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PURPOSE To compare the effects of daily injection versus continuous infusion of a nonspecific dopamine agonist, apomorphine (APO), on refraction and ocular growth in normal postnatal mice and mice with form-deprivation myopia (FDM). METHODS The C57BL/6 mice were subjected (or not) to monocular FD by covering the left eye with a frosted goggle and leaving the right (fellow) eye uncovered. During postnatal days 28 to 56, both groups received APO (5 mg/kg/d) or vehicle either as daily intraperitoneal injection or by continuous subcutaneous infusion with mini-pumps. After these treatments, binocular refractions were measured by photoretinoscopy and binocular ocular dimensions were measured by optical coherence tomography. Monocular photopic flash electroretinograms were recorded from non-FD mice. RESULTS In normal mice, daily injection or continuous infusion of APO did not affect normal postnatal development of refraction. However, in the FD group, daily APO-injection attenuated ocular growth and also myopia development, as reflected in the interocular differences for APO-injected mice compared with vehicle-injected mice: (1) refraction, -1.04 ± 0.37 diopter (D) (APO-injection) compared with -4.14 ± 0.77 D (vehicle-injection) (P < 0.05); (2) vitreous chamber depth: -0.002 ± 0.005 mm compared with 0.032 ± 0.009 mm (P < 0.05); and (3) axial length: 0.000 ± 0.005 mm compared with 0.057 ± 0.007 mm (P < 0.05). By contrast, continuous APO-infusion failed to affect these biometric parameters. Furthermore, daily APO-injection decreased the ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes, whereas continuous APO-infusion increased these responses. CONCLUSIONS In monocularly FD mice, daily APO-injection, but not continuous infusion, attenuated myopia development. Therefore, evaluating different dopamine agonist administration paradigms is important for identifying effective dopamine-based treatment for myopia.

In this study, fluorescent spectral imaging technology combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to identify Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche tubulosa and Cistanche sinensis, which are traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. The fluorescence spectroscopy imaging system acquired the spectral images of 40 cistanche samples, and through image denoising, binarization processing to make sure the effective pixels. Furthermore, drew the spectral curves whose data in the wavelength range of 450-680 nm for the study. Then preprocessed the data by first-order derivative, analyzed the data through principal component analysis and artificial neural network. The results shows: Principal component analysis can generally distinguish cistanches, through further identification by neural networks makes the results more accurate, the correct rate of the testing and training sets is as high as 100%. Based on the fluorescence spectral imaging technique and combined with principal component analysis and artificial neural network to identify cistanches is feasible.

Scalable probabilistic modeling and prediction in high dimensional multivariate time-series is a challenging problem, particularly for systems with hidden sources of dependence and/or homogeneity. Examples of such problems include dynamic social networks with co-evolving nodes and edges and dynamic student learning in online courses. Here, we address these problems through the discovery of hierarchical latent groups. We introduce a family of Conditional Latent Tree Models (CLTM), in which tree-structured latent variables incorporate the unknown groups. The latent tree itself is conditioned on observed covariates such as seasonality, historical activity, and node attributes. We propose a statistically efficient framework for learning both the hierarchical tree structure and the parameters of the CLTM. We demonstrate competitive performance in multiple real world datasets from different domains. These include a dataset on students' attempts at answering questions in a psychology MOOC, Twitter users participating in an emergency management discussion and interacting with one another, and windsurfers interacting on a beach in Southern California. In addition, our modeling framework provides valuable and interpretable information about the hidden group structures and their effect on the evolution of the time series.

Myosin is an enzyme, utilizing ATP to produce conformational change, leading to force generation. Kinetics of myosin reverse recovery stroke depends on metal ion, complexed with ATP, the recovery stroke is slow for MgATP and fast for MnATP. Metal ion coordinates gamma phosphate of ATP in myosin active site, the recovery stroke correlates with release of abstracted phosphate, therefore magnesium “holds” phosphate tighter than manganese. Magnesium and manganese are similar ions in terms of their chemical properties and inner and outer shell complexation, hence we propose to use these ions to study the mechanism of phosphate release. Analysis of octahedral complexes of magnesium and manganese shows that the partial charge on magnesium is higher than on manganese, that makes magnesium a “hard”, difficult to polarize ion. We hypothesize that electrostatic interactions play a role in keeping and releasing abstracted gamma phosphate in the active site, stronger electric charge of magnesium ion holds gamma phosphate tighter. We used stable myosin-nucleotide analog complex (ADP-vanadate) and Raman spectroscopy to examine effect of metal ion on the frequency of Raman light scattering by vanadium ion, which replaces gamma phosphate in myosin active site. We obtained metal-dependent spectra of Raman light scattering, and interpreted the data in terms of interatomic distance between vanadium and its equatorial oxygen, coordinated by metal ion. Previous studies show that in vanadate's trigonal bipyramidal complex the length of equatorial and apical bonds are directly correlated; increased length of equatorial bond implies increased length of apical bond, which is formed with oxygen of ADP's beta phosphate. We conclude that the charge of metal ion, complexed with a nucleotide, plays an essential role in the process of phosphate release by myosin during ATPase activity.

Novelty and appropriateness have been recognized as the fundamental features of creative thinking. However, the brain mechanisms underlying these features remain largely unknown. In this study, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to dissociate these mechanisms in a revised creative chunk decomposition task in which participants were required to perform different types of chunk decomposition that systematically varied in novelty and appropriateness. We found that novelty processing involved functional areas for procedural memory (caudate), mental rewarding (substantia nigra, SN), and visual-spatial processing, whereas appropriateness processing was mediated by areas for declarative memory (hippocampus), emotional arousal (amygdala), and orthography recognition. These results indicate that non-declarative and declarative memory systems may jointly contribute to the two fundamental features of creative thinking.

Large supercritical units are the future development direction of large-scale thermal power plants. Dynamic modeling of power plants is fundamental to control system design and performance studies. This paper aims to study the whole process mathematical model of 1000 MW ultra-supercritical unit. Based on mechanism analysis and model simplification, boiler is divided into four parts including the economizer, the water wall, the moisture separator and the super-heater. During the process of modeling, the positions of phase transition points are taken as independent variables. It successfully resolves problems exist in the unit during dynamic simulation under supercritical conditions. The derivative terms in the right of secondary modeling equations are eliminated by proper mathematical processing, therefore, the stability of numerical integration is improved. Furthermore, turbine model is established by using Friuli Greig formula. The dynamic characteristics of the unit are analyzed after simulation at 100% and 50% load conditions. The results generally agreed with the actual operating experience.

The paper introduces the aligned method of polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) combined the characteristic value methods with the correlation coefficient method. This method is based on side-view of fiber. The PMF is irradiated by parallel ray from lateral side and the observation plane where set a camera is on the other side. The side-view of PMF from the camera is intercepted to get the light-intensity distribution of fiber cross section. Because the curve of the light-intensity distribution is changed when the PMF is rotated around the fiber core, and the results of simulation and experiment shows that the correlation coefficient of the curve can be used to align PMF and the speed of alignment is improved with the correlation coefficient method.

Cisplatin-based combination treatment is the most effective systemic chemotherapy for bladder cancer; however, resistance to cisplatin remains a significant problem in the treatment of this disease. β-Elemene is a new natural compound that blocks cell-cycle progression and has a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. This study was conducted to explore the potential of β-elemene as a chemosensitizer for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and potency of cisplatin in bladder cancer and other solid carcinomas. β-Elemene not only markedly inhibited cell growth and proliferation but also substantially increased cisplatin cytotoxicity towards human bladder cancer 5637 and T-24 cells. Similarly, β-elemene also enhanced cisplatin sensitivity and augmented cisplatin cytotoxicity in small-cell lung cancer and carcinomas of the brain, breast, cervix, ovary, and colorectal tract in vitro, with dose-modifying factors ranging from 5 to 124. β-Elemene-enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity was associated with increased apoptotic cell death, as determined by DNA fragmentation, and increased activities of caspase-3, -7, -8, -9, and -10 in bladder cancer cell lines. Collectively, these results suggest that β-elemene augments the antitumor activity of cisplatin in human bladder cancer by enhancing the induction of cellular apoptosis via a caspase-dependent mechanism. Cisplatin combined with β-elemene as a chemosensitizer warrants further pre-clinical therapeutic studies and may be useful for the treatment of cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer and other types of carcinomas.

The problem of distributed load balancing among m agents operating in an n-server slotted system is considered. A randomized local search mechanism, FCD (fast, concurrent and distributed) algorithm, is implemented concurrently by each agent associated with a user. It involves switching to a different server with a certain exploration probability and then backtracking with a probability proportional to the ratio of the measured loads in the two servers (in consecutive time slots). The exploration and backtracking operations are executed concurrently by users in local alternating time slots. To ensure that users do not switch to other servers asymptotically, each user chooses the exploration probability to be decaying polynomially with time for decaying rate β ∈ [0.5, 1]. The backtracking decision is then based on an estimate of the server load which is computed based on local information. Thus, FCD algorithm does not require synchronization or coordination with other users. The main contribution of this work, besides the FCD algorithm, is the analysis of the convergence time for the system to be approximately balanced, i.e. to reach an c-Nash equilibrium. We show that the system reaches an c-Nash equilibrium in expected time O (max {n log n/ϵ + n1/β, (n3/m3 log n2/ϵ)1/β}) when m > n2. This implies that the convergence rate is robust with large scale system(large user population), and is not affected by imperfect measurements of the server load. We also extend our analysis to open systems where users arrive and depart from a system with an initial load of m users. We allow for general time-dependent arrival processes (including heavy-tailed processes) and consider a uniform and a load-oblivious routing of the arrivals to the servers. A wide class of departure processes including load-dependent departures from the servers is also allowed. Our analysis demonstrates that it is possible to design fast, concurrent and distributed load balancing mechanisms in large multi-agent systems via randomized local search.

Infants with Spina Bifida (SB) were compared to typically developing infants (TD) using a conjugate reinforcement paradigm at 6 months-of-age (n= 98) to evaluate learning, and retention of a sensory-motor contingency. Analyses evaluated infant arm-waving rates at baseline (wrist not tethered to mobile), during acquisition of the sensory-motor contingency (wrist tethered), and immediately after the acquisition phase and then after a delay (wrist not tethered), controlling for arm reaching ability, gestational age, and socioeconomic status. Although both groups responded to the contingency with increased arm-waving from baseline to acquisition, 15% to 29% fewer infants with SB than TD were found to learn the contingency depending on the criterion used to determine contingency learning. In addition, infants with SB who had learned the contingency had more difficulty retaining the contingency over time when sensory feedback was absent. The findings suggest that infants with SB do not learn motor contingencies as easily or at the same rate as TD infants, and are more likely to decrease motor responses when sensory feedback is absent. Results are discussed with reference to research on contingency learning in infants with and without neurodevelopmental disorders, and with reference to motor learning in school-age children with SB. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–10)

We consider the problem of high-dimensional Ising (graphical) model selection. We propose a simple algorithm for structure estimation based on the thresholding of the empirical conditional variation distances. We introduce a novel criterion for tractable graph families, where this method is efficient, based on the presence of sparse local separators between node pairs in the underlying graph. For such graphs, the proposed algorithm has a sample complexity of $n=\Omega(J_{\min}^{-2}\log p)$, where $p$ is the number of variables, and $J_{\min}$ is the minimum (absolute) edge potential in the model. We also establish nonasymptotic necessary and sufficient conditions for structure estimation., Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/12-AOS1009 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)

In order to measurement of Triglycerides in human serum with reagent-less using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Interval partial least square (iPLS) was proposed as an effective variable selection approach for multivariate calibration. For this purpose, an independent sample set was employed to evaluate the prediction ability of the resulting model. The spectrum was split into different interval. Then, the informative region of Triglycerides (1654-1746nm), in which the PLS model has a low RMSEP with 0.157mmol/L and a high R with 0.967, is selected with 18 intervals. The results show that the informative region of Triglycerides can be obtained by iPLS and applied to design the simpler reagent-less NIR instruments for inexpensive Triglycerides measurement in future.

Visible and Near infrared spectroscopy was applied for the fast determination of alanine aminotransferase with whole blood. First, spectra of different thickness (0.5mm, 1mm, 2mm, 4mm ) were investigated to explore Optimal Optical Path for determination. The results show that the whole blood sample with 0.5mm thickness is more suitable for spectral analysis. And then Near infrared spectroscopy of 176 samples were collected. Multiplicative scatter correction and second-order differential method have been used to spectral pretreatment. Stepwise multiple linear regression method and partial least squares regression method have been employed to establish quantitative detection model to predict content of alanine aminotransferase in whole blood. The alanine aminotransferase measured presents best result in calibration and prediction by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with partial least squares regression calibration model, and the calibration correlation coefficient, the standard error of calibration and the standard error of prediction are 0.98, 2.42 and 7.22 respectively.

Using full-vector finite element method, transverse optical forces induced by strongly evanescent coupling between two identical nanofibers is theoretically investigated. It shows that anti-symmetry and symmetry modes can induce attractive and repulsive force, respectively. When light power of the symmetry (anti-symmetry) mode at 980nm wavelength is 50mW, the gap between the nanofibers with 400nm diameter nears 392nm, the repulsive force reaches maximum (11.5 pN/μm), which results in 30nm displacement at the center of 100μm-long free-standing nanofiber. Based on pump-probe scheme, a novel potential method for optical force measurement is proposed. Using Euler-Bernoulli beam equation and coupled mode theory for waveguides, the deformation impact on the splitting ratio of coupling nanofibers is also investigated. It is found that, through the deformation, the repulsive force from 0.9 to 17 pN/μm can change the splitting ratio of coupling nanofibers from 0 to 600 when coupling length of nanofibers is fixed at 100μm, the gap is 400nm and probe light is at 808nm. It shows that measuring the splitting ratio of the strongly coupling nanofibers can potentially provide a high sensitive method for measuring the optical force.

Objectives β-Elemene, a natural compound extracted from over 50 different Chinese medicinal herbs and plants, has been effective in the treatment of hyperplastic and proliferative disorders such as prostatic hypertrophy, hysteromyoma and neoplasms. Our previous studies have demonstrated that β-elemene exhibits strong inhibitory activity in ovarian cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of β-elemene on prostate cancer cells as well as other types of tumour cells and to determine whether the effect of β-elemene on prostate cancer cell death was mediated through the induction of apoptosis. Methods The MTT assay was used to evaluate the ability of β-elemene to inhibit cellular proliferation in cancer cells. Cellular apoptosis was assessed by annexin V binding, TUNEL and ELISA-based assays. Caspase activity was measured using a caspases assay kit. The protein levels of Bcl-2, caspases, cytochrome c and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were analysed by Western blotting. Key findings Here, we showed that β-elemene had an antiproliferative effect on androgen-insensitive prostate carcinoma DU145 and PC-3 cells. Treatment with β-elemene also inhibited the growth of brain, breast, cervical, colon and lung carcinoma cells. The effect of β-elemene on cancer cells was dose dependent, with IC50 values ranging from 47 to 95 µg/ml (230–465 µm). TUNEL assay and flow cytometric analysis using annxin V/propidium iodide staining revealed that the percentage of apoptotic prostate cancer cells was increased by β-elemene in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, β-elemene exposure resulted in a decreased Bcl-2 protein level, increased cytochrome c release, and activated PARP and caspase-3, -7, -9, and -10 in prostate cancer cells. Conclusions Overall, these findings suggest that β-elemene exerts broad-spectrum antitumour activity against many types of solid carcinoma and supports a proposal of β-elemene as a new potentially therapeutic drug for castration-resistant prostate cancer and other solid tumours.

In the paper, A total of 40 pure or two-mixed textile weaves were prepared and classification of these samples was introduced using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), all textile samples are selected among four classes, which are Cotton-Terylene, Cotton-Polyurethane, Cotton and Terylene, according to theirs components. Near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of the samples were collected, Mahalanobis distance was used to discriminate the samples coupled with principle components analysis (PCA), the results showed that near infrared spectroscopy could determine which class one textile weave belongs to easily comparing with traditional methods. In addition, the expectation of the further research on qualitative determination of textile products by NIR technology was discussed in the end of this paper.

The optimal waveband for quantitative analysis of the human whole blood glucose by near infrared transmission spectroscopy is discussed in this paper. First, whole blood samples of different thickness (0.5mm, 1mm, 2mm, 4mm ) of the near-infrared transmittance spectra were analyzed respectively. It shows that the sample thickness of 0.5mm is more suitable for spectral analysis. And then near infrared spectroscopy of 111 samples of 0.5mm thickness were collected. Finally, different pretreatment methods of scattering correction methods, derivatives and different modeling spectral regions were compared to find out their impact on mathematical prediction model. The result shows that the best prediction accuracy was obtained in the waveband of 1500~1900nm by using Standard Normal Variate(SNV),the second derivative spectra and Partial Least Square (PLS) regression. And the correlation coefficient(RP), the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction(RMSEP) and the Relative Root Mean square Error of Prediction(RRMSEP) for the corresponding model are 0.836, 0.271, 5.519%, respectively.

Our laboratory found that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, MK-801, was able to decrease hyperoxia-induced lung damage. To further search for direct evidence of glutamate and its NMDARs participating in hyperoxia-induced lung injury, the amount of glutamate in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the expression of NMDAR 2D in lung tissue were tracked in newborn rats that were exposed to 95% oxygen for 1, 3, and 7 days. The protective effect of MK-801 was then observed at different hyperoxia exposure times. As demonstrated by RT-PCR, NMDAR 2D expression was much higher in hyperoxia exposure on the third and the seventh days than in the air control group. The levels of glutamate in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid on the first and third days of hyperoxia exposure were significantly higher than in the air control group. MK-801 alleviated lung injury and inflammatory reaction induced by 95% O(2) for 3 and 7 days. These results indicate that large amounts of endogenous glutamate from the lungs were released, and its NMDAR were expressed strongly under conditions of high oxygen concentration. We conclude that the endogenous glutamate mediated newborn rat lung damage induced by hyperoxia through NMDARs.

We construct a microscopic hyperspectral imaging system to distinguish between normal and cancerous gastric cells. We study common transmission-spectra features that only emerge when the samples are dyed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Subsequently, we classify the obtained visible-range transmission spectra of the samples into three zones. Distinct features are observed in the spectral responses between the normal and cancerous cell nuclei in each zone, which depend on the pH level of the cell nucleus. Cancerous gastric cells are precisely identified according to these features. The average cancer-cell identification accuracy obtained with a backpropagation algorithm program trained with these features is 95%.

Beta-elemene is a novel anticancer drug, which was extracted from the ginger plant. However, the mechanism of action of beta-elemene in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. Here we show that beta-elemene had differential inhibitory effects on cell growth between NSCLC cell lines and lung fibroblast and bronchial epithelial cell lines. In addition, beta-elemene was found to arrest NSCLC cells at G2-M phase, the arrest being accompanied by decreases in the levels of cyclin B1 and phospho-Cdc2 (Thr-161) and increases in the levels of p27(kip1) and phospho-Cdc2 (Tyr-15). Moreover, beta-elemene reduced the expression of Cdc25C, which dephosphorylates/activates Cdc2, but enhanced the expression of the checkpoint kinase, Chk2, which phosphorylates/ inactivates Cdc25C. These findings suggest that the effect of beta-elemene on G2-M arrest in NSCLC cells is mediated partly by a Chk2-dependent mechanism. We also demonstrate that beta-elemene triggered apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Our results clearly show that beta-elemene induced caspase-3, -7 and -9 activities, decreased Bcl-2 expression, caused cytochrome c release and increased the levels of cleaved caspase-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in NSCLC cells. These data indicate that the effect of beta-elemene on lung cancer cell death may be through a mitochondrial release of the cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic pathway.

PURPOSE This study used dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) knockout (KO) mice to investigate the role of D2R activity in the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Sulpiride, a D2R antagonist, was administered systemically into wild-type (WT) mice to validate the involvement of D2R in FDM development. METHODS The D2R KO and WT C57BL/6 mice were subjected to FDM. Wild-type mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of sulpiride, 8 μg/g body weight, for a period of 4 weeks. The body weight, refraction, corneal radius of curvature, and ocular axial components were measured at week 4 of the experiment. Differences in all ocular parameters between the experimental and control groups were compared statistically. RESULTS Form-deprivation myopia in D2R KO mice (FD-KO) was significantly reduced compared with their WT littermates (interocular difference, -2.12 ± 0.91 diopter [D] in FD-KO versus -5.35 ± 0.83 D in FD-WT, P = 0.014), with a smaller vitreous chamber depth (0.008 ± 0.006 vs. 0.026 ± 0.006 mm, P = 0.044) and axial length (-0.001 ± 0.007 vs. 0.027 ± 0.008 mm, P = 0.007). Furthermore, FDM was attenuated in animals treated with sulpiride (-2.01 ± 0.31 D in FD-sulpiride versus -4.06 ± 0.30 D in FD-DMSO, P < 0.001) compared with those treated with vehicle, with a retardation in growth of vitreous chamber depth (-0.001 ± 0.006 vs. 0.022 ± 0.004 mm, P = 0.003) and axial length (-0.004 ± 0.007 vs. 0.027 ± 0.005 mm, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of D2R attenuates FDM development in mice, suggesting that dopamine acting on D2R appears to promote the development of FDM in C57BL/6 mice. Further studies are required to confirm these results using animal models in which retinal D2R is selectively blocked.

e17508 Background: Symptom burden is the combined impact of disease- and treatment-related symptoms on daily functioning. A major barrier to effective symptom management in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is inadequate assessment. Our aim was to develop a short, valid, reliable patient-reported outcome measure of GIST symptoms for research and practice. Methods: After giving IRB-approved informed consent, 110 patients with GIST completed the 13 symptom severity and 6 interference items of the core MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) plus 9 GIST-specific symptom items generated from patient and expert input. Items were measured on a 0-10 scale (0 = none, 10 = worst imaginable). 65 patients completed the same items 1 day later. Patients also answered a single overall quality-of-life (QOL) question. Demographic and disease information was collected on all patients. Psychometric procedures determined reliability and validity of the MDASI-GIST. Results: Mean subject age was 59.2 years (standard deviation [sd] = 11.9). 54% of the subjects were female, 85% were white, 47% were employed, 55% were on imatinib, and 30% had no evidence of disease. Mean overall QOL rating was 8.1 (best = 10, sd = 2.0). Symptoms reported as most severe were fatigue (mean [M] = 2.65, sd = 2.66), drowsiness (M = 2.36, sd = 2.55), disturbed sleep (M = 2.18, sd = 2.55), and muscle soreness/cramping (M = 2.18, sd = 2.67). Two items (abdominal swelling and malaise) were eliminated for redundancy. Internal consistency (Cronbach α) and test-retest reliability of the 20 symptom items were 0.94 and 0.93, respectively, and of the 6 interference items were 0.94 and 0.87, respectively. The mean severity of the 20 symptom items was significantly correlated with QOL rating (correlation = -0.7, P < 0.001). Mean GIST-specific symptom severity and symptom interference discriminated between patients who were employed and patients who were disabled (P = 0.05 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: We have validated an analytic tool, the MDASI-GIST, to quantify GIST symptom burden, assess side effects in treatment trials, and monitor symptoms in clinical care. Additional research on the longitudinal symptom burden of GIST, including differences based on type of therapy and response to therapy, is ongoing.

Abstract 4260 Objective: Patients with chronic-phase, Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy experience symptoms. We investigated the association between patient-reported symptom severity and longitudinal levels of interference with daily functioning. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, longitudinal study, 156 patients with CML rated the 20 symptom items (13 core cancer and 7 CML-specific symptom items) and 6 interference items of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory for CML (MDASI-CML), on a 0-to-10 scale (0 = not present or no interference; 10 = as bad as can be imagined or complete interference) every 2 weeks for 1 year. Group-based trajectory analysis was used to describe the longitudinal patient-reported interference of symptoms with daily functioning. We used univariate mixed modeling to describe the relationship between symptom severity at time of study entry and patient-reported functional interference across time. These analyses were adjusted for patient factors (age, sex, race, marital status, employment, and time since diagnosis). Results: Mean participant age was 51.1 years (standard deviation [sd]=13.5) and mean years of education was 14.6 (sd=2.3); 72 participants (46%) were male; 116 (74%) were white non-Hispanic with 13 (8%) black non-Hispanic, 15 (9%) Hispanic, and 12 (8%) other races; 124 (80%) were married or lived with another adult; 92 (59%) were employed full or part time, 15 (10%) were homemakers, 26 (17%) were retired, 17 (11%) were on a medical leave of absence or medically disabled, and 6 (4%) were unemployed. Participants were mostly in the chronic phase of CML (95.5%), were receiving TKI therapy (98%), had been diagnosed for a mean of 6.1 years (sd=4.74), and been on TKI therapy for a mean of 4.1 years (sd=3.13) before study entry. Most participants had little evidence of disease with 123 (79%) having a complete cytogenetic response and 81 (52%) having a complete molecular response by polymerase chain reaction at time of study entry. Fatigue (mean=2.93, sd=2.67) was persistently the most severe symptom, followed by disturbed sleep (mean=2.19, sd=2.59), drowsiness (mean=2.07, sd=2.40), muscle cramping (mean=2.02, sd=2.46), and difficulty remembering (mean=1.81, sd=2.17). The highest interference reported was with work (mean=1.69, sd=2.41), followed by general activity (mean=1.67, sd=2.32) and mood (mean=1.50, sd=2.15). Trajectory analysis showed that 69 (43%) participants were in a higher interference group (mean interference=3.01, sd=1.60) and that the remaining 87 (54%) were in a distinctly lower interference group (mean=0.50, sd=0.44) (Figure 1). None of the demographic characteristics or time since diagnosis predicted patient interference scores. Eleven symptom scores at study entry significantly predicted interference scores (pain, p=0.0009; fatigue, p Conclusions: Patients with CML, regardless of disease status, may still experience symptoms that interfere with daily functioning while on oral TKI therapy. Symptoms and their interference with daily functioning can be easily documented by routine assessment and deserve consideration in long-term treatment planning for these patients, as they may interfere with patient compliance with TKI therapy and affect quality of life for survivors with CML. Disclosures: Williams: Novartis Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Ault:Bristol Myers Squibb: Speakers Bureau. Cortes:Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis Pharmceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ariad: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding.

370 Background: The symptoms reported by patients being treated for advanced pancreatic cancer (PC) could be driven by disease and treatment. Few clinical studies have addressed the interaction between disease, treatment, and symptom burden. We conducted a longitudinal study tracking multiple symptoms to provide an evidence-based symptom profile for patients with advanced PC receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Methods: From start of the first chemotherapy cycle (baseline), patients rated symptoms weekly during chemotherapy via the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), then continued symptom assessment every two weeks for up to 40 weeks. Longitudinal symptom responses were analyzed by mixed-effect modeling. Results: Among 100 PC patients enrolled, 87% were treatment-naïve. The median age was 65 yrs old (range 35-85). Half of the sample was female; 32% received opioids for severe pain. The three most severe MDASI symptoms at baseline were fatigue, lack of appetite, and pain. Poor performance status and opioid use were significantly related to severity of these baseline symptoms (all P Conclusions: Our results suggest that standard gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus active palliative care for advanced PC was associated with significant improvement in appetite. However, worsening fatigue suggests a need to provide active intervention to minimize this symptom for PC patients. Patients suffering from greater symptom burden at baseline and overtime, seems consistent with greater disease burden, may be expected to discontinue treatment earlier.

Using the Lorentz force law, we derived simpler expressions for the total longitudinal (conserved) momentum and the mechanical momentums associated with an optical pulse propagating along a dispersive optical waveguide. These expressions can be applied to an arbitrary non-absorptive optical waveguide having continuous translational symmetry. Our simulation using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method verified that the total momentum formula is valid in a two-dimensional infinite waveguide. We studied the conservation of the total momentum and the transfer of the momentum to the waveguide for the case when an optical pulse travels from a finite waveguide to vacuum. We found that neither the Abraham nor the Minkowski momentum expression for an electromagnetic wave in a waveguide represents the complete total (conserved) momentum. Only the total momentum as we derived for a mode propagating in a dispersive optical waveguides is the 'true' conserved momentum. This total momentum can be expressed as PTot = -U Die/(vg) + neff (U/c). It has three contributions: (1) the Abraham momentum; (2) the momentum from the Abraham force, which equals to the difference between the Abraham momentum and the Minkowski momentum; and (3) the momentum from the dipole force which can be expressed as -UDie/vg. The last two contributions constitute the mechanical momentum. Compared with FDTD-Lorentz-force method, the presently derived total momentum formula provides a better method in terms of analyzing the permanent transfer of optical momentum to a waveguide.

Table of contents O1 Changes in peripheral refraction associated with decreased ocular axial growth rate in marmosets Alexandra Benavente-Perez, Ann Nour, Tobin Ansel, Kathleen Abarr, Luying Yan, Keisha Roden, David Troilo O2 PPARα activation suppresses myopia development by increasing scleral collagen synthesis--a new drug target to suppress myopia development Chanyi Lu, Miaozhen Pan, Min Zheng, Jia Qu, Xiangtian Zhou O3 Evidence and possibilities for local ocular growth regulating signal pathways Christine F Wildsoet O4 Myopia researches at Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Fan Lu, Xiangtian Zhou, Jie Chen, Jinhua Bao, Liang Hu, Qinmei Wang, Zibing Jin, Jia Qu O5 Color, temporal contrast and myopia Frances Rucker, Stephanie Britton, Stephan Hanowsky, Molly Spatcher O6 The impact of atropine usage on visual function and reading performance in myopic school children in Taiwan Hui-Ying Kuo, Ching-Hsiu Ke, I-Hsin Kuo, Chien-Chun Peng, Han-Yin Sun O7 Increased time outdoors prevents the onset of myopia: evidence from randomised clinical trials Ian G Morgan O8 Environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions for myopia in the ALSPAC cohort Jeremy A. Guggenheim, Rupal L. Shah, Cathy Williams O9 Retinal metabolic profiling identifies declines in FP receptor-linked signaling as contributors to form-deprived myopic development in guinea pigs Jinglei Yang, Peter S. Reinach, Sen Zhang, Miaozhen Pan, Wenfeng Sun, Bo Liu, Xiangtian Zhou O10 The study of peripheral refraction in moderate and high myopes after one month of wearing orthokeratology lens Jun Jiang, Haoran Wu, Fan Lu O11 Axial length of school children around the earth’s equatorial area and factors affecting the axial length Kazuo Tsubota, Hiroko Ozawa, Hidemasa Torii, Shigemasa Takamizawa, Toshihide Kurihara, Kazuno Negishi O12 Processing of defocus in the chicken retina by retinal ganglion cells Klaus Graef, Daniel Rathbun, Frank Schaeffel O13 Blue SAD light protects against form deprivation myopia in chickens, by local signaling within the retina Ladan Ghodsi, William K. Stell O14 Contributions of ON and OFF pathways to emmetropization and form deprivation myopia in mice Machelle T. Pardue, Ranjay Chakraborty, Han na Park, Curran S. Sidhu, P. Michael Iuvone O15 Response of the human choroid to defocus Michael J Collins O16 What can RNA sequencing tell us about myopic sclera? Nethrajeith Srinvasalu, Sally A McFadden, Paul N Baird O17 Overview of dopamine, retinal function, and myopia P. Michael Iuvone O18 The eye as a "robust" optical system and myopia Pablo Artal O19 Effect of discontinuation of orthokeratology lens wear on axial elongation in children Pauline Cho, SW Cheung O20 Myopia prevention in Taiwan Pei-Chang Wu O21 Alternatives to ultraviolet light and riboflavin for in vivo crosslinking of scleral collagen Quan V. Hoang, Sally A. McFadden O22 Absence of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) alters normal refractive development in mice Ranjay Chakraborty, Duk C. Lee, Erica G. Landis, Michael A. Bergen, Curran Sidhu, Samer Hattar, P. Michael Iuvone, Richard A. Stone, Machelle T. Pardue O23 Scleral micro-RNAs in myopia development and their potential as therapeutic targets Ravi Metlapally O24 Effects of the long-wavelength filtered continuous spectrum on emmetropization in juvenile guinea pigs Ruiqin Li, Qinglin Xu, Hong Zhon, Chenglin Pan, Weizhon Lan, Xiaoning Li, Ling Chen, Zhikuan Yang O25 Ocular and environmental factors associated with eye growth in childhood Scott A. Read O26 Overview- prevention and prediction of myopia and pathologic myopia Seang-Mei Saw O27 New insights into the roles of retinal dopamine in form-deprivation myopia and refractive development in C57BL/6 mice Shi-Jun Weng, Xiao-Hua Wu, Kang-Wei Qian, Yun-Yun Li, Guo-Zhong Xu, Furong Huang, Xiangtian Zhou, Jia Qu, Xiong-Li Yang, Yong-Mei Zhong O28 The effects of the adenosine antagonist, 7-methylxanthine, on refractive development in rhesus monkeys Earl L Smith III, Baskar Arumugam, Li-Fang Hung, Lisa A. Ostrin, Klaus Trier, Monica Jong, Brien A. Holden O29 Application of SWATH™ based next generation proteomics (NGP) in studying eye growth: opportunities and challenges Thomas Chuen Lam, Bing Zuo, Samantha Shan, Sally A. McFadden, Dennis Yan-yin Tse, Jingfang Bian, King-Kit Li, Quan Liu, Chi-ho To O30 How could emmetropization make use of longitudinal chromatic aberration? Timothy J. Gawne, John T. Siegwart Jr., Alexander H. Ward, Thomas T. Norton O31 Balance effect of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor subtype activation on refraction development Xiangtian Zhou O32 BMP gene expression changes in chick rpe in response to visual manipulations Yan Zhang, Yue Liu, Carol Ho, Eileen Phan, Abraham Hang, Emily Eng, Christine Wildsoet