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In September 2015, world leaders gathered in New York to endorse the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Ban Ki-moon asserts that the SDGs signal a 'paradigm shift for people and the planet' (UN : para. 24). Significantly, under this new agenda there are expectations that businesses, government and civil society actors will be equally responsible for progressing a more sustainable path forward. Many assert that the private sector has particular strengths to bring to bear in delivering on the SDGs, including innovation, responsiveness, efficiency and provision of specific skills and resources. Interestingly, the business sector had a strong role in influencing development of the SDGs. In this paper we discuss the challenge being put forth to business actors by the SDGs, reflecting on both the potential for more sustainable and responsible practices and on the limits to change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the relationship between extractives and decay resistance in western red cedar (WRC) is essential for breeding durable planting stock. To date, most such work has focused on resistance to mycelial attack. However, this is potentially misleading since WRC is largely used in above-ground applications where basidiospore germination is the primary way in which the wood is initially colonized. Efficacy against basidiospores is likely a critical factor affecting wood’s decay resistance in above-ground applications. In this study the effect of selected extractives on basidiospore germination was evaluated. Partially-extracted WRC veneer samples, and spruce samples treated with beta-thujaplicin, thujic acid, or plicatic acid were used. Beta-thujaplicin and thujic acid were associated with significantly reduced rates of Gloeophyllum sepiarium , Fomitopsis palustris, and Dichomitus squalens basidiospore germination. Plicatic acid was not associated with any effect on basidiospore germination. Planting stock that generates heartwood with high concentrations of thujaplicins and thujic acid should be selected to yield wood that will be resistant to basidiospore germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry raw material of both peppermint and sweet basil grown with the application of different hydroponic methods (cylindrical, gully, continuous, classical) exceeds soil culture by 1.2-2.7 and 1.8-2.7 times. At the same time a high output by (1.6-3.1 times) of secondary origin bioactive sub stances was observed in cylindrical and classical hydroponics systems due to the high productivity of peppermint and in the case of basil in cylindrical hydroponics system by (1.22.9 times). For determining antioxidant activity from different quantity of alcoholic extracts obtained from the mentioned plants the more effective is chosen in peppermint 5.0 mg/ml in which case free radical oxidation process of lipids is repressed from 68-84%, and in case of basil 1.0 mg/ml 23-31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L) samples with high extractive content and poplar ( Populus × euramericana cv. Pannónia) samples with low extractive content were chosen for the test. The specimens were thermally treated at 160 and 200 °C in sunflower oil for 2, 4, and 6 h then irradiated by a strong UV emitter mercury lamp up to 36 h. The effects of thermal treatment and UV radiation were monitored by colour measurement. The results indicated that the extractives play an important role in the photodegradation of oil-heat treated wood. Thermal treatments reduced the lightness change effect of photodegradation. The oil-heat treated black locust samples showed similar photodegradation properties independently on the thermal pre-treatment time and temperature. The redness of oil-heat treated black locust samples hardly changed during UV radiation proving the photostability of the thermally modified extractives. The redness change of poplar samples caused by UV radiation was partly determined by the temperature of thermal treatment (darkening and lightening also happened). The yellow colour change of the investigated samples showed that the lignin of thermally modified wood undergoes similar photodegradation as that of the untreated natural wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition and the anatomy ofCopaifera langsdorffiibark are reported here for the first time by studying trees grown in a native forest area in the Amazon region, Brazil. The bark is thin, dark reddish brown, and exfoliates in irregular flakes. It is very dense, showing highly lignified cells and abundant sclereids, and cellular fillings of phenolic nature. It includes a poorly developed rhytidome and a periderm with thin- and thick-walled phellem cells. The mean chemical composition was: ash 3.7%, total extractives 21.3%, mainly corresponding to polar compounds soluble in ethanol and water, suberin 0.8%, and lignin 36.6%. The polysaccharides showed a predominance of glucose and xylose (66.4% and 23.5% of total monosaccharides, respectively). The ethanol-water bark extract had a high content in phenolics: total phenolics 589.2 mg gallic acid/g extract, flavonoids 441.9 mg catechin/g extract, and tannins 54.8 mg catechin/g extract. The antioxidant activity was high, comparable to known antioxidant reference compounds: 720.3 mg Trolox per g of extract or 92.1 mg Trolox per g of bark. After bark grinding, the finest fraction was enriched in polar extractives (40.6%).C. langsdorffiibark is a potential source of functional extractives, therefore representing a valorization of the residual bark obtained during the industrial tree processing for timber. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this work was to study the hygroscopicity and surface chemical composition of thermally modified (TM) spruce. An effort was also made to study if those features were influenced by a previous exposure to a significant increase in relative humidity (RH). TM and unmodified Norway spruce (Picea abiesKarst) samples, both in solid and ground form, were prepared. Water vapour sorption characteristics of the ground samples were obtained by measuring sorption isotherms using a dynamic vapour sorption (DVS). The surface chemical composition of the solid samples, both acetone extracted and non-extracted, were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The DVS analysis indicated that the TM wood exposed to the 75% RH revealed a decrease in isotherm hysteresis. The XPS analysis indicated a decrease of acetone extractable or volatile organic components and a relative increase of non-extractable components for the samples exposed to the increased RH condition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigated weathering performance of an HDPE wood plastic composite reinforced with extracted or delignified wood flour (WF). The wood flour was pre-extracted with three different solvents, toluene/ethanol (TE), acetone/water (AW), and hot water (HW), or sodium chlorite/acetic acid. The spectral properties of the composites before and after artificial weathering under accelerated conditions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the surface color parameters were analyzed using colorimetry, and the mechanical properties were determined by a flexural test. Weathering of WPC resulted in a surface lightening and a decrease in wood index (wood/HDPE) and flexural strength. WPCs that were reinforced with delignified wood flour showed higher ΔL* and ΔE* values, together with lower MOE and MOR retention ratios upon weathering when compared to those with non-extracted control and extracted WF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp mills constantly look for opportunities to increase their production capacity without major investments, as well as to save in overall bleaching costs. Peracetic acid (PAA) is used in post bleaching of kraft pulps to increase pulp brightness, to prevent brightness reversion in pulp storage, and to prohibit problems caused by extractives. However, the rates and significance of reactions between PAA and lipophilic extractives in pulp bleaching are not known in detail. Hence, the reactions between PAA and model compounds of extractives have been studied as emulsions in water and directly in methyl- tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Unsaturated compounds were found to be reactive in both water and MTBE, and the conventional extractive analyses had to be modified. Freeze-drying the reaction mixture with subsequent trimethylsilylation and GC-analysis was a very effective analytical approach. As a result of PAA treatment, fatty acids and sterols with double bonds were shown to form epoxides and the corresponding diols. Dehydroabietic acid (DeAb) also reacted with PAA by oxidation of the benzylic position. After longer reaction times, the reaction products of the extractives were further degraded or formed cross-linked aggregates. The epoxides and diols were also identified in samples from pulp mills applying PAA in post bleaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the characterisation of pine wood strands ( Pinus sylvestris) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In this work, solvent extracted and non-extracted wood strands from heartwood and sapwood pine were analysed to examine if notable differences can be observed. Reference samples of lignin and cellulose were analysed to enable the identification of the different spectral components of wood. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extractive foreign direct investment (FDI) is heralded as the new development opportunity in Africa. A key precondition for FDI's contribution, however, is that foreign investors create ‘local content’ by linking up to the local economy. Consequently, African host governments are contemplating ways in which they can promote local content. This paper examines local content policies and practices in three African countries – Tanzania, Uganda and Mozambique – all countries with huge expectations for extractive based economic development. It is found that in spite of high ambitions and strong expectations, local content is limited, shallow and inefficient. The paper explores why local content apparently is so difficult to achieve in these African countries. It is argued that conventional economic explanations, focusing on market failures and weak institutions, are partial at best and therefore must be complemented with political explanations. Hence, it is proposed that local content practices in the three countries can be understood partly as the results of ruling elites’ efforts to build and maintain stable political coalitions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Four common species of Dalbergia genus (D. bariensis, D. oliveri, D. cochinchinensis, and D. retusa), which are traded as "Rosewood" or "Hongmu" commonly throughout East and Southeast Asia, were extracted with ethanol-benzene and the extractives were analyzed by means of three IR spectroscopic methods aiming at their chemotaxonomic differentiation. Conventional FTIR and 2nd derivative IR (SD-IR) showed defined spectral ranges, where the differences are pronounced. Two-dimensional correlation infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy revealed significant auto-peaks suitable for reliable differentiation of the four Dalbergia species. The gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) evaluation of the extractives was also useful. It can be concluded that the analysis of the extractives is the best chemotaxonomic approach for identification of anatomically similar wood species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of the extractives sector in Zimbabwe has recently come under scrutiny due to the uncertain social, economic and political environment. Zimbabwe's mining sector was under colonial legislation for a long time and that legislation has recently been reviewed. Existing extractives sector laws do not adequately promote transparency and accountability, an issue recognized by stakeholders throughout the mining sector. The advent of the new constitution and law reform processes indicates Zimbabwe's intention to incorporate good governance, transparency and accountability provisions in the mining sector. State driven reforms have been inspired by global and local civil society initiatives. Analysis shows that, for various reasons, the government does not readily embrace such initiatives, which are important drivers of official policy and legal reforms. Zimbabwean environmental civil society groups have been exceptional in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp concrete is an alternative building material used for insulation in low energy constructions. Experiments conducted with pure cement have generally led to poor binding properties, hence, commercial binders are often composed of a mix of hydraulic binder with lime. However, empirical observations in laboratories or onsite indicate that setting problems still may occur. This paper attempts to identify the phenomena that can explain the properties of mixed binders. With regard to hydration and mechanical performances, the results show that the addition of lime, especially fine lime, can reduce detrimental effects of hemp, but does not fully suppress them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an aquatic flowering plant that belongs to the Pontederiaceae family. The plant is a freshwater hydrophyte that grows in subtropical and tropical regions of the world. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical characterization of roots, stems, and leaves of E. crassipes. The pH, ash, 1% alkali solubility, extractives, lignin, holocellulose, tannins, and calorific value were determined. Our results showed that the mineral content is relatively high, whereas that for lignin and tannins is low. The pH is moderately acid, and the soluble substances easily dissolved in alkali or organic solvents. Potassium, calcium, and silicon are the major constituents present in the ash of this plant. The determined calorific value was approximately 14.4 MJ/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this laboratory study, the initial phase of a single-stage sodium bisulfite cook was observed and analyzed. The experiments were carried out using either a lab- or a mill-prepared cooking acid, and the cooking temperature used in these experiments was 154 °C. Investigated parameters were the chemical consumption, the pH profile, and the pulp yield with respect to cellulose, lignin, glucomannan, xylan, and finally extractives. Cooking was extended down to approximately 60% pulp yield and the pulp composition during the cook, with respect to carbohydrates and lignin, was summarized in a kinetic model. The mill-prepared cooking acid had a higher COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) content than the lab-prepared cooking acid and this influenced the pH and the formation of thiosulfate during the cook. It was found that the presence of dissolved carbohydrates and lignin in the bisulfite cooking liquor affected the extractives removal and the thiosulfate formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bark of Goupia glabra trees grown in a native forest area in the Amazon region of Brazil was anatomically and chemically characterised for potential use as a chemical source for bio-refineries. The bark is silvery-grey to reddish-grey, with a scaly rhytidome composed of 2 to 3 periderms with a small phellem content. The phloem has abundant sieve tube members and a conspicuous presence of sclerified nodules of fibersclereids or sclereids; no fibers were observed. The bark had the following average composition (dry mass): 5.2% ash, 24.6% total extractives, 1.1% suberin, and 43.8% total lignin. The polysaccharide composition showed a high ratio of xylan hemicelluloses to cellulose. The ethanol-water bark extract showed high antioxidant capacity. The chemical characterisation of different granulometric fractions showed that extractives were present preferentially in the finest fractions, particularly with enrichment in ethanol solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum, whose extractives can activate the demic acquired immune response, is an expensive medicinal plant. However, the rich extractives in I. verum biomass were seriously wasted for the inefficient extraction and separation processes. In order to further utilize the biomedical resources for the good acquired immune response, the four extractives were obtained by SJYB extraction, and then the immunology moleculars of SJYB extractives were identified and analyzed by GC–MS. The result showed that the first-stage extractives contained 108 components including anethole (40.27%), 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (4.25%), etc.; the second-stage extractives had 5 components including anethole (84.82%), 2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-n-methyl-acetamide (7.11%), etc.; the third-stage extractives contained one component namely anethole (100%); and the fourth-stage extractives contained 5 components including cyclohexyl-benzene (64.64%), 1-(1-methylethenyl)-3-(1-methylethyl)-benzene (17.17%), etc. The SJYB extractives of I. verum biomass had a main retention time between 10 and 20 min what’s more, the SJYB extractives contained many biomedical moleculars, such as anethole, eucalyptol, [1S-(1α,4aα,10aβ)]-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, stigmast-4-en-3-one, γ -sitosterol, and so on. So the functional analytical results suggested that the SJYB extractives of I. verum had a function in activating the acquired immune response and a huge potential in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many herbaceous lignocelluloses suitable for ethanol production have high extractives contents, such as some straws and corn stover. The high extractives content might affect pretreatment or enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, extractives were removed from corn stover, and then extractives-free corn stover and ordinary corn stover were respectively pretreated using a liquid hot water (LHW) method and hydrolyzed to evaluate the effect of extractives on cellulose digestibility. Extractives-free corn stover presented higher cellulose digestibility than ordinary corn stover after the same pretreatment conditions. A total of 87.3% of cellulose was digested in extractives-free corn stover, compared to 71.0% in ordinary corn stover, after pretreatment at 200℃ for 20 min. It is speculated that some water-soluble extractives could buffer H+ ions from water and acetic acid during LHW pretreatment process, reducing xylan removal. Another reason for these results might be that some extractives could condense on corn stover after LHW pretreatment, which hinders cellulose hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts from sawdust of four naturally durable wood species [Alaskan yellow cedar, AYC, Cupressus nootkanansis D. Don 1824; eastern red cedar, ERC, Juniperus virginiana L.; honey mesquite, HM, Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; and black locust, BL, Robinia pseudoacacia L.] were used to treat southern pine, Pt, Pinus taeda L. sapwood blocks. Extractive treated blocks were evaluated for decay resistance in standard soil bottle fungal assays challenged with brown and white rot decay fungi. Results showed that extractives did impart some improvement to decay resistance of Pt blocks. BL- and HM-treated Pt blocks were also used in choice and no-choice assays to determine feeding preference and damage by eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) Kollar. Minimal feeding on treated blocks was seen in both choice and no-choice assays. In choice assays, there was similar mortality between HM and BL arenas; however, in no-choice assays, complete mortality was recorded for HM-treated Pt and high mortality was seen with BL-treated Pt. Subsequent dose mortality termite assays showed HM to be effective in killing R. flavipes at low concentrations. Both HM and BL show promise as deterrents or termiticidal protectants and will be further evaluated in field studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers an efficient method for the characterization of solid wood. Nowadays, it is particularly relevant to the development of new methods that allow the determination of chemical composition in wood at the microscopic level, in order to enable the estimation of the distribution of the main chemical components at the mapped area. In this work, NIR hyperspectral imaging was applied for the determination of the distribution of holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose), lignin and extractives at the three grown directions (tangential, transversal and radial) of the specie Swietenia macrophylla King (Mahogany). The concentration maps were obtained by applying multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). NIR spectra recovered by MCR-ALS for cellulose, lignin and extractives showed band signals that agreed with the ones observed in reference spectra or in the literature. The mapped area presented different anatomical structures, which makes possible to observe the distributions of holocellulose, lignin and extractives in these different structures. The concentration maps for holocellulose showed that the fibers and the vascular line are the anatomical structures with the highest concentrations of this compound, which concentration varied from 30 to 91% (w/w). The concentration maps for extractives and lignin also showed high concentrations in vascular line, while rays showed the lowest concentrations. Considering the mapped area, lignin and extractives presented relative concentrations varying from 16 to 53% (w/w) and 1 to 16% (w/w), respectively. It was observed that the estimated concentrations in the maps agreed with the anatomic functions of the structures observed in the images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree barks could be a rich source of novel bioactive compounds, which are not well explored. In this work, the chemical constituent investigation of extractives from the inner barks of Sophora japonica L. (Leguminosae) led to the isolation of a new cis- p-coumaroyl flavonol glycoside, which was elucidated as kaempferol 3- O-(4″- cis- p-coumaroyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside ( IV). The structure of the new compound was established mainly based on extensive spectroscopic techniques. In addition, among the four known phenolics purified in this study, including three flavonol glycosides [rutin ( I), kaempferol-3- O-(6″-galloyl)-β-glucopyranoside ( II), and quercitrin ( V)], as well as a phenolic acid [ trans-ferulic acid ( III)], compounds II and III have never been reported in S. japonica previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, effects of rubberwood acidity and catalyst content on curing behaviour of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin were investigated. Various types of rubberwood raw materials, namely, wood without bark, wood with bark, bark and pressure-refined fibres were measured for pH and buffer capacity. Their solubility extractives were also determined. There were significant differences between raw materials. Bark had the highest pH and buffer capacity. Bark also had the highest extractive content. Hot water solubility, cold water solubility, 1% NaOH solubility, alcohol-benzene solubility and ash content were significantly correlated with buffer capacity, while only ash content was correlated with pH. Addition of catalyst decreased peak temperature but increased the reaction enthalpy of UF resin. This influence was not evident in higher level of added catalyst because further increase had little effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were made on the fibre and chemical characteristics of Bambusa vulgaris Shrad. ex. Wendl in order to provide basic information on its potential use as a sustainable and alternative raw material for pulp and paper making. Nine culms of three different ages (2, 3 and 4 years) harvested were used for the study. Samples were collected from the base, middle and top portion along the culm length in accordance with standard procedures to investigate the chemical properties, fibre dimensions and derived morphological indices. Generally, age do not influence the fibre properties except the fibre length that varies along the culm length. The derived morphological indices vary similarly among different age of the culm. There were variations in the chemical properties among ages except the holocellulose which do not vary with age but varied along the culm length. Based on the studied fibre and chemical properties, B. vulgaris is suitable as raw material for pulp and papermaking since the fibre characteristics do not vary significantly with age and position along the culm. The result, however, did not indicate the suitability for pulp and paper based on its high density, high lignin and extractive content as it may pose problem in pulping. Nevertheless, B. vulgaris will produce good and strong papers due to its RR that is below 1 and SR which is more than 33 couple with its high fibre flexibility ratio, holocellulose and cellulose contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da extração da madeira de seis espécies, quatro nativas (candeia, cedro, cerejeira e jacarandá-caviúna) e duas exóticas (E. citriodora e E. gumifera), em diferentes solventes, na resistência ao apodrecimento causado pelo fungo da podridão-parda Gloeophyllum trabeum. O material foi ensaiado na forma de serragem, em face da maior facilidade para os procedimentos de extração. Dentre os resultados, pode-se destacar a baixa perda de massa ocorrida na madeira de cedro (Cedrela fissilis), evidenciando sua elevada resistência natural ao fungo testado e, ainda, à incapacidade dos solventes utilizados na retirada de compostos que conferem resistência ao apodrecimento. As madeiras de candeia (Vanillosmopsis erythropappa), cerejeira (Amburana cearensis), jacarandá-caviúna (Machaerium scleroxylon) e de eucaliptos (Corymbia citriodora e Eucalyptus gummifera) também apresentaram elevada resistência natural, em função da baixa perda de massa ocorrida, quando expostas ao fungo G. trabeum. Essas madeiras, quando totalmente extraídas, apresentaram elevados valores de perda de massa. No que diz respeito ao material extraído por diferentes solventes de forma isolada, observou-se, na candeia, que o solvente mais eficiente na retirada de substâncias que conferem resistência ao apodrecimento foi o diclorometano. Com relação ao cedro, o mais eficiente foi o metanol. Na cerejeira, por meio da mistura de etanol/tolueno retiraram-se mais substâncias, ao passo que no jacarandá-caviúna foi o metanol. Nas madeiras de eucaliptos, o metanol foi mais eficiente na retirada de componentes tóxicos ao fungo utilizado neste estudo, devendo destacar ainda, no E. gummifera, a eficiência da água quente na retirada de tais compostos. No C. citriodora, os valores de perda de massa, em razão das extrações em água fria, em água quente, em diclorometano e ao natural (não-extraída), foram muito baixos.In this work, the wood of six indigenous and two exotic species, previously extracted with different solvents, was exposed to the fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, with the objective of determining which solvent was most efficient in removing the substances responsible for their resistance to decay. The samples were reduced to sawdust and extracted with cold and hot water, with a mixture of ethanol/toluene, dichloromethane, and methanol, and also totally extracted with hot water with ethanol-toluene and ethanol. After extraction, the samples were inoculated with the fungus, inside a plastic container. The results showed the remarkable resistance of Cedrela fissilis wood, even after total extraction, as evidenced by its low mass loss; the solvents were unable to remove the substance or substances that confer that durability. Non-extracted Amburana cearensis, Vanillosmopsis erythropappa, Machaerium scleroxylon and eucalypts (Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus gummifera) showed their typical resistance; when totally extracted, however, their mass loss was very high. As regarding individual solvents, in V. erythropappa and eucalypts, dichloromethane was the most efficient in removing the substance responsible for resistance. C. citriodora wood showed a low mass loss when it was extracted with cold and hot water, dichloromethane and natural (not extracted). Wood of A. cearensis extracted with the mixture ethanol/toluene had the most severe weight loss, while in M. scleroxylon the most efficient solvent was methanol.

Problemas de deposição de "pitch" em fábricas de celulose e de papel são atribuídos aos extrativos lipofílicos existentes na madeira. Uma das maneiras mais eficientes de controlar essa deposição é através da remoção de seus precursores do sistema, logo que possível, nas etapas de cozimento, lavagem da polpa marrom e pré-deslignificação com oxigênio. O uso de surfactantes como aditivos da polpação tem sido investigado, mas há grande deficiência de informações técnicas, e a aplicação industrial é, ainda, incipiente. A proposta deste trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade de minimizar a deposição de "pitch", intensificando a remoção de suas substâncias precursoras na etapa de polpação pelo uso de tensoativos sintéticos com propriedades umectantes e solubilizantes. Foram testados 20 princípios ativos de surfactantes em cozimento kraft convencional de madeira de eucalipto. Os resultados, alguns estatisticamente significativos, apontaram redução do teor de substâncias lipofílicas na polpa marrom. Foi observado que a remoção dos extrativos lipofílicos da madeira é afetada, inversamente, pelo teor de óxido de eteno na molécula do surfactante. Outros parâmetros de cozimento, como deslignificação, rendimento, teor de rejeitos e viscosidade da polpa, foram também avaliados.Extractives are pitch precursors and may decrease pulping efficiency and affect pulp quality. Probably, the most efficient way to minimize pitch problems is to remove their precursors from the system during cooking, pulp washing and oxygen delignification. Use of surfactants as pulping additives has been investigated but technical information is deficient and industrial application is very incipient. The objective of this study was to analyze the performance of different surfactants as additives for kraft pulping of Eucalyptus wood. Twenty surfactants with different basic chemical structures were used. The results demonstrated that utilization of surfactant presents promising results as an additive for kraft pulping.

Bayberry has been largely planted in China, and the waste of fresh flesh of bayberry was still abandoned. Therefore, the extractives of fresh flesh of bayberry were studied to further utilize the bio-resources. Through the Foss method, the result shown that ketone, aldehyde, ester and acid compounds were accounted for 1.30, 92.61, 0.54 and 6.09% of the extractives which were extracted from fresh flesh of bayberry by methanol solvents. Aldehyde, bicyclic sesquiterpenes, acid, ester and alcohol compounds accounted for 53.74, 9.95, 28.49, 6.79 and 1.05% of the extractives which were extracted from fresh flesh of bayberry by ethanol solvents. Ketone, aldehyde, carbohydrate, acid and ester compounds accounted for 4.77, 77.95, 12.06, 4.77 and 0.44% of the extractives which were extracted from fresh flesh of bayberry by ethyl acetate solvents. The extractives of fresh flesh of bayberry were rich in rare drug and biomedical activities and the ethanol is more better to extract the fresh flesh of bayberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to present an integrated process that can be used to produce biomedical and biological active components from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel. Through the Foss method, Aldehyde, acid compounds, acyl and alcohol compounds account for 22.7, 15.93, 0.24 and 61.13% of the extractives which were extracted from Camellia oleifera fruit shell by methanol solvents. Furfural, Pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde, 1-methyl- and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural account for 4.74, 1.22 and 58.78% of the extractives which were extracted from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel by ethanol solvents. Aldehyde, acid and amine compounds account for 5.01, 56.18 and 7.20% of the extractives which were extracted from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel by ethyl acetate solvents. The extractives of fresh flesh of bayberry were rich in rare drug, biomedical and biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability of following five wood species: Zelkova carpinifolia, Ulmus glabra, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Carpinus betulus and Acer laetum were studied. Wood blocks exposed to Trametes versicolor(a white rot fungus) under laboratory conditions according to DIN52176 standard. After 16 weeks incubation the heart wood of Z. carpinifolia showed 2.19% reduction in weight loss, while U glabra with 41.69%, C. betulus with 45.64%, A. laetum with 53.03% and P. Fraxinifolia with 43.08% weight losses were very decayed. For finding relationship between amount of wood decay and wood extractives a regression was carried out. The percentages of extractive materials by using T20403 standard were 13.84% in Z. carpinifolia, 4.51% in U. glabra, 2.74% in C. betulus, 3.88% in A. laetum, and 4.11% in P. fraxinifolia. Finally there was a negative correlation between rate of decay and amount of wood there was expect P. fraxinifolia. for all wood species extractives.

Wood contains abundant extractives and volatile oils, which release strong odor and hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Free radicals generated by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be used to efficiently destroy organic components in the aqueous phase. However, the limited water availability of hydrophobic extractives and non-water soluble volatile oils in wood may decrease the effectiveness of traditional in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). The poor permeability of wood-blocks, the limited of matter transmission, and the short half-life of radicals result in the low utilization of free radicals. To tackle this issue, surfactants can be combined with an ultrasound-activated persulfate (PS) process to construct a biphasic wood/water system to enhance the utilization of aqueous-phase radicals and the mass transfer of extractives and volatile oils. Various controlling factors were evaluated, including surfactant concentration, PS dosage and ultrasound temperature. The GC-MS analysis indicated that the removal rate of wood VOCs was ∼66.9 % without recycling treatment. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis further revealed that SO 4 •- and •OH as the main reactive species. The evaluation of wood characteristics shows that the process has no serious damage. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for the oxidative removal of VOCs from wood. [Display omitted] • VOCs source can be effectively oxidized in biphasic system. • C12-MADS surfactant was highly compatible with the ultrasound-activated persulfate. • Synergistic of ultrasonic irradiation and surfactant played a crucial role in the desorption of VOCs from wood. • The EPR analysis reveals that S O 4 - · and ·OH are the primary reactive species. • The key wood-VOCs was analyzed by the HS-SPME/GC-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood extractives play a major role in the protection of wood against termite and fungal attack. Wood extractives from three hard wood species of Milicia excelsa, Albizia coriaria and Markhamia lutea that are known to be very resistant against termite attack and fungal decay were studied to assess their role as wood preservatives in Uganda. Acetone, hexane and distilled water were used in the extraction of these compounds from the outer heartwood of the selected durable species. Extraction was done using a soxhlet extractor. The extractives obtained were used to treat Pinus caribaea and Antiaris toxicaria species known to be susceptible to termites and fungal attack. Treated blocks were then exposed to Macrotermes bellicosus termites in the fi eld. It was observed that wood extracts used as preservatives improved the resistance of less durable samples to termite attack by 50% compared to the controls. It was also observed that removal of extractives decreased resistance of the durable samples. It can be concluded that wood extractives contribute greatly to the protection of less durable wood species against termite attack.

The health problems amongst musical instrument makers working on the White mulberry (Morus alba), lead to investigate the toxicity potential of wood extractives. Five solvents of different polarity and two methods of extractions were used to ensure a thorough, clear and classified compound removal. The compounds were identified using qualitative GC-mass and the toxicity were determined by studying their effect on termite survival (Reticulitermes flavipes). The results indicated the presence of different compound categories like phenols, higher hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols and aromatic components in the extractives. These compounds were not removable by just one solvent and the order of removal was polarity related. The extractives were found toxic towards termites. Resorcinol, which corresponded to the highest proportion of peaks in the GC-mass spectra, has been assigned as the possible compound responsible for the allergic reactions by the artisans.

The chemical industry is being forced to evaluate new strategies for more effective utilization of renewable feedstocks to diminish the use of fossil resources. In this literature review, the integration of both acidic and alkaline pretreatment phases of hardwood and softwood chips with chemical pulping is discussed. Depending on the pretreatment conditions, high-volume sulfur-free fractions with varying chemical compositions can be produced. In case of acidic pretreatments, the major products include carbohydrates (mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides), whereas under alkaline (i.e., aqueous NaOH) pretreatment conditions, the sulfur-free fractions of aliphatic carboxylic acids, lignin, and extractives are primarily obtained. All these fractions are potentially interesting groups of compounds and can be used in a number of applications. Finally, the effects of pretreatments on pulping are also considered. Although it is believed that there are important advantages to be gained by integrating this type of renewable raw material-based production, in particular, with kraft pulping, sulfur-free pulping methods such as soda-AQ and oxygen/alkali delignification processes are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV and visible light exposure of dark colored wood and thermally modified timber (TMT) is strongly connected with discoloration and photobleaching of the respective wood surfaces. Conventional and nanoscale UV absorbers as well as radical scavengers (HALS), mainly effective for the protection of softwood and bright hardwood, were found to be improper for the light stabilization of dark wood surfaces. In the current work discoloration mechanisms are discussed considering the role of wood extractives and the sensitivity of dark colored wood types to visible light and results are presented which were obtained by applying novel protecting systems for the light stabilization of transparently coated surfaces from dark colored wood types and TMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results from studies on the pre-treatment of veneers from Scots pine using hydrogen peroxide and a ferrous catalyst followed by pressing at 220, 230, and 240°C. The treatment gave boards that did not delaminate when exposed to water followed by drying of room temperature, whereas boards without a pre-treatment delaminated. The press-plate temperature did not influence the extent of delamination, but the thickness swelling was lower at higher press temperature. Analysis of extracts from the oxidative pre-treated and hot-pressed surface material using UV-spectroscopy was compared with analysis of bondlines from water-stable laminated boards from beech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Long-term exposure of sweetgum trees to elevated atmospheric CO concentrations significantly shifted inner bark (phloem) and outer bark (rhytidome) chemical compositions, having implications for both defense and nutrient cycling. Abstract: Changes in plant tissue chemistry due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) concentrations have direct implications for tissue resistance to abiotic and biotic stress while living, and soil nutrient cycling when senesced as litter. Although the effects of elevated CO concentrations on tree foliar chemistry are well documented, the effects on tree bark chemistry are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a long-term elevated CO treatment on the contents of individual elements, extractives, ash, lignin, and polysaccharide sugars of sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) bark. Trees were harvested from sweetgum plots equipped with the Free-Air CO Enrichment (FACE) apparatus, receiving either elevated or ambient CO treatments over a 12-year period. Whole bark sections were partitioned into inner bark (phloem) and outer bark (rhytidome) samples before analysis. Principal component analysis, coupled with either Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data, was also used to screen for differences. Elevated CO reduced the N content (0.42 vs. 0.35 %) and increased the C:N ratio (109 vs. 136 %) of the outer bark. For the inner bark, elevated CO increased the Mn content (470 vs. 815 mg kg), total extractives (13.0 vs. 15.6 %), and residual ash content (8.1 vs. 10.8 %) as compared to ambient CO; differences were also observed for some hemicellulosic sugars, but not lignin. Shifts in bark chemistry can affect the success of herbivores and pathogens in living trees, and as litter, bark can affect the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients within the forest floor. Results demonstrate that increasing atmospheric CO concentrations have the potential to impact the chemistry of temperate, deciduous tree bark such as sweetgum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood used in making musical instruments usually undergoes pre-treatments or conditioning. Some processes have resulted from laboratory research, while many treatments are applied by craftsmen using traditional methods that have not yet been scientifically assessed. This paper is based on laboratory methods which simulate hydrothermal pre-treatments traditionally applied by Iranian lute makers to mulberry (Morus alba), an important wood for lutes from the Middle East to Japan. By applying a cyclic process, drying (60°C) and ambient re-conditioning, which mimics wood seasoning and short-term aging, the damping coefficient (tanδ) was decreased down to 10% without negatively affecting specific modulus of elasticity (E'/ρ). Long-term (up to 4 months) soaking in cold water removed extractives, and decreased density as well as E'/ρ, but did not affect tanδ. Short-term hot water treatment removed as many extractives, but caused a smaller decrease in E'/ρ than cold water, and significantly increased tanδ. This paper helps to clarify some traditional processes used by instrument makers, and can provide a basis for necessary cross-cultural scientific studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]