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LBNL-56207 Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Commercial Equipment: Additional Opportunities Greg Rosenquist, Michael McNeil, Maithili Iyer, Steve Meyers, and Jim McMahon Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 September 2004 This work was supported by the National Commission on Energy Policy through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNL-55668 Profile of the Chemicals Industry in California California Industries of the Future Program Christina Galitsky and Ernst Worrell June 2004 Energy Analysis Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720 This work was supported by the California Energy Commission through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

The use of environmental energy is now emerging as a feasible energy source for embedded and wireless computing systems such as sensor networks where manual recharging or replacement of batteries is not practical. However, energy supply from environmental sources is highly variable with time. Further, for a distributed system, the energy available at its various locations will be different. These variations strongly influence the way in which environmental energy is used. We present a harvesting theory for determining performance in such systems. First we present a model for characterizing environmental sources. Second, we state and prove two harvesting theorems that help determine the sustainable performance level from a particular source. This theory leads to practical techniques for scheduling processes in energy harvesting systems. Third, we present our implementation of a real embedded system that runs on solar energy and uses our harvesting techniques. The system adjusts its performance level in response to available resources. Fourth, we propose a localized algorithm for increasing the performance of a distributed system by adapting the process scheduling to the spatio-temporal characteristics of the environmental energy in the distributed system. While our theoretical intuition is based on certain abstractions, all the scheduling methods we present are motivated solely from the experimental behavior and resource constraints of practical sensor networking systems.

LBNL-54964 E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Developing an Energy Efficiency Service Industry in Shanghai Jiang Lin, Charles Goldman, Mark Levine, Nicole Hopper Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Environmental Energy Technologies Division February 2004

LBNL-54049 Electricity Transmission Congestion Costs: A Review of Recent Reports Prepared by Bernard C. Lesieutre and Joseph H. Eto Energy Analysis Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA October 2003 The work described in this report was coordinated by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions and funded by the Office of Electric Transmission and Distribution of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03- 76SF00098.

LBNL-53410 Duct Thermal Performance Models for Large Commercial Buildings Craig Wray Environmental Energy Technologies Division Indoor Environment Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 October 2003 This report describes work supported by the California Energy Commission through the Public Interest Energy Research program under contract no. 400-99-012-1, and by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNL- 52759 E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY A Business Case for On-Site Generation: The BD Biosciences Pharmingen Project Prepared for the Transmission Reliability Program of the Distributed Energy and Electric Reliability Program Principal Authors: Ryan Firestone, Charles Creighton, Owen Bailey, Chris Marnay, and Michael Stadler Other Team Members Emily Bartholomew, Norman Bourassa, Jennifer Edwards, Kristina Hamachi LaCommare, Tim Lipman, and Afzal Siddiqui Environmental Energy Technologies Division September 2003 The work described in this report was funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Electric Reliability Program of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNL- 50965 ERNEST O R L A N D O L A W R E N C E B E R K E L E Y NATIONAL LABORATORY Comparing the Risk Profiles of Renewable and Natural Gas Electricity Contracts: A Summary of the California Department of Water Resources Contracts Devra Bachrach, Ryan Wiser, Mark Bolinger, and William Golove Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd., M S 90-4000 Berkeley, California 94720 Environmental Energy Technologies Division March 2003 Download from: http://eetd.lbl.gOv/ea/EMS/EMS_pubs.html#RE The work described in this study was funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF0098. i

LBNL-52079 ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE B E R K E L E Y NATIONAL LABORATORY Evaluation Framework and Tools for Distributed Energy Resources Etan Z. Gumerman, Ranjit R. Bharvirkar, Kristina Hamachi LaCommare, and Chris Marnay Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road., MS90-4000 Berkeley, California 94720 Environmental Energy Technologies Division February 2003 Download from: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/EMS/EMS_pubs.html#RE This work described in this paper was funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Building Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

Energy constrained systems such as sensor networks can increase their usable lifetimes by extracting energy from their environment. However, environmental energy will typically not be spread homogeneously over the spread of the network. We argue that significant improvements in usable system lifetime can be achieved if the task allocation is aligned with the spatio-temporal characteristics of energy availability. To the best of our knowledge, this problem has not been addressed before. We present a distributed framework for the sensor network to adaptively learn its energy environment and give localized algorithms to use this information for task sharing among nodes. Our framework allows the system to exploit its energy resources more efficiently, thus increasing its lifetime. These gains are in addition to those from utilizing sleep modes and residual energy based scheduling mechanisms. Performance studies for an experimental energy environment show up to 200% improvement in lifetime.

LBNL-49309 The Implications of Carbon Taxation on Microgrid Adoption of Small-Scale On-Site Power Generation Using a Multi-Criteria Approach 1 Afzal S. Siddiqui, Anibal T. de Almeida 2 , Chris Marnay, and F. Javier Rubio 3 Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90-4000 Berkeley CA 94720 http://eetd.lbl.gov/EA/EMP/emppubs.html December 2001 The authors are grateful to Kristina S. Hamachi, Mark Khavkin, Emily S. Bartholomew, Mithra M. Moezzi, and Tim Lipman, as well as Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) partners Robert H. Lasseter, Abbas A. Akhil, and Jeffrey Dagle for helpful comments and discussion. This work was supported by funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission. Instituto de Sistemas e Robotica, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Instituto de Investigacion Tecnologica, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain.

LBNL-51101 Final Methodology for a Field Study of Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Efficiency in New Relocatable Classrooms in Northern California Derek G. Shendell, Dennis Di Bartolomeo, William J. Fisk, Alfred T. Hodgson, Tosh Hotchi, Seung-Min Lee, Douglas P. Sullivan, and Michael G. Apte Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Indoor Environment Department, Environmental Energy Technology Division, Berkeley, CA Leo I. Rainer Davis Energy Group, Davis, CA Submitted to the California Energy Commission August 2002 for the Public Interest Energy Research Program funded LBNL High Performance Commercial Buildings Systems Program (HPCBS), Element 6.2.2

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key compound in the energy metabolism of cells and is required to drive vital biochemical reactions. In heterotrophic organisms ATP production is coupled to the degradation of energy-rich organic material taken up from the environment. In the transfer of the environmental energy to cellular processes heterotrophs face a tradeoff, since the conversion of the environmental energy into ATP cannot be both maximally fast and efficient. Here we show how tradeoffs between rate and yield of ATP production arise firstly from thermodynamical principles, and secondly for the ATP production by respiration and fermentation. Using methods derived from game theory and population dynamics we investigate the evolutionary consequences for both tradeoffs. We show that spatially structured environments enable the evolution of efficient pathways with high yield. The strategies of ATP production realized in a population, however, depend on the quantitative properties of the tradeoffs.

Judging from the few pages dealing with bioturbation in books on coastal sediment dynamics (e. g. Hails and Carr 1975; Dyer 1986), one might conclude bioturbation to be unimportant in sediment dynamics: waves and (tidal) currents have a predominant role in sediment transport and erosion. Is this conclusion wrong? Probably not: For the Lister Basin near Sylt, Bayerl et al. (1998) conclude that reworking of sediments is mainly physical, certainly in exposed parts hardly influenced by bioturbation. With an increase in current strength and/or wave exposure (energy in the environment), sediment transport will increase. This is not the case with bioturbation. In very high-energy environments, sediment transport is too high for benthic organisms to live, so bioturbation is also absent. Under absence of water movement, benthic organisms also will not thrive. If oxygen deficiency also occurs they may be even completely absent. In between these extremes of environmental energy, benthic organisms and, therefore, bioturbation play a role. Sediment transport by bioturbation is mainly vertical, within the sediment column, whereas currents and waves transport sediment along the bottom. However, both are linked, e. g. sediment brought to the surface by organisms may be taken up and dispersed by currents. We can visualise sediment transport in a very simple model (Fig. 6.1) in which energy is on the X-axis, sediment dynamics on the Y-axis.

LBNL 46990 E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY EMERGING ENERGY-EFFICIENT INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES N. Martin, E. Worrell, M. Ruth, L. Price LBNL R.N. Elliott, A.M. Shipley, J. Thorne ACEEE Environmental Energy Technologies Division October 2000 This work was supported by the Climate Protection Division, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNL-46141 E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Opportunities to Improve Energy Efficiency and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry N. Martin, N. Anglani, D. Einstein, M. Khrushch, E. Worrell, and L.K. Price Environmental Energy Technologies Division July 2000 This work was supported by the Climate Protection Division, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNL-44791 Pollutant Transport and Dispersion in Large Indoor Spaces: A Status Report for the Large Space Effort of the Interiors Project A.J. Gadgil, E.U. Finlayson, M.L. Fischer, P.N. Price, T.L. Thatcher, M.J. Craig, K.H. Hong, J. Housman, C.A. Schwalbe, D. Wilson, J.E. Wood, and R.G. Sextro Environmental Energy Technologies Division Indoor Environment Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 June 2000

LBNL 46273 E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY China’s Industrial Sector in an International Context Lynn Price, Ernst Worrell, Nathan Martin, Bryan Lehman, Jonathan Sinton Environmental Energy Technologies Division May 2000 This work was supported by the Climate Protection Division, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energy consumption in the building sector in Italy and some initiatives, as an agreed code for environmental energy quality of buildings for public municipalities, developed by ENEA with the sector's main national actors (Ministry of Public Works, National Association of Building Enterprises, etc.) to reduce the energy consumption and consequently the CO2 emissions, in accordance with the Kyoto protocol and preferring the “zero cost” technological options. It is important too, for the building enterprises, to develop building components (sun-breaks, etc.) with characteristics of eco-compatibility and which at the same time are, thanks to the creativity of designers, elements for the quality of architecture.

LBNL 43723 Effects of Duct Improvement and E NERGY S TAR Equipment on Comfort and Energy Efficiency I. Walker, M. Sherman, J. Siegel, and M. Modera Environmental Energy Technologies Division Energy Performance of Buildings Group Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 July 1999 This study was sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. Publication of research results does not imply EPA endorsement of or agreement with these findings.

LBNL-41724 Energy Efficiency and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Iron and Steel Sector Ernst Worrell, Nathan Martin, and Lynn Price Environmental Energy Technologies Division July 1999 This work was supported by the Climate Protection Division, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNL-42897 Evaluating Chemical Persistence in a Multimedia Environment: A CART Analysis Deborah H . Bennett, Thomas E. McKone, and William E. Kastenberg Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 February 1999 This work was supported in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and carried out at the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. Environmental Protection Agency funding was provided by the National Exposure Research Laboratory through Interagency Agreement #DW-988-38190-01-0.

Common Indoor Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds: Emission Rates and Techniques for Reducing Consumer Exposures Final Report Contract Number 95-302 Prepared for: California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Research Division 2020 L Street, P.O. Box 2815 Sacramento, CA 95812 Prepared by: Alfred T. Hodgson Environmental Energy Technologies Division E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720 January 1999

LBNL-41999 E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY AIJ in the Non-Energy Sector in India: Opportunities and Concerns N.H. Ravindranath, Anandi Meili, and R. Anita Environmental Energy Technologies Division November 1998 This work was supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNL-42099 Final Report Demonstration and Field Test of Airjacket Technology D. Faulkner, W.J. Fisk, A.J. Gadgil and D.P. Sullivan Indoor Environment Department Environmental Energy Technology Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 June 1998 This research was supported by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. Also, funding was provided by the California Institute for Energy Efficiency (CIEE), a research unit of the University of California. Publication of research results does not imply CIEE endorsement of or agreement with these findings, nor that of any CIEE sponsor.

LBNL-41679 L-218 Advanced Lighting Program Development (BG9702800) Final Report February 1998 Prepared for: California Institute for Energy Efficiency by Francis Rubinstein and Steve Johnson Lighting Research Group Building Technologies Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Earnest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720 The research reported here was funded, in part, by the California Institute for Energy Efficiency (CIEE), a research unit of the University of California. Publication of research results does not imply CIEE endorsement of or agreement with these findings, nor that of any CIEE sponsor. This work was also supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs, Office of Building Systems of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098.

LBNl'39511 ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY Projected Regional Impacts of Appliance Efficiency Standards for the U.S. Residential Sector Jonathan G. Koomey, Susan A. Mahler, Carrie A. Webber, and James E. McMahon ^E'CElVE-0 Environmental Energy JUH J 7 ^ Technologies Division February 1998 ASTER OtSTWBUnON OF THIS DOCUMENT 16 UNLfMfTBi

Publisher Summary The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to handle scientific information related to climate change as a joint proposal by the UN Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988. The IPCC has the function of gathering and assessing scientific information and publishing reports on the results of their efforts. The climate change problem is one that is expandable in terms of both time and space, and it is one that requires independent action along a spectrum of independent bodies. In working toward a solution to the problem, viewed as a global scale issue, the key challenge worldwide is to implement environmental energy measures from a local level. To tackle global environmental problems, it is important to continue to increase scientific knowledge and vigorously promote technological developments concerning CO2.

Biofuels from crops are certainly emotionally attractive as a “sustainable” fuel. The problem is that the environmental energy equations really do not stack up. Use waste instead of mineral fertiliser and the energy equations are dramatically different and compellingly attractive. We have to go down this route. However, to retain the advantage, concludes Bill Butterworth, there is a condition; it is one of closing the loop.

LBNL-40838 UC-1600 E R N E S T O R L A N D O LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY A Population-Based Exposure Assessment Methodology for Carbon Monoxide: Development of a Carbon Monoxide Passive Sampler and Occupational Dosimeter Michael G. Apte Environmental Energy Technologies Division September 1997 RECEIVED Ph.D. Thesis PFR 1 ' 1998 OSTI DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED P MASTER

LBNL-40297 UC-1600 E R N E S T O RLANDO L AWRENCE B E R K E L E Y NATIONAL L A B O R A T O R Y Energy Data Sourcebook for the U.S. Residential Sector Tom P. Wenzel, Jonathan G. Koomey, Gregory J. Rosenquist, Maria Sanchez, and James W. Hanford Environmental Energy Technologies Division September 1997 RECEIVED APR 0 8 «98 O S T l

1 Department of Information & Communication Systems, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China 2Guangdong Petrochemical Equipment Fault Diagnosis Key Laboratory, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China 3Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4 Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marques D’Avila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilha, Portugal 5 LiSSi Laboratory and Department of Networks and Telecommunications (IUT C/V), University of Paris-Est Creteil Val de Marne (UPEC), France

Since the time of Darwin, the latitudinal gradient of increasing species diversity from the poles to the equator has perplexed biologists and shaped ecological and evolutionary theories. A. P. Allen et al. present a model intended to explain this pattern “(Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule,” Reports, 30 Aug., p. [1545][1]). Their model is a formalization of the “species-energy hypothesis” and predicts that “biodiversity is positively correlated with productivity because more productive environments contain more individuals and can therefore support more species populations above some minimum size required for persistence” (p. 1547). The model predictions are consistent with patterns of increasing species number with increasing mean air or water temperatures for trees, amphibians, marine gastropods, fish, and fish parasites. In spite of its intuitive appeal, this model suffers from the two fundamental flaws of the species-energy hypothesis. First, “environmental energy” (in this model, mean temperature) does not correspond to the energy actually available to organisms, which is the energy stored in carbon compounds produced by photosynthesis. Although it is true that the tropics tend to be warmer than the temperate zone, higher temperatures do not necessarily result in higher productivity of plants or animals. The most extensive data set on the net primary productivity of plants compiled to date reveals that the mean annual productivity of tropical forests is the same as that of temperate forests ([1][2]). Marine productivity is much higher in the cold high-latitude oceans, where the world's great fisheries are located, than in the warmer tropics ([2][3]). Second, many of Earth's highest diversity areas have low productivity ([3][4]). Examples include the mediterranean climate shrublands of South Africa and Australia, which occur on poor soils with low primary productivity; the diversity of bird species with small range sizes in Africa, which is unrelated to net primary productivity ([4][5]); and the diversity of aquatic and marine phytoplankton, which is higher in unproductive, nutrient-poor environments than in productive environments. All of these patterns directly contradict the predictions of species-energy theory. Thus, it does not seem likely that a temperature-based species-energy model is the explanation for the latitudinal gradient of species diversity. 1. [↵][6]1. H.A. Mooney, 2. J. Roy, 3. B. Saugier 1. W. Cramer 2. et al. , in Terrestrial Global Productivity: Past, Present, and Future, H.A. Mooney, J. Roy, B. Saugier, Eds. (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2001), pp. 429-448. 2. [↵][7]1. M. J. Behrenfeld 2. et al. , Science 291, 2594 (2001). [OpenUrl][8][Abstract/FREE Full Text][9] 3. [↵][10]1. M. A. Huston , Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1994). 4. [↵][11]1. E. Ravasz, 2. A. L. Somera, 3. D. A. Mongru, 4. Z. N. Oltvai, 5. A.-L. Barabsi , Science 297, 1551 (2002). [OpenUrl][12][Abstract/FREE Full Text][13] # Response {#article-title-2} Huston seems to misinterpret both the substance and the intent of our Report. He suggests that our model is some version of the long-standing species-energy hypothesis and then criticizes it for “suffer[ing] from the two fundamental flaws” of this hypothesis. Huston correctly points out that temperature “does not correspond to the energy actually available to organisms.” Indeed, temperature indexes the average kinetic energy of molecules, not the potential for photons, organic compounds, and other energy and materials to be used by, and fluxed through, organisms and ecosystems. Temperature affects the rate of metabolism, but it is not the fuel for metabolism. Our paper argues that temperature affects biodiversity through its fundamental influence on the rates of biochemical reactions, whole-organism metabolism, and ecological interactions. The traditional species-energy hypothesis attributes species richness in large part to productivity, the rate of flux of biologically usable potential energy. Biodiversity is almost certainly influenced by both kinetics and productivity, but they are not the same thing. Huston is correct that in some cases, high species diversity occurs in cold or low-productivity environments. Temperature and productivity are often, but by no means always, correlated in nature, so it will be a challenge to understand their separate and interacting effects. Although the rate of biological production is powerfully constrained by temperature, it is also affected by other environmental variables—most notably by the supply of water and nutrients. The ability to predict the kinetic effects of temperature from a basic theoretical perspective should aid in understanding the other environmental factors and ecological processes that also affect biodiversity. Contrary to Huston's assertions, we do not claim that “a temperature-based species-energy model is the explanation for the latitudinal gradient of species diversity.” We do claim that the fundamental effect of temperature on rates of biological metabolism and ecological interactions must be an important component of any theory to explain the latitudinal and other major patterns of species diversity. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1072380 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [8]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.issn%253D0036-8075%26rft.aulast%253DBehrenfeld%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D291%26rft.issue%253D5513%26rft.spage%253D2594%26rft.epage%253D2597%26rft.atitle%253DBiospheric%2BPrimary%2BProduction%2BDuring%2Ban%2BENSO%2BTransition%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1055071%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11283369%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [9]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIyOTEvNTUxMy8yNTk0IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9zY2kvMjk5LzU2MDYvNTEyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ== [10]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [11]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [12]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.issn%253D0036-8075%26rft.aulast%253DRavasz%26rft.auinit1%253DE.%26rft.volume%253D297%26rft.issue%253D5586%26rft.spage%253D1551%26rft.epage%253D1555%26rft.atitle%253DHierarchical%2BOrganization%2Bof%2BModularity%2Bin%2BMetabolic%2BNetworks%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1073374%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12202830%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [13]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIyOTcvNTU4Ni8xNTUxIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjI6Ii9zY2kvMjk5LzU2MDYvNTEyLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==

On 18 September, President Barack Obama chose Arunava Majumdar as the director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency?Energy (ARPA-E), the U.S. Department of Energy?s new research incubator. Majumdar is currently director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory?s Environmental Energy Technologies Division and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. His appointment provides clues to the future direction of an agency that many hope will drive innovation in energy technology and one that has been, until now, famously rudderless.

Solid Solution Phases in the Olivine-Type LiMnP0 /MnP0 System Guoying Chen* and Thomas J. Richardson*' Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract Nonstoichiometry is reported in the LiMnP04/MnP04 system for the first time. As lithium is removed from crystalline LiMnPCU by chemical or electrochemical methods, the resulting two phase mixture consists of stoichiometric LiMnP04 and a delithiated phase, LLJvlnPC^, whose lattice parameters depend upon the global extent of delithiation and on the crystalline domain size of the delithiated phase. This behavior is reproduced during electrochemical insertion of lithium. Again, no evidence for nonstoichiometry was found in the vicinity of LiMnP04. Attempts to create single phase solid solutions by heating mixtures of the two phases failed due to the thermal instability of L L M n P 0 . Electrochemical Society Active Member z E-mail: tjrichardson@lbl.gov

An Investigation of the Effect of Graphite Degradation on the Irreversible Capacity in Lithium-ion Cells Laurence J. Hardwick * , Marek Marcinek a* , Leanne Beer, John B. Kerr*, Robert Kostecki b,* Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA a Electrochemical Society Active Member Present address: The Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland b Corresponding author: r_kostecki@lbl.gov, tel: (1) 510 486 6002, fax: (1) 510 486 7303

SummaryThe controlled-outflow feeder described has unique operational features and applications to api- cultural research. The feeder can accommodate up to 196 foragers at one time, and provides liquid food of constant molarity at a constant rate of outflow. It is especially applicable to studies on environmental energy relationships in honeybees; its use for this purpose is discussed, and examples of collected data are presented.

In a survey of the physicochemical characteristics, primary productivity and occurrence of zooplankton in fresh and brackish waters of Cape Thompson, Alaska, between June 28, 1960 and August 7, 1961, 14 species of Cladocera and 38 species of Copepoda (13 Calanoida, 11 Cyclopoida and 14 Harpacticoida) were distinguished in collections from 10 lakes, 8 lagoons and 111 pools. Seventy—three percent of all species were monocyclic; 13 per cent dicyclic; 9 per cent tricyclic; and 4 per cent tetracyclic. The maximum of primary production was correlated with maximal numbers of zooplankton, maximal number of eggs per ovigerous female in the Cladocera, and maximal occurrence of copepodids. Many Copedoda produced eggs in late fall and early winter when primary production was low. Autumnal production of eggs by these species may be possible because of storage of energy as lipids during the period of high environmental energy, and use of the stored energy at the end of the developmental period to form eggs. Analysis of...

Yields obtained over a 17-yr period from three grasses, one legume, and three grass–legume mixtures, together with six environmental variables, were subjected to factor analysis. Three of the variables (degree-days, hours of bright sunshine, and solar short-wave energy at the top of the earth’s atmosphere) showed a very close interrelation and were interpreted as measures of environmental energy. Age of crop was classed as a soil fertility factor; the available soil nutrients decreased as the age of the forage stand increased. In the factor patterns developed, differences between crops were small in comparison with the overall similarities. Production from the first harvest of the season was equally dependent on energy, soil moisture, and soil fertility. Regrowth was controlled principally by rainfall during and prior to the regrowth period. The ability of factor analysis to extract relatively simple relations from interrelated variables is clearly demonstrated.

This article is about the social management of environmental energy, as opposed to its technical management which is what the term ‘energy management’ is generally taken to mean. In other words, how do you get people, particularly those who occupy buildings, to use energy sensibly and efficiently? The title of the article has an intentional ambiguity. Organisational experts use the term ‘energy’ to refer to human rather than environmental energy. So another way of phrasing the question is: How can we use human energy to save environmental energy?

(1979). Principle of environmental energy matching for estimating potential economic value, a rebuttal. Coastal Zone Management Journal: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 239-241.

With the exponential increase in waste sludge resulting from the public demand for wastewater treatment, the disposition of these sludges has increased over the past twenty years. Not too surprisingly, the United States has the highest per capita sludge generation in the world (4.5 billion dry kilograms of sewage sludge annually). Currently, these sludges are being disposed of by means of landfills, ocean dumping, incineration, and land application. In light of the emerging environmental energy and economic constraints, land application of these sewage sludges as soil amenders and the anaerobic stabilization of these sludges for methane gas production appear to be very viable alternatives for the future, however, often a constraint on land application and gas generation is the heavy metals content. Therefore, a better understanding of the heavy metal interaction with waste sludges is necessary to enable increase utilization of these waste sludges.

The tremendous information processing potential of central neural structures would be useless to an organism unable to make contact with its environment. Such contact is provided, on the one hand, by sensory systems which feed information about environmental energy states to the CNS and, on the other hand, by motor systems which enable the CNS to act on the environment. In practice it is difficult to identify the boundaries between sensory or motor systems and central processing systems. Thus the input-output systems we consider in this chapter will have important components within the CNS as well as communication channels to and from it.

The concept of defining sedimentary environments in terms of enery levels is applied to interpreting ostracod distribution patterns in recent sediments from the east Mississippi delta area. "Environmental energy level" represents the amount of energy (mechanical, chemical, thermal, etc.) used in varying the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment. High-energy environments are unstable, with variable physical-chemical conditions; low energy environments are relatively more stable, with less variable pbysical-chemical character. Analysis of ostracod distribution and abundance data shows distinct offshore and inshore biofacies, each recognized by a characteristic ostracod assemblage and different gross faunal characteristics. Offshore biofacies have greater numbers both of species and individuals, and a higher number of mature carapaces; many species are restricted to offshore assemblages. Inshore biofacies have fewer species, generally fewer individuals, and mostly immature carapaces; some species are restricted to, and several are most abundant in, inshore assemblages. Offshore energy levels are generally low; inshore, generally high. The conclusions may be applied in stratigraphic work, to interpretation of Tertiary (and possibly Cretaceous) environments and paleogeography.