Search

A novel truncate (residues 22-62) of the influenza A M2 protein was tested with pH-sensitive proteoliposome proton uptake assays. At six different pHs, from 6.5 to 3.8, the proton flux into M2-containing liposomes (0.1 mg protein: 20 mg E. coli polar lipid:1 mL) increased to a maximum at pH 4.9, and then decreased at the lowest measured pH levels. The lack of proportionality to [H+] and saturation of flux indicate protein activity consistent with transporter function, rather than a traditional ion "channel." To gain mechanistic insight, the transport data are analyzed within a kinetic model in which the four His34 residues are obligatory binding sites for transported protons, and related to some results from molecular dynamics simulations. Application of the antiviral drug amantadine (0.1 mM) to the assay blocked ∼80% of the M2 function at pH 6.5, as expected when compared to published block efficiency in other, similar systems. However, amantadine block became less effective as the pH of the assay dropped, in keeping with observations by others from analytical centrifugation and Xenopus oocyte transport studies.

Acylation of the dimethylaluminum derivative of a hindered secondary amine with N-Boc isatin, and sequential intramolecular aldol condensation-lactamization, are key steps in the first synthesis of tetrahydro-4bH-6,12-diazabenzo[3,4[cyclohepta[1,2-a]naphthalene-5,11-diones.

Employees in nail salons, largely Vietnamese immigrant women in Boston, are exposed to a range of volatile organic chemicals from the products used in salons, including solvents, glues and polishes. Some of these chemicals have the potential to cause short and long-term adverse health effects. Only limited research has been performed on assessing occupational exposures. This project aimed to characterize total volatile organic compound (TVOC) and PM2.5 concentrations in nail salons as a function of ventilation, building characteristics, customer and employee occupancy, and type of services being performed. Students conducted sampling in 21 salons in Boston, MA from September to December, 2011. Study visits included: indoor environmental quality measurements (TVOCs, PM2.5 and carbon dioxide), site observations, and an interview. CO2 levels in 15 of 21 salons exceeded 800 ppm, suggesting that these salons may have insufficient ventilation. Higher TVOC and PM2.5 levels were found in salons with less ventilation (as estimated using CO2 concentrations). Contrary to our a priori hypothesis, average levels of TVOCs, CO2 and PM2.5 were consistent throughout salons, indicating that exposures may not be restricted to areas in the salon where work is being performed (e.g., at the manicure table). Higher TVOC concentrations were observed when tasks were being performed, yet were not dependent upon the number of tasks being performed. Improving ventilation conditions in salons to meet minimum outdoor air delivery requirements can reduce exposures to TVOCs.

Acknowledgments Introduction: Explicating Communication in Risk Communication - Hyunyi Cho, Torsten Reimer, and Katherine A. McComas Part I: Foundations of Risk Communication Section 1: Risk Perceptions of Individuals Chapter 1: Risk Perception - Nicolai Bodemer and Wolfgang Gaissmaier Chapter 2: The Challenge of the Description-Experience Gap to the Communication of Risks - Ralph Hertwig and Renato Frey Chapter 3: The Feeling of Risk: Implications for Risk Perception and Communication - Stephan Dickert, Daniel Vastfjall, Robert Mauro, and Paul Slovic Section 2: Risk as Social Construction Chapter 4: Social Construction of Risk - Adam Burgess Chapter 5: The Role of News Media in the Social Amplification of Risk - Andrew R. Binder, Michael A. Cacciatore, Dietram A. Scheufele, and Dominique Brossard Chapter 6: Rhetoric of Risk - Robin E. Jensen Part II: Components of Risk Communication Section 3: Models of Risk Communication Chapter 7: Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model - Sharon Dunwoody and Robert J. Griffin Chapter 8: The Societal Risk Reduction Motivation Model - Hyunyi Cho and Kai Kuang Section 4: Audiences of Risk Communication Chapter 9: The Role of Numeracy in Risk Communication - Priscila G. Brust-Renck, Valerie F. Reyna, Jonathan C. Corbin, Caisa E. Royer, and Rebecca B. Weldon Chapter 10: Edgework and Risk Communication - Stephen Lyng, Thomas Workman, and G. H. Morris Section 5: Risk Communication Messages Chapter 11: Numeric Communication of Risk - Torsten Reimer, Christina Jones, and Christine Skubisz Chapter 12: Narrative Communication of Risk: Toward Balancing Accuracy and Acceptance - Hyunyi Cho and L. Brooke Friley Chapter 13: Visual Messaging and Risk Communication - Andrew J. King Section 6: Risk Communication and the Media Chapter 14: Media Portrayal of Risk: The Social Production of News - Susanna Priest Chapter 15: Framing, the Media, and Risk Communication in Policy Debates - Matthew C. Nisbet Chapter 16: Social Media and Risk Communication - Stephen A. Rains, Steven R. Brunner, and Kyle Oman Part III: Contexts of Risk Communication Section 7: Interpersonal Contexts of Risk Communication Chapter 17: Risk Communication in Provider-Patient Interactions - Carma L. Bylund, Erin Maloney, and Emily B. Peterson Chapter 18: Informed Consent - Janet Yang Section 8: Organizational Contexts of Risk Communication Chapter 19: Risk Communication in Groups - Tillman Russell and Torsten Reimer Chapter 20: Crisis Communication - Timothy L. Sellnow Section 9: Risk Communication in the Public Sphere Chapter 21: Social Movements and Risk Communication - Hilary Schaffer Boudet and Shannon Elizabeth Bell Chapter 22: Public Engagement in Risk-Related Decision Making - John C. Besley Glossary Author Index Subject Index About the Editors About the Contributors