information about their natural enemies. Here we report the first case of parasitism of a species of microdontine fly by a myrmecophilous eurytomid wasp. This is also the first host record forCamponotophilus delvareiGates, a recently described parasitic wasp discovered in Chiapas, Mexico, within the nests of the weaver ant,Camponotussp. aff.textorForel. Eleven pupal cases of a microdontine fly were found within a single nest of this ant, five of them being parasitized. Five adultC. delvareifemales were reared from a puparium and 29 female and 2 male pupae were obtained from another one. The eurytomid is a gregarious, primary ectoparasitoid of larvae and pupae of Microdontinae, its immature stages developing within the protective puparium of the fly. The species is synovigenic. Adult females likely locate and parasitize their hosts within the ant nest. As some species of Microdontinae are considered endangered, their parasitoids are likewise threatened and in need of accurate and urgent surveys in the future.

"Information regarding trends in research on terrestrial species of the order Carnivora can provide an understanding of the degree of knowledge of the order, or lack thereof, as well as help identifying areas on which to focus future research efforts. With the aim of providing information on these trends, this work presents a review of the thematic focuses of studies addressing this order published over the past three de- cades. Relevant works published in 16 scientific journals were analyzed globally and by continent with respect of topics, species, and families. We found a total of 2117 articles referencing this order, which focused on the families Ursidae, Felidae, Canidae, and Hyaenidae, with a lesser representation of Eupleridae, Herpestidae, and Mephitidae. The highest number of articles per species was found in Europe, and the lowest in Asia and Africa. In the Americas, studies were most frequent on the families Ursidae and Canidae, whereas in Europe, studies concentrated on Mustelidae and Canidae. In Africa, studies of Felidae and Hyaenidae were prevalent, and in Asia, these were Ailuridae and Felidae. The most studied topics were distribution, diet, ecology and natural history, whereas the most studied species were Meles meles, Canis latrans, Vulpes vulpes, Lutra lutra, Panthera leo, and Canis lupus. Further research is needed, especially on genetics, and taxonomic aspects."

El tepezcuintle (Cuniculus paca) es uno de los roedores vivientes más grandes de América Latina. En muchas comunidades rurales e indígenas es el mamífero silvestre más consumido por sus pobladores, por lo que se ejerce en ella una fuerte presión por la cacería, además hay que considerar el efecto por la alteración y eliminación de su hábitat. En este estudio se estima la densidad poblacional del tepezcuintle y sus variaciones temporales en una selva alta perennifolia en el este del estado de Oaxaca, México. Se utiliza fototrampeo y el modelo de gas ideal, así como la relación entre su presencia y la de sus mamíferos depredadores y competidores. La densidad poblacional promedio mensual se estimó en 0.492 ± 0.361 individuos por hectárea, y sus variaciones probablemente se deban en última instancia a las fluctuaciones en la precipitación. La presencia del tepezcuintle tuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa e inversa con la de sus competidores (serete) y depredadores (ocelote y jaguar). Los tepezcuintles están activos principalmente entre las 18:00 y las 02:00, mientras que los seretes son de hábitos diurnos.

The region of Los Chimalapas, in the southeastern Mexico has a high biodiversity, but it faces problems of habitat loss, primarily by livestock and agricultural activities. A group that can provide data on these changes is that of the mammals of the order Carnivora, because its members have a variety of size classes, trophic guild or ecological function and respond differently to changes in habitat. This study characterizes the species richness and composition of trophic guilds of the assemblage of the order Carnivora, 29 trapping stations with phototraps were established within the rainforest , f rom March 2011 to June 2013. There was a collection effort of 8,529 days-trap and it were obtained 543 photographic records of 10 species of the order Carnivora, as well as two additional species recorded by direct observation, so the assemblage was composed of 12 species. Trophic guilds were five: carnivore (5 species), omnivore (4), insectivore (1), frugivorous (1), and the consumer aquatic species (1). The assemblage consist of two species of large size predators, three mesopredators, one species that is considered indicative of good water quality ( Lontra longicaudis) , and three generalist species ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Puma yagouaroundi , and Procyon lotor ), that prefer open areas and that are adapted to zones with disturbance, but with low abundance in the area. Also, 66% of species are in any risk category according to Mexican laws, confirming the importance of the Los Chimalapas for the conservation of Carnivora. Keywords: Camera-trap, Chimalapas, conservation, Oaxaca.

Experiments were carried out to study the possible effects of a (first) sexual experience and prior rearing conditions on the subsequent sexual behavior of Chryseida bennetti (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), an ectoparasitoid of the bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). A clear reduction in latency before male courtship was observed in experienced males. Multiple matings were performed both by naive and experienced males. A tendency to reduce the post-mating courtship behavior duration was observed in experienced males, although this reduction was not significant. Rearing conditions also seem to influence the mating behavior of this species: the number of copulations (with the same female) was reduced when males were reared in groups. On the contrary, isolated males performed multiple matings with both grouped and isolated females, although they mated 3 times only with isolated ones. Again, a reduction of the duration of the post-mating courtship behavior was observed both in grouped males and grouped or isolated females. It seems likely that males that have been reared in groups benefit from a certain influence of social experience that is reflected on their later sexual behavior. Resume Des experiences ont ete menees pour etudier les eventuelles consequences d'une premiere experience sexuelle et des conditions delevage sur le comportement sexuel de Chryseida bennetti, un ectoparasitoide de la bruche du haricot Acanthoscelides obtectus. Dans un travail precedent, nous avons montre que les femelles de C. bennetti âgees de 2 et de 3 jours etaient beaucoup plus sollicitees et acceptaient davantage d'accouplements (avec le meme mele) que les femelles recemment emergees (0 et 1 jours) et que les femelles plus âgees (4 et 5 jours) (Perez-Lachaud & Campan, 1994). Par ailleurs, une certaine proportion de femelles de cette espece restent receptives apres un premier accouplement et acceptent de s'accoupler avec des mâles differents (Perez-Lachaud, 1993). Ces premieres donnees etant obtenues avec des animaux vierges (naifs) isoles des lemergence, nous avons verifie dans ce travail si d'autres variables pouvaient modifier le comportement sexuel de cette espece, notamment par rapport a la frequence d'accouplement et a la duree du comportement post-copulatoire. Nos resultats montrent une nette reduction du temps de latence chez les mâles ayant eu auparavant une experience sexuelle. Cependant, la frequence d'accouplements des deux categories de mâles est similaire, des accouplements multiples ayant ete realises aussi bien lors d'une premiere confrontation (males naifs) que lors d'une deuxieme confrontation (mâles experimentes). De plus, la duree du comportement post-copulatoire tend a etre plus reduite chez les mâles experimentes; cependant, cette reduction n'est pas significative. Les conditions delevage semblent aussi influencer le comportement sexuel des mâles de cette espece: la frequence d'accouplement diminue chez les mâles groupes. Les mâles isoles, par contre, realisent des accouplements multiples aussi bien avec des femelles isolees qu'avec des femelles groupees. II semblerait que les mâles de C. bennetti acquierent une certaine experience lorsqu'ils sont groupes avec d'autres mâles.

To examine gender differences among individuals diagnosed with DSM-IV lifetime cannabis use disorder (CUD).A nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 18 years or older that were diagnosed with lifetime CUD (n=3297): Men (n=2080), Women (n=1217). Data were drawn from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, n=43,093). The survey response rate was 81%.Nearly all individuals with CUD had a psychiatric comorbidity (95.6% of men, 94.1% of women). Men with lifetime CUD were more likely than women to be diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder, any substance use disorder and antisocial personality disorder, whereas women with CUD had more mood and anxiety disorders. After adjusting for gender differences in sociodemographic correlates and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population, women with CUD were at greater risk for externalizing disorders. Men with CUD met more criteria for cannabis abuse, had longer episodes of CUD, smoked more joints, and were older at remission when compared to women with CUD. Women experienced telescoping to CUD. Treatment-seeking rates were very low for both genders, and there were no gender differences in types of services used or reasons for not seeking treatment.There are important gender differences in the clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidities among individuals with CUD.

OBJECTIVE Although psychiatric disorders are associated with decreased health-related quality of life, it is unknown whether symptom remission is associated with its improvement or normalization. METHOD Data were derived from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a large national sample of the United States population. A total of 34,653 adults 18 years and older residing in households completed 2 waves (2001-2002 and 2004-2005) of face-to-face surveys. DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the Short Form-12 Health Survey, Version 2 (SF-12). RESULTS Remission from alcohol dependence, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder was associated with significant improvement in SF-12 scores compared to nonremission (ranging from β = 7.28 in dysthymia to β = 3.16 in social anxiety disorder, all P < .05). However, with the exception of alcohol abuse, individuals who had remitted from all other disorders had lower SF-12 scores than individuals without lifetime history of the disorder. Furthermore, remission of alcohol abuse, cannabis use disorder, nicotine dependence, panic disorder, and specific phobia was not associated with significant improvement in SF-12 scores. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between psychiatric disorders and health-related quality of life is complex and differs across disorders. Although remission of several psychiatric disorders was associated with significant improvements, remission was generally not associated with full restoration of health-related quality of life, even among those without comorbid disorders.

Use of the HepG2 cell line to assess hepatotoxicity induced by bioactivable compounds is hampered by their low cytochrome P450 expression. To overcome this limitation, we have used adenoviral transfection to develop upgraded HepG2 cells (ADV-HepG2) expressing the major P450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4) at levels comparable to those of human hepatocytes. The potential utility of this new cell model for the in vitro screening of bioactivable drugs was assessed using a high-content screening assay that we recently developed to simultaneously measure multiple parameters indicative of cell injury. To this end, ADV-HepG2 and HepG2 cells, cultured in 96-well plates, were exposed for 24 h to a wide range of concentrations of 12 bioactivable and 3 non-bioactivable compounds. The cell viability and parameters associated with nuclear morphology, mitochondrial function, intracellular calcium concentration, and oxidative stress indicative of prelethal cytotoxicity and representative of different mechanisms of toxicity were evaluated. Bioactivable compounds showed lower IC(50) values in ADV-HepG2 cells than in HepG2 cells. Moreover, significant differences in the other parameters analyzed were observed between both cell models, while similar effects were observed for non-bioactivable compounds (negative controls). The changes in cell parameters detected in our assay for a given compound are in good agreement with the previously reported toxicity mechanism. Overall, our results indicate that this assay may be a suitable new in vitro approach for early screening of compounds to identify bioactivable hepatotoxins and the mechanism(s) involved in their toxicity.

The aim of this work was to know the prescription pattern of drugs for the treatment of concomitant pathologies in children with hypothyroidism, who were receiving levothyroxine, so as to identify drugs with possible interaction risk and avoid the production of adverse effects. An analysis of treatments in children diagnosed of hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine and medicines added for the treatment of concomitant pathologies in an endocrinology service from December 1999 to December 2009 was carried out. For capturing the information, a form for information gathering was used and the Naranjo causality algorithm was used. 475 clinical files corresponding to 292 (61.47%) females and 183 (38.53%) males were reviewed. The concomitant pathologies most frequently seen were gastrointestinal (60.47%) and respiratory diseases with 55.58%. The number of drugs simultaneously administered with levothyroxine was from 1 to 7. Applying the Naranjo algorithm, 38.5% were adverse drug reactions (ADRs) definite, 23% ADRs probable, 23% ADRs possible and 4% doubtful. In conclusion, the prescription of drugs co-administered simultaneously with levothyroxine should be done in a rational form because there are drugs as anticonvulsant, diuretics or gastrointestinal that can interact between them as with levothyroxine, principally with drugs administered in a chronic form. Key words: Children, hypothyroidism, levothyroxine, pharmacoepidemiology.

The repABC replication/partitioning systems are commonly found in alpha-proteobacteria plasmids and in secondary chromosomes. All of the elements required for their replication and stable maintenance are encoded within a single transcription unit: the repABC operon. The repC gene encodes an initiator protein, while RepA, RepB and centromere-like sequence (parS) direct plasmid segregation. Strains containing two or more repABC plasmids are a common feature in some alpha proteobacteria groups, indicating that the repABC plasmid family embraces several incompatibility groups. Genes encoded within repABC operons are highly dynamic: each one possess its own distinctive phylogeny and homologous recombination events are common within these operons. Additionally, alpha-proteobacterial genomes contain repAB genes not associated with the ctRNA or with repC as well as plasmids whose replication depends on a ctRNA-repC module without the participation of repAB genes. Some alphaproteobacteria have repC genes clustered with other genes that are not involved in replication/partitioning functions. These atypical associations of genes could have an important role in the origin and diversification of new plasmids. Here we evaluated the functionality and possible evolutionary consequences of one of these atypical gene associations: the repAC genes present in the Rhizobium leguminosarum plasmid pRL7. The repAC genes are organized in an operon and they are capable of sustaining replication but in an unstable manner. RepC was essential for replication, and the origin of replication resides within its coding region. In contrast, RepA plays a minor role in the negative regulation of its own transcription.

Eucharitid wasps are specific, specialized parasitoids of ants. The genusKapalaCameron is the most common in the Neotropics but few species are described, and information dealing with their biology, behavior and host associations is scarce. Numerous poneromorph ant colonies were inspected over 4 collection surveys in French Guiana. A diverse fauna of parasites and parasitoids was found, including mermithid nematodes, flies, eucharitids, and another gregarious endoparasitoid wasp. Five new host associations forKapalaare reported, all of them involving medium- to large-size poneromorph ant species from 4 genera:Ectatomma brunneumFr. Smith,Gnamptogenys tortuolosa(Fr. Smith),Odontomachus haematodus(L.),O. mayi Mann, andPachycondyla verenae(Forel). Three other associations involvingO. hastatus(Fabr.),P. apicalis(Latreille), andP. stigma(Fabr.), already reported for other countries but new for French Guiana, are confirmed. The data extend the number of hosts forKapalato 24 ant species from 7 genera. The high diversity of the ant host genera associated withKapala,combined with the fact that these ant genera are the most widely distributed among Neotropical poneromorph ants, could account for the dominant status of the genusKapalaamong the eucharitine wasps of Central and South America.

En este trabajo investigación, se estudia la capacidad de adsorción de p-xileno sobre una serie de siete combinaciones de óxidos de aluminio, cerio y zirconio, mediante cromatografía de gases en un intervalo de temperatura de 200°C a 240°C. Los óxidos estudiados fueron obtenidos por el método de síntesis sol-gel. El área superfi cial, es alta para las cuatro muestras que contienen alúmina, entre 196 y 272 m2/g, mientras que las tres restantes, poseen áreas superfi ciales menores a 40 m2/g. La forma de las isotermas de adsorción de N2, corresponden a materiales tipo mesoporosos para las muestras que contienen alúmina. La adsorción de p-xileno se observó en las siete muestras, todas las isotermas presentan forma cóncava lo que indica adsorción favorable. Sin embargo,la cantidad de p-xileno adsorbido, es mayor para las muestras que contienen alúmina. La temperatura que favorece la adsorción en todas las muestras es la de 200 °C.

Numerous cases of associations of encyrtid wasps with ants have already been reported. In the majority of these cases, however, wasps are associated only indirectly with ants (interference associations) through primary parasitism of the trophobionts (Coccoidea), which are exploited and protected by ants. Suspected direct parasitism cases are unusual and no direct attack of encyrtids on ants has ever been demonstrated. Here we provide both a revised list of all known cases of associations between encyrtid wasps and ants, and a report of the first record of a true primary encyrtid parasitoid of ants. Of two colonies of the arboreal ponerine ant, Pachycondyla goeldii (Forel), examined from French Guiana, one had 3 pupae parasitized by males and females of a gregarious, minute encyrtid wasp species, identified as Blanchardiscus pollux Noyes, and 2 other cocoons presented evidence of pararasitism. This first host record for the genus Blanchardiscus, which has always been placed near other genera that ...

"El estado de Oaxaca en el sureste de México alberga una biodiversidad extraordinaria. Sin embargo, las actividades humanas han propiciado alteraciones considerables, incluida la disminución de diferentes ambientes naturales, especialmente de los bosques tropicales; por ello es importante documentar la diversidad de estos ambientes, así como su respuesta a las transformaciones antropocéntricas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar la diversidad de mamíferos terrestres en una selva mediana en el noreste del estado de Oaxaca, México. Se recorrieron 3 senderos para la búsqueda de rastros, captura de organismos, avistamientos y fototrampeo de septiembre de 2007 a agosto de 2008. Se registraron 15 especies de 6 órdenes, 11 familias y 14 géneros, entre ellas 7 nuevas para la región. Las especies más abundantes fueron Nasua narica, Pecari tajacu, Dasyprocta mexicana, Cuniculus paca y Leopardus pardalis. A pesar de presentar un índice de diversidad bajo con respecto a otros estudios comparables, la presencia de especies consideradas en riesgo por la legislación mexicana, como L. pardalis, L. wiedii, Eira barbara y Tamandua mexicana hacen a la zona valiosa para la conservación de la diversidad en la región."

Reports of hymenopterans associated with ants involve more than 500 species, but only a fraction unambiguously pertain to actual parasitoids. In this paper, we attempt to provide an overview of both the diversity of these parasitoid wasps and the diversity of the types of interactions they have formed with their ant hosts. The reliable list of parasitoid wasps using ants as primary hosts includes at least 138 species, reported between 1852 and 2011, distributed among 9 families from 3 superfamilies. These parasitoids exhibit a wide array of biologies and developmental strategies: ecto- or endoparasitism, solitary or gregarious, and idio- or koinobiosis. All castes of ants and all developmental stages, excepting eggs, are possible targets. Some species parasitize adult worker ants while foraging or performing other activities outside the nest; however, in most cases, parasitoids attack ant larvae either inside or outside their nests. Based on their abundance and success in attacking ants, some parasitoid wasps like diapriids and eucharitids seem excellent potential models to explore how parasitoids impact ant colony demography, population biology, and ant community structure. Despite a significant increase in our knowledge of hymenopteran parasitoids of ants, most of them remain to be discovered.

This paper relates a female age effect to the mating behavior of Chryseida bennetti Burks, an ectoparasitoid of the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)). The sexual behavior includes rapid courtship and copulation followed by a postmating courtship behavior ("guarding"). Male guarding behavior varies according to the females' age, with males guarding females of 2–3 days old longer than younger and older females. A period of sexual maturation is necessary for most of the males. Females' attractiveness begins at the pupal stage, and their receptivity on emergence. Mated females are still attractive to males. Multiple matings (up to four copulations) with the same male have been observed. The females' age seems to control copulation frequency and the duration of the postmating courtship behavior. Two- and three-day-old females had more successive multiple matings with the same male than the other females did, and males spent much more time guarding them. The age of the males (except from newly emerged males) did not seem to influence copulation frequency. On the other hand, the complexity of the sequential courtship behavior increased with the age of the partners. The function of males' postmating courtship is discussed.

The aim was to study the control females (CF)-1 mouse embryo differentiation, growth, morphology on embryonic E- and N-cadherin expression at midgestation after periconceptional moderate alcohol ingestion. Adult female mice were exposed to 10% ethanol in drinking water for 17 days previous to and up to day 10 of gestation (ethanol-exposed females, EF) and were compared with nonexposed CF. EF presented reduced quantities of E10 to E10.5 embryos, greater percentage of embryos at stages less than E7.5, reduced implantation site numbers/female, and increased resorptions compared with CF. EF-embryo growth was significantly affected as evidenced by reduced cephalic and body sizes of E10 and E10.5 embryos (scanning electron microscopy) and decreased protein content of E10.5 embryos vs. CF embryos. A significantly higher percentage of EF-E10-10.5 embryos presented abnormal neural tube (NT) closure vs. the percentage of CF. E10 embryos from EF presented elevated tissue disorganization, pyknosis and nuclear condensation in somites, mesenchymal and neuroepithelial tissue. Immunohistochemical E- and N-cadherin distribution patterns were similar in organic structures of E10 embryos between groups. However, western blot revealed that E- and N-cadherin expression levels were significantly increased in EF-derived embryos vs. controls. Perigestational ethanol consumption by CF-1 mice induced significant damage in the organogenic embryogenesis by producing delayed differentiation, growth deficiencies, and increasing the frequency of NT defects. Ethanol exposure may disrupt cell–cell adhesion leading to upregulation of E- and N-cadherin expression suggesting that deregulation of cell adhesion molecules could be involved in the disruption of embryo development at organogenesis in CF-1 mouse. Fil: Coll, Tamara Anahí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina Fil: Pérez Tito, Leticia Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina Fil: Sobarzo, Cristian Marcelo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología. Instituto de Investigaciones en Reproducción; Argentina Fil: Cebral, Elisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina

Ovarian epithelial tumors (cystoadenomas/cystoadenocar-cinomas) are not as common in girls as the germinal tumors (teratomas). Mucinous or serous borderline cystoadenomas (CAdB) with a low malignant potencial, represent 20% of epithelial tumors. As an intermediate type of benign-malignant neoplasia, these tumors are usually giant cystic pelvic masses found in young females, but exceedingly rare before menarche. Stage 1 (tumor limited to the ovary) is the most frequent stage at diagnosis. Bilateral ovarian compromise occurs in 10-15% of patients. Open surgery is preferred to perform a fertility sparing procedure such as oophorectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy or even a tumorectomy in selected cases. The latter requires intraoperative biopsy confirmation of free margins, to prevent recurrence. Prolonged follow up is indicated to detect a recurrence or a contralateral tumor development. Survival is excellent in most of these patients. We present the case of a premenarchal girl with a huge mucinous CAdB.

DL-penicillamine (DL-P) and Prussian blue (PB) given alone or in combination were tested as possible treatments against acute thallium toxicity. Rats were intoxicated by i.p. injection of thallium (I) acetate at LD(50) (32 mg/kg). A day later, pharmacological treatment was administered until day 4 as follows: (1) vehicles, (2) PB 50mg/kg, by oral route, twice a day, (3) DL-P 25mg/kg i.p. route, twice daily and (4) PB+DL-P. The Estimated Probability Survival (EPS) was recorded during the experiment for each treatment. DL-P alone did not show a significant effect on survival. However, when it was used in combination with PB, it increased the survival significantly (EPS=0.8, P0.05) as compared to the control group (EPS=0.4). In a different experiment, using 16 mg/kg of Thallium I acetate, the metal levels were analyzed in blood, body organs and brain regions after treatments. DL-P given alone decreased slightly the thallium content in blood, organs and brain. Meanwhile, its administration in combination with PB diminished the thallium levels significantly (P0.05) in the majority of tissues, at levels lower than those achieved in the PB group. Those results indicate that DL-P administered alone did not prevent the mortality nor accumulation of the metal in body tissues. Its combination with PB could be considered an alternative antidotal treatment in thallium toxicity, because this chelating agent given alone did not cause thallium redistribution to the brain. When given in combination with PB it has an additive effect in the treatment of acute thallotoxicosis.

Urban vegetation is of key importance because a large proportion of the human population lives in cities. Nevertheless, urban vegetation is understudied outside central Europe and particularly, little is known about the flora of tropical Asian, African and Latin American cities. We present an estimate of how the vegetation has changed in the city of San José, Costa Rica, after about one century, with the repeat photography technique (based on a collection of 19th and early 20th century photographs by José Fidel Tristán and others) and with data from the Costa Rican National Herbarium. We found little vegetation change in the landscape of San José during the 20th century, where a total of 95 families and 458 species were collected in the late 19th and early 20th century. The families with most species were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Cyperaceae, Acanthaceae, Malvaceae, Piperaceae and Verbenaceae. Similar results have been found in Europe, where the number of plant species often is stable for long periods even when the individual species vary. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1367-1386. Epub 2010 December 01.La vegetación urbana es de vital importancia ya que una proporción importante de la población humana vive en ciudades. Sin embargo, esta vegetación es poco estudiada fuera del centro de Europa y se sabe particularmente poco sobre la flora urbana de las ciudades tropicales de Asia, África y América Latina. Aquí presentamos una estimación de cómo ha cambiado la vegetación en la ciudad de San José, Costa Rica, durante un siglo, con la técnica de la fotografía repetida (sobre la base de una colección de fotografías del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX hechas por José Fidel Tristán y otros) y con los datos del Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica. Encontramos pocos cambios en el paisaje de San José durante el siglo XX. En la ciudad se recolectaron 95 familias y 458 especies entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Las familias con más especies fueron Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Cyperaceae, Acanthaceae, Malvaceae, Piperaceae y Verbenaceae. Los resultados son similares a los de Europa, donde el número de especies de plantas a menudo es estable durante largos períodos, aunque las especies individuales varíen.

The Neotropical ant Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier) shows a polymorphic social organization with strictly monogynous or facultative polygynous populations along its distribution range. The causative factors of these variations in social organization are unknown but biotic and abiotic environmental factors might explain the differences. In particular, recent studies have suggested that parasites and parasitoids could have an impact on host colony phenotype. Here, we report on eucharitid wasps and mermithid nematodes that attack the only known Mexican polygynous population of E. tuberculatum in Veracruz, Mexico. The results were compared with those previously obtained from a monogynous population in Chiapas, Mexico; the aim being to investigate environmental influences on colony social organization. The rather similar prevalence of parasitism between the 2 populations suggests that the hypothesis of an increased resistance to parasites and parasitoids as one of the factors responsible for the emergence of polygyny in E. tuberculatum populations does not apply. More likely, other kinds of environmental stress or constraints facilitate the development of polygyny, such as nest site limitations, risks of dispersal and/or high rates of predation.

SUMARIO: Introducción. Consideraciones previas en torno a los mecanismos de creación normativa en materia penal durante el siglo XIX: la poca participación de las Cortes en el desarrollo de la Ley penal. La derogación por anulación del Código penal de 1928 y la segunda vigencia del Código penal de 1870. Peticiones de su derogación. El advenimiento de la Segunda República y la derogación por anulación. La segunda vigencia del Código de 1870 hasta la promulgación del Código de 1932. Epílogo: Los mecanismos de creación normativa durante la Segunda República y el Franquismo.

Presentamos a una paciente de 30 años de edad, que desarrolla en forma lenta y progresiva una tumoración rojo violácea multinodular de consistencia duroelástica de 20cm por 10cm en el cuadrante superoexterno de su mama derecha, a los cuatro años de habérsele extirpado un dermatofiborsarcoma protuberans (DFSP) en dicha localización. El estudio histopatológico y la imnunomarcación confirmaron la recidiva. A los dos años de la nueva intervención quirúrgica no existen evidencias de lesión neoplásica. Debe considerarse infrecuente la localización mamaria de esta patología. A 30-year-old woman developed a slowly progressive reddish-violet multinodular rubbery lesion, measuring 20 x 10 cm in diameter, on the upper outer quadrant of her right breast four years after the surgical excision of a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) in the same area. The diagnosis of DFSP was confirmed histologically and by positive immunomarkers at immunohistochemistry. A complete excision was performed and after a 2-year follow-up no recurrence was observed. It should be emphasized that DFSP of the breast is a rare occurrence.

Composition and dynamics of ant communities may be influenced by highly specialized, specific parasitoids such as eucharitids. Yet, little is known about their prevalence in ant societies. Through systematic monthly excavation of ant nests, we evaluated the impact on the Neotropical ant Ectatomma tuberculatum of two eucharitid parasitoid species, Dilocantha lachaudii and Isomerala coronata, which simultaneously attack the same host populations in southern Mexico. Nearly 90% of all the nests collected through the year were parasitized, with an average of 13% ant pupae and 6.7% ant larvae parasitized by eucharitids, and an annual loss of 17% of the ant brood. Eucharitid prevalence among host nests was, however, very variable, and only some E. tuberculatum nests were severely weakened (100% of ant brood parasitized). Parasitism was highest during the dry season (January–March), just when the production of ant pupae was minimum: up to 50.6% of the ant pupae were destroyed in March. However, production of E. tuberculatum males and females occurred later (June–July), and the reproductive potential of the host colonies did not ultimately seem to be heavily affected by eucharitid parasitism. Differences in the seasonal timing of eucharitid attack and ant reproduction thus have the potential to modulate the impact of eucharitids on ants. Our results are discussed in the context of the impact of eucharitids upon E. tuberculatum colonies and their possible effect on the community structure of this potential biocontrol agent ant.

Se evaluaron varios parámetros de diversidad de una comunidad de mamíferos carnívoros y su variación entre temporadas en un paisaje heterogéneo del noreste de Oaxaca, México. Se establecieron tres sendas para la búsqueda de rastros, capturas de organismos y avistamientos. Se registraron seis especies en la comunidad de Cerro Tepezcuintle. Nasua narica fue la especie más abundante, seguida de Leopardus pardalis. El 57% de los registros se obtuvieron durante la temporada seca y el 43% en la de lluvias y las abundancias no mostraron diferencias significativas entre temporadas. La diversidad expresada por el índice de Shannon-Wiener mostró el valor más bajo en la temporada seca. La dominancia mostró valores similares en ambas temporadas, con N. narica como la especie más abundante. Tres de las especies registradas se encuentran en la categoría En Peligro de Extinción y dos se encuentran entre las diez especies de mayor prioridad nacional para la conservación de carnívoros terrestres mexicanos, lo que denota la importancia de la zona como un refugio de la diversidad regional.

A 27-year-old woman with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and endocervical Chagas' disease is reported. The patient was a cocaine addict, and her sexual partner was also human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. Her past medical history included a son who died 3 days after birth due to congenital Chagas' disease. Seven years later, through a cervical biopsy, a reactivation of Chagas' disease was diagnosed. Giant cells with typical amastigotes were seen; they strongly stained with antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi. The patient died 5 months later of an acute chagasic myocardiopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this parasitosis in the cervix uteri.

Residency in cities with high air pollution is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in healthy children, young adults, and dogs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may offer neuroprotection. The authors measured the plasma concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine and the cerebro-spinal-fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E2 metabolite and the oligomeric form of amyloid derived diffusible ligand; measured the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin 1β, CD14, and Aquaporin-4 in target brain areas; and evaluated brain MRI, cognition, and neuropathology in 8 dogs treated with a preferential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (Nimesulide®) versus 7 untreated litter-matched Mexico City dogs. Nimesulide® significantly decreased nitrotyrosine in plasma ( p < .0001), frontal gray IL1β ( p = .03), and heart IL1β ( p = .02). No effect was seen in mRNA COX2, amyloid, and PGE2 in CSF or the MRI white matter lesions. All exposed dogs exhibited olfactory bulb and frontal accumulation of Aβ42 in neurons and blood vessels and frontal vascular subcortical pathology. White matter hyperintense MRI frontal lesions were seen in 4/6 non-treated and 6/8 treated dogs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may offer limited neuroprotection in the setting of severe air pollution exposures. The search for potentially beneficial drugs useful to ameliorate the brain effects of pollution represents an enormous clinical challenge.