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AbstractThis study investigates the flow of an incompressible electroosmotic hybrid nanofluid through a micro-channel. The hybrid nanofluid consists of paramagnetic (Ta) and ferrimagnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles suspended in ethylene glycol. The Darcy model is applied to the porous media in the momentum equation, and its effects are also considered in the temperature equation, accounting for frictional and Joule heating effects. The micro-channel is influenced by both pressure and magnetic flux. The study derives an exact solution for the proposed model and evaluates key engineering parameters, such as the heat transfer rate. The findings show that a higher particle volume fraction reduces the velocity distribution, while an increased Darcy parameter decreases the rate of heat transfer. Additionally, the heat transfer rate diminishes with increasing Darcy parameter and electric flux. Notably, the ferrimagnetic nanofluid exhibits better thermal conductivity than the paramagnetic nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER: 4OH− → O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e−, E = 1.23 V vs RHE) retards the large-scale hydrogen production. Replacing OER with low-potential ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) to drive water splitting is a promising approach to solve the high energy consumption in hydrogen production. Herein, we report an energy-efficient electrocatalytic water splitting system by using a heterostructure Ni(OH) 2 /MnO aerogel catalyst (NiMn AG) that replaces OER with ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR), resulting in the co-production of value-added formate and green hydrogen. Owing to the optimized electron distribution on the heterostructure interface, the NiMn AG catalyst exhibits excellent EGOR catalytic performance, with an overpotential of only 290 mV at 100 mA cm−2. The open-circuit potential of the reaction is reduced to 0.86 V for EGOR, rendering an earlier occurrence of electron transfer. The ion chromatography (IC) result demonstrates a highly selectivity (96%) for formate in EGOR. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the interfacial effects between Ni(OH) 2 and MnO optimizes the surface energy states of NiMn AG, improving the adsorption efficiency of the reaction intermediates for EGOR and further promoting the efficient cleavage of C–C to form formate. Additionally, the incorporation of MnO stabilizes the overall energy state during violent bond-breaking processes. This work sheds light on a new methodology to design bimetallic catalysts assisted by EGOR for decoupled green hydrogen production. Porous Ni(OH) 2 /MnO@Ni (NiMn AG) is synthesized by sol-gel method and vacuum drying process and act as an anode catalyst for EGOR, to achieve value-added oxidation process of ethylene glycol, and provide electron for HER process at a low potential. The catalyst system only required 1.4 V for 20 mA cm−2, which is 292 mV lower than traditional water electrolysis. [Display omitted] • In-situ formation of Ni(OH) 2 /MnO heterostructure optimizes reactants adsorption. • Excellent ethylene glycol oxidation activity and stability at high current density. • High Faradaic efficiency and selectivity of the formate and hydrogen products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasonable design of Pd-based catalysts with specific composition and morphology is of great importance for promoting the commercial application. of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). Recently, two-dimension (2D) with high density of defects and massive low-coordinated surface atom has become research highlights in the field of catalysis. Herein, we report a wet chemical method for synthesizing PdCu nanosheets with abundant wrinkles. The ultrathin two-dimensional structure endows catalysts plentiful catalytic active sites and large specific surface area, improving atomic utilization efficiency. The formation of bimetallic PdCu alloy structure leads to the adjustment of Pd electronic structure, resulting in lattice compression effect. Benefitting from the structural and compositional characteristics, PdCu nanosheets (NSs) exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) and glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) with the mass activity of 7031 mA mg−1/5117 mA mg−1, which is 4.4/3.9 times higher than that of commercial Pd/C catalysts. Furthermore, the remained mass activity of PdCu NSs is 3991/3851 mA mg−1 after the durability measurement for EGOR/GOR, which confirm PdCu NSs possesses superior stability. We believe that our synthetic strategy could provide robust reference for the development of high-performance eletrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • PdCu nanosheets were prepared by a facile solvothermal method. • The PdCu NSs provide ideal electrocatalytic active sites. • The PdCu NSs exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance toward EGOR and GOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debenzylation of O‐ and N‐benzyl groups was achieved under safe and mild conditions by using B2(OH)4 as an alternative to gaseous hydrogen in the presence of an amphiphilic polystyrene‐poly(ethylene glycol) resin‐supported nano‐palladium catalyst (ARP−Pd) in water. Benzyl groups of a variety of benzylic ethers, esters, carbamates, and amines, including benzyl‐protected carbohydrates and amino acids, were reductively removed in high yields. ARP−Pd was recovered by simple filtration and reused seven times without a significant loss of its catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the present study is to systematically investigate the solubility data and thermodynamic properties associated with codeine phosphate within mixtures comprising ethylene glycol (EG) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) under atmospheric pressure conditions within the temperature range of 293.2–313.2 K. The analysis reveals a discernible positive correlation with both temperature and the ratio of EG. Mathematical models are employed for the purpose of correlating the obtained data, and the reliability of these models is rigorously assessed through the computation of mean relative deviations for back-calculated values. Additionally, the density values of codeine phosphate saturated mixtures are meticulously measured and subsequently correlated utilising the Jouyban-Acree model. Furthermore, the apparent thermodynamic properties governing the solubilisation process of codeine phosphate, including standard enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy, are computed through the application of Gibbs and van’t Hoff equations, and the obtained results are comprehensively documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) is an important biobased polyester with better thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties than poly(ethylene terephthalate). In PEF synthesis, diethylene glycol furandicarboxylate (DF) is inevitably formed via etherification side reaction. Taking advantage of the side reaction, poly(ethylene-co-diethylene furandicarboxylate) (PEDF) poly(etherester)s were synthesized only from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and ethylene glycol (EG), using a cheap binary propanedisulfonic acid/dibutyltin oxide (PSA/DBTO) catalyst. The polymers were characterized by 1 H NMR, intrinsic viscosity, solubility, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile, and gas barrier test. Due to strong acidity of PSA, not only major DF but also minor oligoethylene glycol furandicarboxylate ethercontaining units were formed. Their total content can be adjusted up to 78 mol % by simply increasing the dosage of PSA from 0 to 0.4 wt%. The effect of ether-containing units on the solubility, thermal transition, mechanical, and oxygen barrier properties of the poly(ether-ester)s were examined and compared with the poly(ether-ester)s synthesized via copolycondensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glibenclamide (GBN) is a commonly used oral medication for treating type-II diabetes that acts by reducing high blood sugar levels. The effectiveness of GBN depends on the quality of the product. The quality is influenced by the solubility properties of a drug. This study aimed to measure the solubility of GBN in various solvent mixtures including some glycols and alcohols. The solubility was determined using a shake-flask method at 298.2 K under atmospheric pressure. The results showed that GBN had the highest solubility in ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and alcohol mixtures compared to the other tested glycols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general strategy for n‐type organic thermoelectric is to blend n‐type conjugated polymer hosts with small molecule dopants. In this work, all‐polymer n‐type thermoelectric is reported by dissolving a novel n‐type conjugated polymer and a polymer dopant, poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), in alcohol solution, followed by spin‐coating to give polymer host/polymer dopant blend film. To this end, an alcohol‐soluble n‐type conjugated polymer is developed by attaching polar and branched oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains to a cyano‐substituted poly(thiophene‐alt‐co‐thiazole) main chain. The main chain results in the n‐type property and the OEG side chain leads to the solubility in hexafluorineisopropanol (HFIP). In the polymer host/polymer dopant blend film, the Coulombic interaction between the dopant counterions and the negatively charged polymer chains is reduced and the ordered stacking of the polymer host is preserved. As a result, the polymer host/polymer dopant blend exhibits the power factor of 36.9 µW m−1 K−1, which is one time higher than that of the control polymer host/small molecule dopant blend. Moreover, the polymer host/polymer dopant blend shows much better thermal stability than the control polymer host/small molecule dopant blend. This research demonstrates the high performance and excellent stability of all‐polymer n‐type thermoelectric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel‐based zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) are promising flexible rechargeable batteries. However, the practical application of hydrogel‐based ZABs is limited by their short service life, narrow operating temperature range, and repair difficulty. Herein, a self‐healing ionogel is synthesized by the photopolymerization of acrylamide and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether acrylate in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide with zinc acetate dihydrate and first used as an electrolyte to fabricate self‐healing ZABs. The obtained self‐healing ionogel has a wide operating temperature range, good environmental and electrochemical stability, high ionic conductivity, satisfactory mechanical strength, repeatable and efficient self‐healing properties enabled by the reversibility of hydrogen bonding, and the ability to inhibit the production of dendrites and by‐products. Notably, the self‐healing ionogel has the highest ionic conductivity and toughness compared to other reported self‐healing ionogels. The prepared self‐healing ionogel is used to assemble self‐healing flexible ZABs with a wide operating temperature range. These ZABs have ultra‐long cycling lives and excellent stability under harsh conditions. After being damaged, the ZABs can repeatedly self‐heal to recover their battery performance, providing a long‐lasting and reliable power supply for wearable devices. This work opens new opportunities for the development of electrolytes for ZABs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urolithiasis, which is acquiring clinical relevance, is one of the most prevalent diseases seen in urology clinics. The most often reported uroliths in humans are oxalate, struvite, urate, brushite and cystine. The globally rising occurrence and severity of urolithiasis has made it an issue of demanding medical attention. Medicinal herbs and natural substances have been shown to be useful in the treatment and management of urolithiasis across various recent investigations. Calamus floribundus Griff. belongs to the Aracaceae family and its urolithiatic potential has yet to be established. Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the antiurolithiatic potential of methanolic extract Calamus floribundus Griff. utilizing in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: Nucleation assay and aggregation assay was done to evaluate the in vitro antiurolithiatic activity. In the in vivo studies ethylene glycol induced and glycolic acid induced model were used. MTT assay was done to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of Calamus floribundus Griff. Results: The IC50 value of the extract was found to be 767.394±0.22 µg/mL and 759.435±0.29 µg/mL in the nucleation and aggregation assay respectively. In the in vivo study all the biochemical parameters were normalised in dose dependent manner. Methanolic extract exhibited cytotoxic effect on NRK-52E cell lines with a IC50 value of 11.1 µg/mL. Conclusion: The obtained results indicates for the antiurolithiatic potential of Calamus floribundus Griff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imprinted polymer has been successfully synthesized using polyeugenol and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) crosslinker for selective adsorption of Fe3+ ions. The synthesized imprinted polymer is milled to obtain a polymer with high adsorption performance. This work aims to determine the effect of milling on ionic imprinted polymer (IIP) and non-ionic imprinted polymer (NIP) as selective adsorbents of Fe3+ ion against competing metal ions. Adsorbent synthesis was carried out by adding polyeugenol with the crosslinking agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) in chloroform solvent and with the initiator 2,2'-Azobis(2-methyl propionitrile) (AIBN). IIP and NIP were used as adsorbents in the adsorption selectivity test of Fe3+ on the binary metals Fe3+/Cu2+, Fe3+/Zn2+, Fe3+/Ag+, and Fe3+/Cd2+. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) shows a more identical and smaller particle surface morphology in the milled IIP. Surface area analysis using the BET method (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) showed an increase in the surface area of IIP after milling treatment. The adsorption capacity and selectivity of Fe3+ metal ions on milled IIP were greater than that of IIP. The selectivity of Fe3+ adsorption is greater in the binary metal ion mixture Fe3+/Cu2+ and Fe3+/Zn2+ than in the Fe3+/Cd2+ and Fe3+/Ag+ solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near‐infrared (NIR)‐triggered shape memory hydrogels with promising mechanical strength hold immense potential in the field of biomedical applications and soft actuators. However, the optical and mechanical properties of currently reported hydrogels usually suffer from limited solubility and dispersion of commonly used photothermal additives in hydrogels, thus restricting their practical implementations. Here,, a set of NIR‐responsive shape memory hydrogels synthesized by polyaddition of diisocyanate‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol), imidazolidinyl urea (IU), and p‐benzoquinone dioxime (BQDO) is reported. The introduction of IU, a hydrogen bond reinforcing factor, significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, allowing for their tunable ranges of the ultimate tensile strength (0.4–2.5 MPa), elongation at break (210–450%), and Young's modulus (190–850 kPa). The unique hydrogels exhibit an intrinsic photothermal effect because of the covalently incorporated photothermal moiety (BQDO), and the photothermal supramolecular hydrogel shows controllable shape memory capabilities characterized by rapid recovery speed and high recovery ratio (>90%). This design provides new possibilities for applying shape memory hydrogels in the field of soft actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, renowned for its abundance of hydroxyl groups, was utilized in three dimensions to fabricate a hydrogel matrix. In this study, the optimal conditions for the preparation of a lignin-crosslinked hydrogel and its potential for dye and antioxidant removal were investigated. The hydrogel was synthesized through a cross-linking reaction, with varying amounts of cross-linking agent (poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether) added to adjust for the lignin content. Chemical structure analysis of the lignin-crosslinked hydrogel was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, confirming successful hydrogel formation. Additionally, thermal analysis revealed an increase in the maximum thermal decomposition temperature with increasing cross-linker content. The lignin cross-linked hydrogel demonstrated a significantly higher swelling ability at pH 7 compared to pH 3. The dye adsorption capacity of the lignin-crosslinked hydrogel, which was evaluated using crystal violet (CV), showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 106 mg·g-1. The CV adsorption behavior followed Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-first-order kinetics. Moreover, the lignin-crosslinked hydrogel exhibited notable antioxidant activity, which was attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin macromolecules. Therefore, lignin-crosslinked hydrogels prepared using cross-linking agents have promising application potential in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow for binary mixtures of Hexylene glycol (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol- or MPD) with 1-butanol (J1), 2-butanol (J2) and 2-methyl-2-propanol (J3) components selected compositions were determined from the measured values of densities (ρ), viscosities ($\eta $ η), and speeds of sound (u) of pure components and their mixtures from 303.15 K to 313.15 K. The results are analysed in terms of intermolecular interactions or hydrogen bonding or hetero-association interactions in the binary mixtures. Finally, the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) Theory is applied to identify the most predominant molecular interaction. Using Jouyban–Acree model, results are discussed in terms of mean relative deviation (MRDs) and individual relative deviation (IRD) between calculated and experimental densities, speeds of sound and viscosities as an accuracy criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the experimental analysis of viscosimetric properties of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in dimethyl sulphoxide DMSO. By the viscosimetric study of solutions of PEG/DMSO, the dynamic viscosity was measured under the influence of increasing PEG concentration (1 g/l to 10 g/l) and increasing temperature (15°C to 45°C). The reduced dynamic viscosity and the activation energy of reduced dynamic viscosity Eη are calculated. The polymer solutions exhibited a critical concentration c**, separating dilute solutions into extremely dilute solutions and dilute solutions. The most important results refer to the activation energy of reduced dynamic viscosity found from Arrhenius plots. The dependence of the activation energy on solution concentration and temperature is discussed. PEG behaviour can be extrapolated from the Flory-Huggins theory by decomposing such as Eη= (Eη)ex di+ (Eη)di+ (Eη)cri. The extremely dilute solution behaviour of Arrhenius is described by the PEG-DMSO interaction and represented by the function (Eη)ex di. For the dilute solution behaviour of non-Arrhenius which is described by the interaction between the PEG-PEG and represented by the function (Eη)di. The critical solution behaviour of is described by the PEG-PEG and PEG-DMSO interactions and represented by the function (Eη)cri. Principles that aid one to understand and interpret such results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) injection is commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, the immediate bolus release of growth factors from PRP and inability of HA to stay in situ limit their beneficial therapeutic effects. An injectable, biocompatible, and thermoresponsive hydrogel (mPEG-PLGA-BOX block copolymer) is applicable for a long-term ultrasound-triggered lyophilized platelet (LP) release. In this study, an US-controlled release thermoresponsive hydrogel system loaded with LPs was evaluated for its long-term pharmacokinetics in a dry culture chamber at 37 °C. At 0.5 wt% constituent ratio of the LP-loaded hydrogels (0.2 ± 0.6 mV positively charged, which would be suitable for the treatments of negatively charged cartilages), the release amount of growth factors (PDGF-B and TGFβ-1) from the hydrogel could be increased to ∼300-folds in the presence of US (1 MHz, 0.4 W/cm2, 5% duty cycle, 5 min) compared to the amount in the absence of US during the 2 weeks of evaluation period. In comparison to 0.5 wt% of the LP-loaded HA (−2.4 ± 1.1 mV negatively charged), which had only a 5-day release ability, the US-controlled release thermoresponsive hydrogel system may be a more suitable platform for diseases that needed long-term treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic wounds impose significant burdens on patients' quality of life and healthcare resources due to impaired healing potential. Factors like hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, impaired angiogenesis and excessive inflammation contribute to the delayed healing trajectory. Mounting evidence indicates a close association between impaired mitochondrial function and diabetic complications, including chronic wounds. Mitochondria are critical for providing energy essential to wound healing processes. However, mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbates other pathological factors, creating detrimental cycles that hinder healing. This study conducted correlation analysis using clinical specimens, revealing a positive correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, inflammatory response and impaired angiogenesis in diabetic wounds. Restoring mitochondrial function becomes imperative for developing targeted therapies. Herein, we synthesized a biodegradable poly (glycerol sebacate)‐based multiblock hydrogel, named poly (glycerol sebacate)‐co‐poly (ethylene glycol)‐co‐poly (propylene glycol) (PEPGS), which can be degraded in vivo to release glycerol, a crucial component in cellular metabolism, including mitochondrial respiration. We demonstrate the potential of PEPGS‐based hydrogels to improve outcomes in diabetic wound healing by revitalizing mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, we investigate the underlying mechanism through proteomics analysis, unravelling the regulation of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic processes, biosynthetic process and generation during mitochondrial metabolism. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of PEPGS‐based hydrogels as advanced wound dressings for diabetic wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris, a prevalent skin condition, arises from an imbalance in skin flora, fostering bacterial overgrowth. Addressing this issue, clindamycin molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles (Clin-MIP) loaded onto polyurethane nanofiber scaffolds were developed for acne treatment. Clin-MIP was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as functional monomers, crosslinkers, and free-radical initiators, respectively. MIP characterization utilized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before being incorporated into polyurethane nanofibers through electrospinning. Further analysis involved FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in vitro release studies, and an ex vivo study. Clin-MIP showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.39 and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. It significantly dropped the bacterial count from 1 × 108 to 39 × 101 CFU/mL in vivo and has bactericidal activity within 180 min of incubation in vitro. The pharmacodynamic and histopathology studies revealed a significant decrease in infected animal skin inflammation, epidermal hypertrophy, and congestion upon treatment with Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofiber and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) conducive to acne healing. Consequently, the recently created Clin-MIP polyurethane nanofibrous scaffold. This innovative approach offers insight into creating materials with several uses for treating infectious wounds caused by acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using citric acid, ethylene glycol, ZrOCl2·8H2O, HfOCl2·8H2O, TiCl4, NbCl5, and TaCl5 as raw materials, the (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramic precursor was prepared by Pechini coordination polymerization method. The precursor and pyrolysis products were analyzed and characterized by different methods. The results showed that the precursor formed a chelate structure, which greatly improved the stability of the precursor, and was clear and transparent with moderate viscosity (30–50 mPa·s). At a low pyrolysis temperature of 1600°C, single‐phase (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramic nanopowders with a ceramic yield of 50.8% can be obtained. The high‐entropy ceramic powder has high purity, a particle size of about 140–200 nm, and uniform element distribution. It is suitable for introduction into fiber‐reinforced ceramic matrix composite by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the photothermal response of methanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol using the femtosecond laser‐induced thermal lens spectroscopy (FTLS) technique. A mode mismatched pump–probe spectroscopic technique was utilized to analyze the influence of localized thermal heating on the photothermal response of solvents. The findings revealed a strong dependence on both the input pump power and the molecular characteristics of the solvents. At significantly high pump power, the excess heat load deposited to the solvent is found to be responsible for the induction of the convection currents in the heat transfer mechanisms. Our results highlight that the influence of pump power on photothermal and thermal lens characteristics is intricately linked to the natural drifting and heat transfer mechanisms of solvent molecules. The molecular motion and existing connective processes were correlated with the molecular characteristics of the samples. The present finding reveals that FTLS is a sensitive probe for comprehending the impact of input laser power, molecular structure, and intermolecular H bonding on the photothermal characteristics and thermo‐optical properties of the alcoholic medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are complex substances composed of two or three components, wherein hydrogen bond donors and acceptors engage in intricate interactions within a hydrogen bond network. They have attracted extensive attention from researchers due to their easy synthesis, cost-effectiveness, broad liquid range, good stability, and for being green and non-toxic. However, studies on the physical properties of DESs are still scarce and many theories are not perfect enough, which limits the application of DESs in engineering practice. In this study, twelve DESs were synthesized by using choline chloride and betaine as HBAs, and ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 600, o-cresol, glycerol, and lactic acid as HBDs. The variation rules of their thermal conductivity and viscosity with temperature at atmospheric pressure were systematically investigated. The experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity of the 1:4 choline chloride/glycerol solvent was the largest at 294 K, reaching 0.2456 W·m−1·K−1, which could satisfy the demand for high efficiency heat transfer by heat-transferring workpieces. The temperature–viscosity relationship of the DESs was fitted using the Arrhenius model, and the maximum average absolute deviation was 6.77%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the presence of the boronic acid moieties, poly-3-thienylboronic acid has an affinity for saccharides and other diol-containing compounds. Thin films of this novel chemosensitive polymer were synthesized electrochemically on the gold surface. The adhesion of the polymer was enhanced by the deposition of a monomolecular layer of thiophenol. The technology was used to fabricate conductometric sensors for glucose and other diol-containing compounds. Simultaneous two- and four-electrode conductivity measurements were performed. The chemical sensitivity to sorbitol, fructose, glucose, and ethylene glycol was studied at different pH and electrode potentials, and the corresponding binding constants were obtained. Depending on the electrode potential, the reciprocal values of the binding constants of glucose to poly-3-thienylboronic acid at neutral pH are in the range of 0.2 mM–1.0 mM. The affinity for glucose has been studied in buffer solutions and in solutions containing the major components of human blood. It was shown that the presence of human serum albumin increases the affinity of poly-3-thienylboronic acid for diol-containing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to develop a new empirical model for density and derived properties of nanofluids using a new empirical equation based on Pack-Cho scheme. The previously developed Tammann-Tait based model by the author has suffered a mathematical drawback to properly represent isothermal compressibility and isobaric expansivity confident values with respect to the nanoparticle fraction. Then, that drawback has been fixed through the above-mentioned approach. The base fluid contributions were obtained from Tammann-Tait equation of earlier work, whereas the nanoparticle contribution was expressed in terms of both fraction and density of nanoparticle as well as some binary parameter. High-pressure densities of 8 nanofluids based on ethylene glycol, poly ethylene glycol, water, poly ethylene glycol + water and ethylene glycol + water were correlated using the new empirical equation mentioned above in 273–363 K range and pressures up to 45 MPa. From 2115 data points examined, the AARD of 0.049% was obtained. The derived thermodynamic coefficients of studied nanofluids were also estimated by the proposed approach. Finally, results of the present empirical model have also been compared with the earlier work and Tammann-Tait type equations of literature, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the synthesis of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles with three different surfactants: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG), and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and their different properties. In order to study the performance of Bi2O3 based materials as negative electrodes in supercapacitor applications, the electrochemical properties of the three samples were carried out. For the electrodes of bismuth oxide covered with CTAB, PEG, and SDS, the estimated rates of diffusion were determined to be 85.6 × 10− 12 cm2 s− 1, 24.4 × 10− 12 cm2 s− 1, and 1.2 × 10− 12 cm2 s− 1 respectively. The estimated specific capacity values for the samples BOC, BOP and BOS are 549.8 C g–1, 412.7 C g–1 and 84.1 C g–1 at 5 A g–1 respectively. When compared to PEG and SDS assisted samples, the sample that was synthesized using CTAB showed the highest specific capacity. The distinctive extended rod-like morphology of BOC can be reasoned for this drastic improvement in capacity. Furthermore, even at a greater current density of 10 Ag− 1, the CTAB assisted Bi2O3 sample showed remarkable rate performance, keeping 92% of its initial capacitance after 5000 continuous GCD cycles. This finding shows that BOC has good rate and stability properties for prospective high-power supercapacitor applications. Further, asymmetric type two electrode device was fabricated and it exhibits higher energy density of 29 WhKg− 1 with a power density of 3404 Wkg− 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method has been developed to quantify PET and PBT microplastics (MPs) based on depolymerization and detection of depolymerization products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) without a complex separation process from environmental samples. Under the optimal depolymerization conditions, PET and PBT were efficiently converted to ethylene glycol (78%) and 1,4-butanediol (87%), respectively. Subsequently, the linear curves were constructed between signal intensities of depolymerization products and polymer masses by GC–MS/MS, and the correlation coefficients of PET and PBT were 0.996 and 0.997, respectively. The spiking and recovery experiments of PET and PBT in the environmental samples showed that the recovery was stable in the range 89–100%, and the limit of detection was 4.95 μg and 1.39 μg of PET and PBT, respectively. The method has been proven to be capable of simultaneous identification and quantification of PBT and PET MPs in real environmental water samples without complex separation process, which provided a scheme for the determination of microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Anti-tumor therapies reliant on reactive oxygen species (ROS) as primary therapeutic agents face challenges due to a limited oxygen substrate. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is particularly hindered by inherent hypoxia, while chemodynamic therapy (CDT) encounters obstacles from insufficient endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) levels. In this study, we engineered biodegradable tumor microenvironment (TME)-activated hollow mesoporous MnO 2 -based nanotheranostic agents, designated as HAMnO 2 A. This construct entails loading artemisinin (ART) into the cavity and surface modification with a mussel-inspired polymer ligand, namely hyaluronic acid-linked poly(ethylene glycol)-diethylenetriamine-conjugated (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acetic acid, and the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (mPEG-HA-Dien-(Dhpa/Ce6)), facilitating dual-modal imaging-guided PDT/CDT synergistic therapy. In vitro experimentation revealed that HAMnO 2 A exhibited ideal physiological stability and enhanced cellular uptake capability via CD44-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, it was demonstrated that accelerated endo -lysosomal escape through the pH-dependent protonation of Dien. Within the acidic and highly glutathione (GSH)-rich TME, the active component of HAMnO 2 A, MnO 2 , underwent decomposition, liberating oxygen and releasing both Mn2+ and ART. This process alleviates hypoxia within the tumor region and initiates a Fenton-like reaction through the combination of ART and Mn2+, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of PDT and CDT by generating increased singlet oxygen (1O 2) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Moreover, the presence of Mn2+ ions enabled the activation of T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging. In vivo findings further validated that HAMnO 2 A displayed meaningful tumor-targeting capabilities, prolonged circulation time in the bloodstream, and outstanding efficacy in restraining tumor growth while inducing minimal damage to normal tissues. Hence, this nanoplatform serves as an efficient all-in-one solution by facilitating the integration of multiple functions, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of tumor theranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the hydrophobic character of silk and impart iodine complex ion adsorption, the surface of woven silk fabric is enriched by different functional groups through the grafting of N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and their mixtures (NVP–EGDMA). The dominant fibrous texture of silk enables an efficient graft copolymerization in terms of high grafting yield (>30%) after applying a mild degumming process. The structural and morphological alterations in the silk surface are evidenced with attenuated total reflectance‐fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The imparted hydrophilicity property of the samples is revealed by contact angle–wetting time measurements. The usability of the graft‐modified samples as an iodophor polymeric substrate is then examined by treatment with I2/KI solutions, and the results are monitored using UV–vis spectroscopy. It is obtained that the NVP–EGDMA mixture‐grafted sample exhibits satisfactorily high iodine adsorption compared to untreated and NVP‐grafted silk samples, such as 0.05 g per 1 g fabric with high antibacterial activity against various pathogens, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) responsible for hospital‐acquired infections. This finding evidences its potential as an alternative antiseptic tissue for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene glycol (EG) is a widely used industrial chemical with manifold applications and also generated in the degradation of plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate. Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 (RHA1), a potential biocatalytic chassis, grows on EG. Transcriptomic analyses revealed four clusters of genes potentially involved in EG catabolism: the mad locus, predicted to encode mycofactocin-dependent alcohol degradation, including the catabolism of EG to glycolate; two GCL clusters, predicted to encode glycolate and glyoxylate catabolism; and the mft genes, predicted to specify mycofactocin biosynthesis. Bioinformatic analyses further revealed that the mad and mft genes are widely distributed in mycolic acid-producing bacteria such as RHA1. Neither ΔmadA nor ΔmftC RHA1 mutant strains grew on EG but grew on acetate. In resting cell assays, the ΔmadA mutant depleted glycolaldehyde but not EG from culture media. These results indicate that madA encodes a mycofactocin-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase that initiates EG catabolism. In contrast to some mycobacterial strains, the mad genes did not appear to enable RHA1 to grow on methanol as sole substrate. Finally, a strain of RHA1 adapted to grow ~3× faster on EG contained an overexpressed gene, aldA2, predicted to encode an aldehyde dehydrogenase. When incubated with EG, this strain accumulated lower concentrations of glycolaldehyde than RHA1. Moreover, ecotopically expressed aldA2 increased RHA1's tolerance for EG further suggesting that glycolaldehyde accumulation limits growth of RHA1 on EG. Overall, this study provides insights into the bacterial catabolism of small alcohols and aldehydes and facilitates the engineering of Rhodococcus for the upgrading of plastic waste streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is widely utilized as a hydrophilic coating to extend the circulation time and improve the tumor accumulation of polymeric micelles. Nonetheless, PEGylated micelles often activate complement proteins, leading to accelerated blood clearance and negatively impacting drug efficacy and safety. Here, we have crafted amphiphilic block copolymers that merge hydrophilic sulfoxide-containing polymers (psulfoxides) with the hydrophobic drug 7-ethyl-10-hydroxylcamptothecin (SN38) into drug-conjugate micelles. Our findings show that the specific variant, PMSEA-PSN38 micelles, remarkably reduce protein fouling, prolong blood circulation, and improve intratumoral accumulation, culminating in significantly increased anti-cancer efficacy compared with PEG-PSN38 counterpart. Additionally, PMSEA-PSN38 micelles effectively inhibit complement activation, mitigate leukocyte uptake, and attenuate hyperactivation of inflammatory cells, diminishing their ability to stimulate tumor metastasis and cause inflammation. As a result, PMSEA-PSN38 micelles show exceptional promise in the realm of anti-metastasis and significantly abate SN38-induced intestinal toxicity. This study underscores the promising role of psulfoxides as viable PEG substitutes in the design of polymeric micelles for efficacious anti-cancer drug delivery. This study emphasizes PMSEA's potential as a sulfoxide-containing polymer for anti-cancer drug delivery, offering an alternative to PEG in constructing polymeric prodrug micelles efficiently. [Display omitted] • Sulfoxide-containing polymer PMeSEA presents a promising alternative to PEG. • Micelles grafted with PMeSEA successfully diminish complement system activation. • Reducing complement activation enhances the antitumor activity of PMeSEA-micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, animal models are still indispensable for studying biodistribution and elimination of nanomaterials. However, the use of mammals for in vivo experiments faces various challenges including increasing regulatory hurdles and costs. This study aims to validate larvae of the domestic silkworm Bombyx mori as an alternative invertebrate model for preliminary in vivo research. Organ distribution and elimination of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are compared with four different surface functionalities in silkworms after systemic administration: AuNPs coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), with polyglycidols (PGs) that are slightly hydrophobic (PG(alkyl)), positively charged (PG(+)), or negatively charged (PG(−)). Subsequent inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry 6 or 24 h after AuNPs administration reveals the biodistribution in silkworm hemolymph, midgut, epidermis, and excrements. Even after 24 h incubation, hemolymph contains the highest AuNPs concentrations, independent of surface functionalization indicating a prolonged circulation time and slow distribution into different silkworm organs and tissues. Positively charged PG(+)AuNPs show three times higher concentrations in the midgut and are excreted at the fastest rate when compared to other AuNPs. In the findings, a surface‐dependent biodistribution and elimination of AuNPs are indicated in silkworms, and the feasibility of using this inexpensive animal model for time‐ and cost‐effective, preliminary in vivo studies of NPs is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the development of environmentally sustainable, high‐quality packaging materials by incorporating poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with different polymers. To accomplish this objective, pure PHB was blended with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in a precise 9:1 ratio. Subsequently, this blend was further combined with 50 wt% of various polymers, namely, polycaprolactone, poly(vinylacetate), and polylactic acid (PLA), using a solvent‐casting method. Further, the research investigates the multifaceted properties of these materials, including their thermal characteristics, morphological structures, mechanical strengths, barrier properties, and degradation behaviors. Among these blends, the film consisting of PHB, PEG, and PLA (PHB/PEG/PLA) emerged as a standout performer, displaying exceptional attributes. Notably, the PHB/PEG/PLA composite film exhibited remarkable thermal stability, boasting a high tensile strength of 26.6 MPa. Additionally, it demonstrated an outstanding ability to serve as a barrier against water vapors. These findings imply that the PHB/PEG/PLA composite film holds significant potential for a wide range of applications, particularly in the field of packaging and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyester-ether glycol was synthesized with poly(polyol adipate) as starting agent, epoxy alkane as the polymerization monomer, and alkali metal as catalyst. The effects of catalyst dosage on the polymerization was discussed, and its structure was characterized by FTIR and GPC. The self-made polyester-ether glycol was used to prepare polyurethane high-resilience foam and polyurethane elastomer, and the effects of polyester-ether glycol on their mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the optimum catalyst concentration was 0.6%. When polyester-ether glycol was applied to polyurethane high resilience foam with the addition amount of 15%, it had a significant effect on improving the mechanical properties of the products. Compared with traditional propylene glycol polyether, polyurethane synthesized with polyester-ether glycol had significant advantages in mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular electrocatalysts have demonstrated potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their well-defined structures and high intrinsic activities. Achieving rapid production of hydrogen requires molecular electrocatalysts to operate at high current densities, which still presents a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate that molecularly dispersed electrocatalysts of cobalt phthalocyanine anchored on carbon nanotubes (CoPc MDEs) are superior candidates due to the efficient charge transport between the substrate and the active site. The intrinsic activity can be enhanced by introducing functional groups on phthalocyanine. To facilitate mass transport, di(ethylene glycol) substituted CoPc molecules are further anchored on a three-dimensional self-supported electrode (CoPc-DEG MDE@CC), enabling continuous operation for 25 h at −1000 mA/cm2 in 1.0 M KOH. Our study demonstrates the potential of molecular electrocatalysts for HER and emphasizes the importance of adjusting intrinsic activity, and charge and mass transport capacity for practical molecular electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation pathway of colloidal semiconductor ZnSe magic-size clusters (MSCs) in a reaction that display an optical absorption doublet remains poorly understood. The reaction of Zn(OAc)2/OLA (made from zinc acetate and oleylamine) and tri-n-octylphosphine selenide (SeTOP) in OLA in the presence of diphenylphosphine (HPPh2) is studied, in which dMSC-345 displays a doublet peaking at 328/345 nm. We suggest that the development is from the clusters that form in the initial prenucleation stage of the reaction. The clusters are the precursor compound (PC-299) of MSC-299 (displaying an absorption singlet peaking at 299 nm). PC-299 transforms to PC-345 at a later stage. The presence of alcohol (such as methanol or ethylene glycol) promotes another pathway, which is the PC-299 to PC-320 transformation. PC-320 transforms to dMSC-320 (with a doublet at 305/320 nm), followed by dMSC-345 via PC-345. The present study provides additional evidence that clusters (PC-299) form and transform (such as to dMSC-345 via PC-345) in the prenucleation stage of ZnSe quantum dots (QDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathology repositories worldwide store millions of celloidin-processed human brain and temporal bone (TB) sections vital for studying central nervous system diseases and sensory organs. However, accessing these sections for modern molecular-pathological research, like immunohistochemistry, is hindered by the challenge of removing celloidin without damaging tissue. In this study, we explored the use of polyethylene glycols (PEGs), a class of non-hazardous, ethylene glycol oligomers, combined with an improved section mounting technique, to gently and effectively dissolve celloidin from sections archived for up to 40 years. Optimizing our protocol involved exploring celloidin dissolution kinetics in PEGs of varying molecular weights and terminations, as well as different temperatures. Low molecular weight PEGs, particularly PEG 200, were the most efficient celloidin solvent. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of celloidin-PEG 200 dissolution products revealed no chemical alterations, suggesting pure solvation without chemical modification. Because the solvation of celloidin in PEG was inhibited by proteins, we further developed a protein-free mounting protocol allowing complete celloidin removal in 30 to 60 minutes by immersing in PEG 200. In summary, our approach overcomes major methodological hurdles, rendering decades-old archival celloidin sections viable for immunohistochemical and other molecular biological techniques, while enhancing safety and workflow efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride), PEMA, and modified PEMA with pendent poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers (PEG3, PEG10, PEG20) in anhydrous acetone were grafted onto mechanically produced cellulose microfibrils, CNFs. The grafted CNFs had up to 4.7 mmol/g of carboxylic acid groups from the hydrolyzed PEMA. Before and after grafting, the concentrations of individualized microfibrils were low (< 10% wt/wt). Atomic force microscopy revealed that the main CNFs components were intermeshed microfibrils, microfibril bundles, and ribbons a few μm wide. Mastersizer particle size distributions were usually bimodal, with 10–20 μm and 100–200 μm peaks. We proposed that the smaller peaks were individualized ribbons plus small aggregates, and the larger ones were flocculated ribbons and microfibrils. Based on the images of dried ribbons adsorbed on cationic glass and the shapes of aqueous ribbons sitting near the non-adhesive anionic glass, the PEMA-treated ribbons were stiffer than the PEMA-PEG grafted ribbons. Perhaps the high anhydride concentration on PEMA facilitated more crosslinking of the CNFs surfaces compared to PEMA-PEG polymers with about 10 times less reactive anhydride groups. The presence of grafted PEMAc or PEMAc with pendent PEG chains had little influence on CNFs dispersibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium-containing feldspars provide a high potential for producing potash, a product with widespread use in agriculture. The present work assesses applying the anti-solvent crystallization method for the purification and recovery of high-purity muriate of potash (KCl) from feldspar leaching solutions. Initially, screening experiments were carried out on a synthetic leaching solution with the aim of analyzing the crystallization behavior of key components. Screening experiments were performed using five anti-solvents, namely methanol, ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol, and ethylene glycol. Acetone and 2-propanol were viable options for crystallization of potassium chloride. Then, the effects of anti-solvent ratio (O/A), time, and anti-solvent addition rate on potassium-chloride crystallization were further investigated using acetone and 2-propanol. A recovery of 83% of potassium was achieved when using acetone at the O/A of 5 with the addition rate of 10 mL/min, at room temperature with a hold time of 180 min. The optimum conditions for 2-propanol were determined to be similar, except for using a 5 mL/min addition rate for 79% recovery. The final muriate of potash products had a purity of over 99.9% using either of the anti-solvent. However, differences in morphology and crystal size of products were observed. Acetone-formed potash crystals were aggregates of cubic crystals with an average size of 3 microns, while 2-propanol-formed potash crystals were 20 microns in size as cubic particles with a hollow core. Despite having almost the same performance in potassium recovery, acetone was found to be a more feasible anti-solvent for potash recovery due to simpler downstream solvent recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of anodic potentiostatic treatment of nickel surface in deep eutectic solvents, ethaline and reline (eutectic mixtures of choline chloride with ethylene glycol and urea, respectively), on the electrocatalytic activity in the electrochemical reactions of oxygen evolution and urea oxidation in an aqueous alkaline medium (1 M NaOH) was investigated for the first time. It was shown that, depending on the chosen treatment potential and the nature of the eutectic solvent used, a significant increase in the rate of the studied processes was observed. Specifically, after anodic treatment of nickel under certain conditions, the polarization of the oxygen evolution reaction at a current density of 0.1 A/cm² could be reduced by approximately 150-200 mV, and the maximum current density of urea oxidation could be increased by an order of magnitude (from 0.012 A/cm² to 0.131 A/cm² at a urea concentration of 0.33 mol/dm³ in alkaline solution). The observed increase in electrocatalytic activity after anodic treatment of nickel in deep eutectic solvents is likely related to changes in surface morphology patterns and the nature and concentration of relevant electroactive sites on the electrode surface. The results obtained in this work can be used for the development of highly efficient electrode materials for green hydrogen energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease, affects more than 60 million people worldwide, a number that is estimated to double by 2050. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive memory loss, the impairment of behavior, and mood changes, as well as the disturbed daily routine of the patient. Although there are some active molecules that can be beneficial by halting the progression of the disease, the blood–brain barrier and other physiological barriers hinder their delivery and, consequently, the appropriate management of the disease. Therefore, drug delivery systems that effectively target and overcome the blood–brain barrier to reach the targeted brain area would improve treatment effectiveness. Liposomes are lipophilic carriers that consist of a phospholipid bilayer structure, simulating the physiological lipidic layer of the blood–brain barrier and enabling better delivery of the drug to the brain. Given that pure liposomes may have less targeting affinity than functionalized liposomes, modification with groups such as lactoferrin, poly(ethylene glycol), and transferrin may improve specificity. In this mini-review, we summarize the literature on the use of liposomes for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, focusing on the functionalization moieties of liposomes. In addition, challenges in brain delivery are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine embryos >300 μm require puncture before vitrification. Protocols that do not require pre‐puncture would make vitrification easier and allow for its widespread use. Objective s : To design a successful vitrification protocol for embryos >300 μm without puncture as a pre‐treatment. Study design: Experimental in vivo study. Methods: Thirty‐eight embryos were divided into 3 groups (G1: ≤300 μm, n = 11; G2: >300–500 μm, n = 20; G3: >500 μm, n = 7). Embryos were vitrified using a human vitrification kit. Following a 15 min exposure to equilibration solution (ES; 7.5% DMSO +7.5% ethylene glycol [EG] in a base medium [BM] of M199 HEPES‐buffered medium [H199] + hydroxypropyl cellulose + gentamycin), embryos were exposed for ≤90 s to a vitrification solution (15% DMSO +15% EG + 0.5 M trelahose in BM), loaded onto a Cryolock and plunged into LN2. Warming was undertaken by plunging the Cryolock tip into 1 mL of H199 + 20% FBS + pen/strep +1 M sucrose at 42°C for 1 min. The embryos were then moved to a 0.5 M sucrose solution for 4 min, then placed in Vigro Hold for 4 min prior to transfer to a recipient. Results: Pregnancy rates were 81.8% (9/11) for G1, 80% (16/20) for G2, and 0% (0/7) for G3. The largest embryo to survive was 480 μm. Main limitations: Limited numbers and only one pregnancy was followed to term. Conclusions: Equine embryos ≤480 μm can be successfully vitrified using a protocol with a longer exposure time to the ES. This does not appear to have a negative effect on early embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) offer several advantages for high-voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, the limited Li+ transport capability hinders the wide application of PEGDA. A cross-linked GPE consisting of PEGDA and acrylonitrile (AN) (designated as PA11 electrolyte) is synthesized through molecular design to investigate the impact of AN incorporation on the PEGDA-based GPE. AN exhibits good compatibility with PEGDA, and the resulting cross-linked copolymer effectively reduces the crystallinity of GPE, thereby enhancing its Li+ transport capability. At 25°C, the PA11 electrolyte exhibits high ionic conductivity (2.04 × 10−4 S cm−1), broad electrochemical window (− 0.5 V to 5.32 V versus Li+/Li), and good stability towards lithium metal showing stable deposition and stripping of lithium for 1000 h. Additionally, LFP||Li cells assembled with designed PA11 electrolyte demonstrate discharge capacities of 150.4 mA h g−1 at 0.05 C and 122.9 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C. Moreover, the PA11 electrolyte can be applied in LMFP-based high-voltage LMBs with a capacity retention ratio of 84.9% after 20 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between the molecular structure and foaming of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) triblock copolymers in Portland cement pastes. Four copolymers with different molecular structures were studied at varying concentrations. All copolymers showed a reduction in surface tension of the cement pore solution; however, only some of them demonstrated foaming and air entraining in cement paste. The results indicated that the molecular structure parameter, hydrophilic-to-lipophilic balance (HLB), has a direct relationship with the foaming and air-entraining performance of the copolymers. The total organic carbon measurements showed very small adsorption of these non-ionic copolymers on hydrating cement particles due to the lack of surface charge needed to interact with the heterogeneously charged surface of hydrating cement. In addition, these copolymers did not seem to affect the flow of cement paste due to a lack of adsorption on cement particles. The cement paste modified with the copolymers showed increased water sorption compared to the control paste due to the increased capillary porosity and slight increase in pore surface hydrophilicity. However, the freeze-thaw resistance was shown to improve with an increase in the number of air voids in the modified cement pastes. The findings establish the relationship between molecular properties of copolymers and their air-entraining performance in cement paste to mitigate the damages caused by freeze-thaw action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomaterials are the basis for the development of medicine because they allow safe contact with a living organism. The aim of this work was to produce innovative oxide layers with a microporous structure on the surface of commercially pure titanium Grade 4 (CpTi G4) and to characterize their properties as drug carriers. The anodization of the CpTi G4 subjected to mechanical grinding and electrochemical polishing was carried out in a solution of 1M ethylene glycol with the addition of 40 g of ammonium fluoride at a voltage of 20 V for 2, 18, 24, and 48 h at room temperature. It was found that the longer the anodization time, the greater the number of pores formed on the CpTi G4 surface as revealed using the FE-SEM method, and the greater the surface roughness determined in profilometric tests. As the anodizing time increases, the amount of the drug in the form of gentamicin sulfate incorporated into the resulting pores decreases. The most favorable drug release kinetics profile determined via UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy was found for the CpTi G4 anodized for 2 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper is aimed at investigating the impact of Arrhenius energy and thermal radiation on a Jeffrey nanoliquid using the Tiwari-Das model within a rotating porous system. The study includes Au, (Gold) as a nanoparticle, and ethylene glycol (EG) as a base fluid. The leading partial differential equations describing the flow are formulated based on the general laws of momentum, energy and species concentrations. The applicable dimensionless configuration reduces the complexity of the flow model, allowing it to be solved numerically. The Runge-Kutte Fehlberg scheme, in concert with MATLAB, is used to solve the transformed equations. Multiple graphs and tables are used to examine the new results comprehensively regarding fundamental flow, magnetic, and thermal properties for various implanted parameters. It is observed that the concentration profile seems higher for progressive values of Arrhenius energy, whereas the opposite behaviour has been observed for greater values of the Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter. The findings from this research can be applied to the development of many technologies such as solar power plants, nanofluidic devices, micro pumps, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the direct electrochemical oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG) on a nickel-based metal-organic framework (MOF)/multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hybrid composite electrode was investigated. This investigation is used to verify the possibility of using the Ni-MOF/CNTs electrode in the ethylene glycol fuel cells. The morphology of the composite layer on the surface of the electrode substrate was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cyclic voltammetry technique was used to examine the typical electrocatalytic performance of the electrode. In 0.1 M NaOH solution, well-defined oxidation and reduction peaks of Ni2+/Ni3+ redox couple were observed. The electrocatalytic current at the Ni-MOF electrode was also studied for comparison with that of the Ni-MOF/CNTs electrode. Owing to the synergetic effect of the MOF and the CNTs, the Ni-MOF/CNTs electrode shows a satisfactory electrocatalytic activity toward the EG electro-oxidation, making it a promising candidate for use as an ideal anode material in direct alkaline alcohol fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy conservation and sustainability to reduce the dependence on conventional sources have resulted in modified or advanced process practices. One such is the use of nanofluids for enhanced energy efficiency. However, such practices must not be at the cost of environmental hazards. The current study emphasizes bio‐based nanofluids formulated at five different volumetric concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%) using Flamboyant (Royal Poinciana) tree bark nanoparticles with ethylene glycol as base fluid. The nanoparticles synthesized by cost‐effective extensive ball milling technique were spherical in shape. Analyzing the nanofluid with TEM confirms the particles as evenly distributed with an average diameter of 26 nm. Elemental analysis shows that the bio powder contains oxides of Calcium and Silicon. The pH, electrical conductivity, and viscosity of the prepared flamboyant tree bark‐ethylene glycol (FTB‐EG) nanofluid were quantified between 20 and 70°C. Although the properties enhanced with increase in concentration, the viscosity and pH decreased with temperature rise, while the electrical conductivity behaved contradictory. The maximum and minimum values of the properties were attributed to 1.0% and 0.2% concentrations, respectively. The correlations were proposed and the deviation between the measured and correlation data was less than 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol poisoning is a significant global problem that has become an epidemic. The determination of the alcohol type is hereby essential as it may affect the course of the treatment; however, there is no routine laboratory diagnostic method for alcohol types other than for ethanol. In this study, we aimed to define a simple method for alcohol type differentiation by utilizing a combination of breathalyzer and spectrophotometrically measured serum ethanol results. Methods: A breathalyzer and spectrophotometry were used to measure four different types of alcohol: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and ethylene glycol. To conduct serum alcohol analysis, four serum pools were created, each containing a different type of alcohol. The pools were analyzed using the spectrophotometric method with an enzymatic ethanol test kit. An experiment was conducted to measure the different types of alcohol using impregnated cotton and a balloon, simulating a breathalyzer test. An algorithm was created based on the measurements. Results: Based on the results, the substance consumed could be methanol or isopropanol if the breathalyzer test indicates a positive reading and if the blood ethanol measurement is negative. If both the breathalyzer and the blood measurements are negative, the substance in question may be ethylene glycol. Conclusions: This simple method may determine methanol or isopropanol intake. This straightforward and innovative approach could assist healthcare professionals in different fields with diagnosing alcohol intoxication and, more precisely, help reducing related morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a water-insoluble film was prepared from hydrolyzed zein and ethyl cellulose (HydZN/EC) as the main polymeric matrix. The hydrolysis of ZN (2% w/v) and EC (1% w/v) was conducted using ethanol 70% v/v and acetic acid at the ratio of 70:30 at 70 °C for 2 h. Glycerol/monoethylene glycol (50:50 ratio and 40 wt% of polymer) was selected as plasticizer. Curcumin (CU), and thymol (THY) were used as active components at concentrations of 1 and 25 wt% of polymer, respectively. The hydrolysis improved the film forming ability and tensile strength (up to 4 times) of the film compared to Un-HydrolyzedZN/EC. The FT-IR results confirmed the cross-linking of ZN/EC with hydrogen bond formation after hydrolysis, which could be a reason for increasing the mechanical strength of the film. The film solubility and water vapor preamability increased up to 2–3 times respectively, after the hydrolysis and after the addition of THY and CU, which facilitates the slow release of THY and CU from the film. The total mesophilic and psychotropic bacteria count of the minced mutton samples packed with the HydZN/EC/THY, and HydZN/EC/THY/CU films had significant bactericidal effect with 42, and 43% reduction compared the control samples, respectively after 14 days of storage in 4 °C. Also, the increasing trend of peroxide value (PV) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the samples packed with HydZN/EC/THY/CU films were inhibited 45, and 64% lower than the control samples, respectively. Therefore, the prepared film introduce a suitable option for increasing the shelf life of minced mutton meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on sulphur-doped titanium dioxide (S-TiO2) nanostructures and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was presented for thiram (THI) determination in milk samples. Firstly, the S-TiO2 nanomaterial with a high product yield was prepared by using a facile sol-gel hydrolysis technique with a high product yield. After that, UV polymerization was carried out for the preparation of the THI-imprinted SPR chip based on S-TiO2 using a mixture including ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, N,N′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator, and methacryloylamidoglutamicacid (MAGA) as the monomer. The reliability of the sensor preparation procedure has been successfully proven by characterization studies of the prepared nanomaterials and SPR chip surfaces through spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical methods. As a result, the prepared SPR sensor showed linearity in the range of 1.0 × 10−9–1.0 × 10−7 M with a detection limit (LOD) of 3.3 × 10−10 M in the real samples, and a sensor technique for THI determination with high sensitivity, repeatability, and selectivity can be included in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the cyclodextrin (CD) and guest molecules inclusion, a novel rigid‐flexible polymeric nanosphere was prepared by supramolecular self‐assemble. The rigid part was formed by α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) and methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) necklace‐like crystallites while the flexible part was sodium alginate (Alg). The rigid and flexible parts were linked by β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and ferrocene (Fc) inclusion complex. This kind of nanosphere exhibited good glucose oxidase (GOD) encapsulation ability. The encapsulated enzyme, in comparison to the free enzyme, is able to retain its high activities across a rather broader range of pH, temperature, and time. After 20 days, the encapsulated enzyme can retain its almost 86% initial activity which exhibited good storage stability. These studies suggested that CD host‐guest inclusions to form stable polymeric nanospheres may be an effective way for enzyme encapsulation in various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]