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The European Foundation's EPOC survey results suggest there is a need to reappraise the relative significance of the two main forms of direct participation: consultation and delegation. Unexpectedly, in the light of the very different priority accorded to them in both the policy and scientific debates, not only does a majority of respondent managers regard the consultative forms of direct participation as more important than the delegative forms but the effects of the consultative forms on a range of indicators of performance are also considered to be at least equal to those of the delegative forms. Intriguingly, too, statistical analysis suggests the consultative forms are more likely to be associated with positive employment trends than delegation.

Employee participation is an important element of the European Social Model and this paper focuses on the extent of the different forms of participation - representative participation; direct participation; and financial participation, as measured in the European Foundation's EPOC survey. The paper examines the findings on these different types of participation separately and finally compares the levels of participation by combining all three systems. By taking this approach, important differences were found across the ten countries surveyed, with Sweden showing the strongest implementation of all types of participation, while Portugal is the weakest, in particular in representation participation arrangements. The paper indicates that there is a wide gap between the desired objective of the European Social Model and the practice of participation in Europe.

SUMMARY Frustration with didactic methods in teaching American students about European-style “participation” led to the use of a semester-long simulation of a European works council in a graduate cross-cultural course. Students shaped in the American culture of person-centered, direct participation learned by living an institutionalized, representational participation system. A written class council charter contractually bound both instructor and students to power-sharing via redefined roles in the management of the class. Student testimony documents the effectiveness of this simulation in driving learning to previously unreached levels.

We identified two regulatory elements in the upstream region of the Drosophila Sgs-3 gene which are both able to bind the ecdysone receptor (EcR/USP) and the product of the fork head gene. Interestingly, only one of the EcR/USP binding sites is able to recognize in vitro-translated EcR/USP, which provides evidence for the existence of different receptor forms having different DNA binding specificities. Deletions of the elements lead to a reduced accumulation of Sgs-3 mRNA without altering the temporal expression profile of the gene. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ecdysone receptor directly contributes to the transcriptional activation of Sgs-3 by binding to at least one of the two elements. Since also the Sgs-4 gene is controlled by a functional EcR/USP binding site, a direct participation of EcR/USP in the formation of regulatory complexes may be of general importance for the hormonal control Sgs genes.

The process and the proposals considered as priorities during the 1st National Conference on Transparency and Social Control (Consocial), are hereanalyzed, based on two patterns – State-centric and socio-centric – of the relationship between State and Society (Keinert, 2000). The Conference, led by theOffice of the Comptroller General (agency of the Brazilian federal government) during 2011 and 2012, involved thousands of people, in different meetings,reaching a set of 80 proposals (combined in 42) for a coming National Plan on Transparency and Social Control. The Conference is part of an ongoing processof democratic maturation in Brazil, which includes the opening of State institutional forums for citizens’ participation, increasing direct participation indecision-making and control over public administration, as well as in building new institutional and governance arrangements (typically found in societiesadopting the socio-centric pattern). However, characteristics of the State-centric pattern, such as centralization, formalism, and the notion of “public” asrestricted to State, are still reinforced. Overall, it is possible to observe a variety of combinations between these two patterns. The study is based on the methodof participant-observation during six phases of Consocial, analyses of the communication of the conference and documents such as the proposals andConsocial’s final report.Key-Words: Social control, State-Society relationship, Consocial.

Objetivo. Analizar factores asociados con prevención y atención de infecciones de transmisión sexual y virus de inmunideficiencia (ITS/VIH) y respeto a personas que viven con VIH (PVV) entre jóvenes de comunidades fronterizas de Centroamérica. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal, muestra no probabilística (n=716) en comunidades con y sin intervenciones de prevención y atención de ITS/VIH. Se identificaron factores asociados con el acceso a información; respeto a PVV, realización de pruebas, uso de condón y atención médica. Resultados. Los jóvenes en comunidades con intervenciones presentaron mayor información sobre ITS/ VIH y respeto a PVV (94.1 contra 75.3%) y acceso a prueba de VIH (50.8 contra 14.7%). El 52% reportó tener relaciones sexuales. Usar condón fue mayor entre participantes de actividades preventivas (60.5 contra 50.9%) y con movilidad internacional (70.6 contra 51.9% sin ella). El 8.8% reportó síntomas de ITS; sólo 55% buscó atención médica. Conclusión. Las intervenciones en comunidades están asociadas con mayor información, respeto a PVV y acceso a pruebas entre jóvenes; el uso de condón está relacionado con su participación en intervenciones.

The library profession is a strong and vocal proponent of increased information access for people with disabilities. With the discipline's longstanding interest in the subject of services to people with disabilities, questions arise about how the profession perceives the phenomenon. How is library and information science (LIS), as a discipline, conceptualizing disability and accessibility? A content analysis of the LIS literature was conducted to examine this question. The literature provides a fertile ground for study as it reflects the profession's approaches to, and perceptions of, a topic. This research identifies the major issues and trends in the research about accessibility and disability in the LIS literature throughout a 10-year period, 2000–2010. The strongest theme in the literature is accessibility as it relates to web, database, and software, while the prevailing disability of focus is visual disabilities. The overall environment emphasizes technology more than attitudinal aspects associated with disabilities. The research could benefit from increased direct participation of people with disabilities. Highlights ► Content analysis was performed on accessibility and disability in the LIS literature. ► Coded themes included disability types and participation of those with disabilities. ► The literature focuses on electronic accessibility and visual disabilities. ► People with disabilities are rarely active participants in the literature.

El presente trabajo recoge la intervención del Dr Luis Valenciano Clavel en la jornada que se celebró el pasado 2 de julio de 2013 bajo el título Celebración del 50 aniversario de la instauración de las campañas de vacunación antipoliomielitis en España. (Homenaje al Dr D Florencio Pérez Gallardo), en el Salón deActos Ernest Lluch del Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. El Dr Luis Valenciano Clavel narra su experiencia y participación directa, junto a Florencio Pérez Gallardo, en las campañas de vacunación contra el virus de la poliomielitis, tras retornar de su estancia en centros sanitarios de Alemania y asumir la dirección del Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Poliomielitis de la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, que tras el éxito de la campaña de vacunación antipoliomielítica, dio origen al actual Centro Nacional de Virología, pivote del actual Instituto de Sa- lud Carlos III.

Some have argued that the post‐Cold War period has been much more unstable or violent than what came before. Certainly the number of wars has increased in the 1980s and 1990s, especially in Europe and Africa. More important, however, the nature of wars has changed. Overall casualties and direct participation in wars tend to be lower but the ratio of civilian to military casualties has risen quite dramatically. Wars tend to be longer, more pervasive and less decisive.

Women's involvement in trade unions and their direct participation in industrial action has been the subject of growing interest for labour historians and industrial relations scholars. Some research has also concentrated on women's indirect participation in paid work. However just as this field of investigation has made inroads into the study of labour history, some have advised a return to ‘traditional ‘concerns of institutional labour history by focusing more specifically on the institutional forces which shape industrial relations. The following article takes up this debate about the perceived benefits in adopting an ‘institutionalist’ or ‘rank and filist’ approach through an investigation of the 1929 strike in the timber industry. By analysing those closely associated with strikers and their unions, thereby adopting a ‘rank and filist’ approach, it suggests that hitherto unexplored aspects of mobilisation may come to light. It concludes that gender relations was an important factor in sustai...

In international discussion of new developments in industrial relations at the workplace there is general agreement on the importance of direct employee participation in the organization of work. This article reports some of the results of a wide-ranging study conducted as part of a project initiated by the European Foundation in Dublin. It analyses the position of the organized industrial relations actors in the 15 countries of the European Union. Its focus is on how they understand the concept of direct participation and how they assess the impact of new participative programmes on company performance, work organization and working conditions, and the established system of workplace industrial relations.

After describing the background and current state of historical interests among Japanese developmentalists, this article stresses the value of the direct participation of developmentalists in historical study. Japanese historical materials on childrearing were analysed from a developmental point of view and their relation to cultural, social, and economic contexts in five historical epochs was examined. The results revealed historical continuity of basic beliefs and values in Japanese ethnotheories on childrearing and human development, and their relation to certain structural and functional aspects of Japanese society was demonstrated. A new term, the "ethnopsychological pool of ideas" (EPI), is presented to denote a reservoir of knowledge, practices, sentiments, and values that maintains diverse components across historical periods. The ethnopsychological pool of early modem Japan contained divergent key components based on which a few schools of modem academic theories on child development can be constructed. The analysis suggests that theories of childrearing draw upon naive psychology, expert advice, and scientific psychology, and are mutually related as social constructions based on the ethnopsychological pool of ideas of a particular society.

The incorporation of hydrogen in polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) is essential to improve the materials properties which contains a high density of localized states in the grain-boundary regions. The presence of hydrogen in poly-Si gives rise to new and hitherto unexpected phenomena. In this paper, light-induced defect creation and H-induced metastable changes of the dark conductivity are reviewed. Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates the direct participation of H in the metastable effects.

With a strong economy bringing skill shortages in technical jobs, Austin, Texas, has sought to learn the essentials of the German apprenticeship system for the development of its local youths and to help resolve labor supply problems encountered by local employers. Going beyond the conventional research and study tours, Austin has invited direct participation from European training experts and has established an apprentice exchange for Austin youths with the Chamber of Small and Medium-Sized Firms and Crafts in Koblenz, Austin's sister city in Germany. The Capital Area Training Foundation, an industry-led, nonprofit corporation, was formed to guide the development of the school-to-work system through its affiliated industry steering committees established in each of the region's major industry sectors. These steering committees decide on the industry's approach to working with schools, confirm industry skill standards and curriculum frameworks, provide career information, and organize opportunities for active career exploration and work-based learning.

The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003 caused massive disruptions in many sectors of the society. Many creative solutions were devised with the aim of continuing the teaching and learning process in educational areas. Among them, the initiative of VITLE classes was probably the only one involving the direct participation of an academic library. This article is to report such involvement of the Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) Library.

Solar radiation measuring instruments are generally more sensitive than other meteorological instruments. The standard reference for solar radiation measurements is maintained by the WRC (World Radiation Center) in Davos, Switzerland. The world radiometric standard reference was determined from the weighted mean of the measurements of group of 15 absolute cavity radiometers every 5 years. The reference instruments of the RRC (Regional Radiation Center) were calibrated through the WRC standards reference. Recently, intercomparison observations were performed using the standard instruments at Mt. Tsukuba in Japan in January, 2012. Several standard instruments (absolute cavity radiometer: PMO6 and AHF, pyranometer: CMP22) of KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) participated in this program and were calibrated from the reference instruments of WRC and RRC. The errors of PMO6, AHF, and CMP22 were reported to be 0.02%, 0.3%, and 1.87%, respectively, compared to reference instruments. RRC is smaller in scale than WRC, using only five pieces of standard equipment and having only a 10-day observation period. Therefore, direct participation in IPC of WRC is needed to secure the technology related to domestic solar radiation observations.

The article analyzes the contents of the review „Misyjne Drogi”, published by the Polish MIssionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, with special focus on the theme of Oblate Brothers and their participation in missionary works of the Congregation. The changing image of the ministry of brothers is described according to three periods: 1983-1994, 1995-2011, 2012-2015. The articles published during the first period spoke mostly about brothers performing auxiliary tasks of farmer, construction worker, nurse etc. As the years passed, the authors have focused more on the direct participation of Oblate brothers in the ministry of evangelisation, on equal terms with Oblate priests.

The paper analyzed an orthopedic and scientific assistance that was provided by Academician Korzh A. A. and scientists of the Kharkov Research Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology named after prof. M. I. Sytenko to the specialists of Yevpatoriya Central Children’s Clinical Resort of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. Close cooperation between the two hospitals was aimed to the implementation of scientific research results and the achievements of the Institute specialists into the therapeutic and diagnostic work of sanatorium. This fact allowed doctors to master the technique of spinal and large joints surgery, bone grafting and surgical repair after poliomymyelitis and skeletal injuries, etc. All mentioned above improved the quality of medical and rehabilitative care for children with diseases of the musculoskeletal system. In addition, scientists of the Institute provided scientific-technical and advisory assistance in the organization of research, they also led the dissertation research managing by Yevpatoria colleagues. At the initiative of Korzh A. A. and with his direct participation the on-site thematic trainings in pediatric orthopedics were organized for doctors at the sanatorium using specialists from department of traumatology and orthopedics of the Ukrainian Institute of Advanced Medical. 18 scientific conferences were conducted at the sanatorium. The doctors of sanatorium prepared 442 reports in scientific medical journals; published 576 papers and defended 6PhD theses. International recognition of sanatorium as an effective orthopedic-surgical treating and rehabilitation institutions for children with diseases of the musculoskeletal system was one of the achievements of a fruitful collaboration.

The Essence every proper democracy is characterized by the level of participation of citizens in decision-making for different local issues and affairs. The right of direct participation of citizens in decision-making on local issues proclaimed even by the norms prescribed by domestic legal frame (countries apart) but also internationally, which determine in an almost standardize form the participation of citizens in decision-making such as civic initiatives, gatherings of citizens, referendum, public audience, polls, surveys, petitions etc. Through these forms of participation citizens are directly involved in making decisions about local affairs and issues related to the life and the common interests of the local level. Therefore, people with their participation can influence in decision-making in various fields, such as, in the area of decision-making for local policies dealing with legal acts (regulations and other local acts), plans and programs, as well as concrete development projects at the local level. The object of this paper deals with the most common forms of citizen’s participation in decision making at the local level which are illustrated with some concrete examples on how is regulated by legal norms and practically implemented in some countries with developed democracies: the USA, Great Britain, Switzerland and the countries of Central and Southeastern Europe such as Estonia, Hungary, Kosovo

The present work objective to analyze the mechanisms that provide the citizen enrollment in the model of energy management, in special the ones related to the energy sector, which involves principles of sustainability and ambient development. The methodology used encompasses a case study, with documentary and bibliographical research. The research, have been based on the study of the implantation of a biomass energy plant by a private company and the evaluation of the Brazilian model of energy management. The study made possible to ratify the incongruence in the formularization of participative public politics, considering that these are harmed and/or limited by the national matrix that does not offer space to the direct participation of the society, and is unfortunately where all regional politics stands. Keywords: Energy sector; Public politics; Participation Citizen.

En el nivel de los principios proclamados, una de las señas de identidad de las democracias occidentales es la participación de la población en la vida política, económica y cultural. En la práctica, sin embargo, la gestión cotidiana de esas esferas corre a cargo de profesionales de la política, corporaciones transnacionales y oligopolios mediáticos. El presente texto trata de recoger las formas de participación de la ciudadanía en el ámbito de la política en un sentido amplio. Si bien la participación indirecta, a través de procesos electorales, ha sido notable durante las tres últimas décadas, la intervención directa en la esfera pública es muy limitada, salvo para una minoría social más activa o en casos excepcionales de movilización colectiva. Tanto los datos aportados por el Barómetro social de España como los sondeos cuantitativos y cualitativos de opinión pública apuntan a que vivimos en una sociedad tecnocrática o plutocrática, más que democrática. El modelo político establecido en España en las últimas décadas ofrece un marco institucional ambivalente para la participación ciudadana: por un lado, se afirma el derecho a la participación y se establecen algunos cauces concretos que antes no existían; por otro, el énfasis en la delegación (mecanismos de representación) impone unos límites precisos a la participación directa en los asuntos públicos. At the level of proclaimed principles, one of the hallmarks of Western democracy is public participation in political, economic and cultural life. In practice, however, the daily management of these areas is provided by professional politicians, transnational corporations and media oligopolies. This paper seeks to collect in a broad sense the forms of citizen participation in the field of politics. While indirect participation through the electoral process has been remarkable in the last three decades, direct intervention in the public sphere is very limited, except for a more active social minority or, in exceptional cases, of collective mobilization. Both the data from the Social Barometer of Spain as well as quantitative and qualitative surveys of public opinion suggest that we live more in a technocratic or plutocratic society rather than a democratic one. The political model established in Spain in recent decades provides an ambivalent institutional framework for public participation: on the one hand, it affirms the right of participation and sets out some concrete ways that did not exist previously; on the other, the emphasis on delegation (representation mechanisms) imposes restrictions on direct participation in public affairs.

?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????. In article mechanisms of ensuring social stability on means of direct participation of citizens in decision-making concerning local value.

Environmental degradation is a burgeoning problem owing to the continual expansion of industrial production, and high-levels of energy and material consumption associated with economic growth. Cleaner Production (CP) is a preventive environmental approach, aimed at increasing resource efficiency and reducing the generation of pollution and waste at source. CP is being implemented globally and in SA, but it is not just an environmental initiative; it also supports other productivity-oriented programmes and strategies. The research study summarised in this paper assessed CP improvement options using two different Technology Management (TM) methods. The objective was to develop a better understanding of CP from a TM perspective. Data was collected through direct participation in case studies within the SA automotive industry. The case studies identified CP focus areas and improvement techniques. Results from the TM assessment were used to suggest strategies to benefit managers of companies and other stakeholders. OPSOMMING Die degenerasie van die omgewing is ’n groeiende probleem weens die toenemende industriele produksie en hoe vlakke van energie- en materiaalgebruik geassosieer met ekonomiese groei. Skoner Produksie (SP) is ’n voorkomende omgewingsaanslag gemik op verhoging van hulpbroneffektiwiteit en die vermindering van besoedeling en afval by die oorsprong. SP word wereldwyd geimplementeer, ook in Suid-Afrika, maar nie slegs as ’n omgewingsinisiatief nie; dit ondersteun ook ander produktiwiteitsprogramme en -strategiee. Die navorsing het SP verbeteringsmoontlikhede evalueer mbv twee verskillende metodes van Tegnologiebestuur (TB). Die rede vir die studie was om SP beter te verstaan van ’n TB-perspektief. Data is ingesamel via direkte betrokkenheid in gevallestudies in die SA motorvervaardigingsindustrie. Die studies het SP fokusareas en verbeteringstegnieke uitgewys. Die resultate van die TB-evaluering is gebruik om strategiee voor te stel vir bestuurders van maatskappye en ander betrokke partye.

History provides scarce chronicle of gendered experiences of organized political violence. It is only in the post Second World War era, mainly owing to escalation in armed conflicts and with the growing discipline of gender studies, that there have been attempts to study conflict situations from a gender perspective. Most of these attempts however tend to portray a simplistic characterization of women, that is victims, while neglecting their other experiences — survivors, peace-builders and combatants. In recent years some analysts, although few in number, have brought to the forefront the different roles and experiences of women in conflict (Bennett et al. 1995; Turpin 1998). The inclusion of women’s experiences brings into focus the heterogeneity of the experiences of the subgroups caught in conflict situations. Understanding women’s participation in the conflict, the chapter argues, is essential not only as a mere exercise to add to the literature on conflict but also to understand conflict in its multifaceted dimensions from a perspective hitherto neglected owing to gender-neutral dominant discourse. Discourse on the issue of conflict and peace could certainly be broadened by understanding the whys and hows of women’s participation in conflict. In conflict situations, women’s participation can be direct, indirect or both depending upon a variety of circumstances specific to the location, situation and dynamics of the particular conflict.

Examines the legal status under international humanitarian law of opposition fighters during a non-international armed conflict.

Persons that involved in an armed conflict are protected by law which regulated in Article 13 of Geneva Convention 1949. There are some persons who receive protection such as combatants, militia and levee en maase and civilians as a matter of law, however , the protection itself has not been fully implemented. This article aims to discuss persons who receive protection whether the persons involve in an armed conflict or not. In principle, persons who involve in an armed conflict must protect the combatants who took direct participation when the combatants are wounded and hostile. However, the protection are not implemented accordingly since the y often receive violence attacks. Furthermore, civilians often became victim of attack that classified as inhuman treatment. Keyword s : Protected, proctected p ersons, armed conflict

International audience; The NWT Ice Patch Study was developed in partnership with the Shúhtagot’ine residents of Tulita, Northwest Territories, Canada. This paper explores how Shúhtagot’ine traditional knowledge, collected through the direct participation of Elders in our archaeological fieldwork, science camps with Elders and youth, Elder interviews, and traditional land-use mapping, is informing our interpretation of archaeological data collected at alpine ice patches in the Selwyn Mountains. While knowledge of bow-and-arrow and snare technologies persists in Shúhtagot’ine culture, Shúhtagot’ine oral history does not contain detailed knowledge of throwing dart technology. Using data collected in our traditional land-use mapping project, we consider the role of ice patches in the broader context of Shúhtagot’ine land use. We propose that resource harvesting on high alpine plateaus and adjacent ice patches in the summer was more important in late precontact times than it was after contact. Shúhtagot’ine land-use practices involve long-distance travel in all seasons. Safe travel in the alpine landscape requires detailed knowledge of environmental conditions, such as snow and ice conditions, and respectful engagement with the spiritual entities inhabiting the landscape; L’étude des névés des Territoires du Nord-Ouest a été réalisée en collaboration avec les Shúhtagot’ine de Tulita, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, au Canada. Le présent article explore comment le savoir traditionnel des Shúhtagot’ine, recueilli lors de la participation directe des aînés à nos fouilles archéologiques, à des camps de sciences où aînés et plus jeunes participaient, à des entrevues avec les aînés et au relevé cartographique de l’utilisation traditionnelle des terres influence et éclaire notre interprétation des données archéologiques recueillies dans les névés alpins de la chaîne de Selwyn. Bien que le savoir relatif aux techniques de l’arc et de la flèche et de la chasse au collet est encore bien présent dans la culture des Shúhtagot’ine, leur histoire orale ne fait aucune allusion à la technique du tir au propulseur. En nous appuyant sur lesdonnées recueillies dans le cadre de notre projet de cartographie de l’utilisation traditionnelle des terres, nous considérons le rôle des névés dans le plus contexte plus large de l’utilisation du territoire par les Shúhtagot’ine. Nous proposons que la récolte estivale des ressources sur les hauts plateaux alpins et les névés adjacents était plus importante à la période juste avant le contact qu’à celle qui a suivi. Les pratiques d’utilisation des terres par les Shúhtagot’ine impliquent des déplacements sur de longues distances à toutes saisons. La sûreté des déplacements en milieu alpin nécessite une connaissance détaillée des conditions environnementales, telles que l’état de la neige et de la glace, de même qu’une interaction respectueuse avec les entités spirituelles qui habitent le milieu.

This paper highlights the issue of prohibition of child soldiers in armed conflicts by the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The paper mentions the reasons for the violation of this prohibition and the responsibilities and obligations of the States to comply with the International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law regimes regarding the child soldiers.

At the level of proclaimed principles, one of the hallmarks of Western democracy is public participation in political, economic and cultural life. In practice, however, the daily management of these areas is provided by professional politicians, transnational corporations and media oligopolies. This paper seeks to collect in a broad sense the forms of citizen participation in the field of politics. While indirect participation through the electoral process has been remarkable in the last three decades, direct intervention in the public sphere is very limited, except for a more active social minority or, in exceptional cases, of collective mobilization. Both the data from the Social Barometer of Spain as well as quantitative and qualitative surveys of public opinion suggest that we live more in a technocratic or plutocratic society rather than a democratic one. The political model established in Spain in recent decades provides an ambivalent institutional framework for public participation: on the one hand, it affirms the right of participation and sets out some concrete ways that did not exist previously; on the other, the emphasis on delegation (representation mechanisms) imposes restrictions on direct participation in public affairs. En el nivel de los principios proclamados, una de las señas de identidad de las democracias occidentales es la participación de la población en la vida política, económica y cultural. En la práctica, sin embargo, la gestión cotidiana de esas esferas corre a cargo de profesionales de la política, corporaciones transnacionales y oligopolios mediáticos. El presente texto trata de recoger las formas de participación de la ciudadanía en el ámbito de la política en un sentido amplio. Si bien la participación indirecta, a través de procesos electorales, ha sido notable durante las tres últimas décadas, la intervención directa en la esfera pública es muy limitada, salvo para una minoría social más activa o en casos excepcionales de movilización colectiva. Tanto los datos aportados por el Barómetro social de España como los sondeos cuantitativos y cualitativos de opinión pública apuntan a que vivimos en una sociedad tecnocrática o plutocrática, más que democrática. El modelo político establecido en España en las últimas décadas ofrece un marco institucional ambivalente para la participación ciudadana: por un lado, se afirma el derecho a la participación y se establecen algunos cauces concretos que antes no existían; por otro, el énfasis en la delegación (mecanismos de representación) impone unos límites precisos a la participación directa en los asuntos públicos.

Analyses the current focus on empowerment by tracing the changing contours of involvement and participation, both in organizations and in contemporary debate. Based on the changes in involvement strategies – the move from indirect to direct participation and the move from collective representation to individualized involvement and consultation – argues that the logic underpinning interest in empowerment is disempowering.

An integrated approach for the control of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit will better enable sustainable control while helping to circumvent some of the problems associated with the use of conventional insecticides. Environmental methods and biological control are alternatives to chemical control and are key components of the integrated strategy. The use of vertebrate and invertebrate predators and entomopathogens as biological control agents and their role in integrated control programs is reviewed with emphasis on fish, Toxorhynchites mosquitoes, Notonecta species, predatory copepods, entomopathogenic bacteria, and the fungus Lagenidium giganteum. The successful implementation of these organisms will depend on an in-depth understanding of the ecology of both the targeted species and the biological control agents to be used. Thorough geographic reconnaissance will also be essential for the successful abatement of pest and vector mosquitoes. The success and sustainability of future programs, especially in developing countries, will rely not only on the use of the most appropriate technologies but also on the direct participation of the affected communities. Possible undesirable effects of biological control are also reviewed.

The article reviews the most important developments in the synthesis of heterocycles by gold catalysts for reactions directly involving the heteroatoms in the reacting groups. Reactions without direct participation of the hetero atoms, for example in substrates with the heteroatom in a tether between the reacting groups, are not included. In the last decade homogeneous gold catalysis has emerged from a handful of scattered publications to a hot topic, an area with now hundreds of publications per year. Among the many different products accessible by the new methods developed, heterocycles are probably the most important class of compounds with significant impact on the synthesis of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os processos de regionalização turística do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e as características da determinação dos espaços turísticos regionalizados, com base em conceitos de espaço, território, regionalidade e centralidade. Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, cujo método consiste em revisão histórica, por meio de investigação e de compilação de informações de arquivos da Secretaria de Estado do Turismo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, identificando-se as etapas de aplicação de políticas públicas de regionalização, de acordo com programas de diversos governos. Constatou-se que, na regionalização, predominou a decisão política, priorizando as possibilidades de captação de investimentos externos resultados de programas governamentais de desenvolvimento turístico regionalizado. As características de cada região, para organização do turismo, não foram definidas com a participação direta das comunidades locais. Mesmo assim, o Rio Grande do Sul é pioneiro e referência em implementação de modelos de gestão pública regional do turismo no Brasil.

This paper examines the Israeli raid on six aid vessels bound for Gaza on 31 May 2010, in light of customary International Humanitarian Law (IHL). In exploring the international law implications of these events, the concepts of a legal maritime blockade and the use of force to impose such a blockade are unpacked. The article considers whether the use of force by the civilians on board the vessels amounted to 'direct participation in hostilities', and whether either side might have a legitimate claim to have acted in self-defence. Lastly, the obligations placed upon belligerents when they detain civilians are examined, in light of the fundamental guarantees of humane treatment enshrined in IHL. Israel val 'n noodlenigingskonvooi op pad na Gaza aan : 'n donker dag vir volkereg Hierdie artikel ondersoek die Israeliese aanval op 'n noodlenigingskonvooi op pad na Gaza op 31 Mei 2010 met verwysing na die gewoonteregtelike humanitere-volkereg (GHV). In die ondersoek na die volkeregtelike implikasies van hierdie gebeure, word die begrippe van 'n regmatige maritieme blokkade en die gebruik van geweld om die blokkade af te dwing, uitgepak. Hierdie artikel oorweeg of die gebruik van geweld deur burgerlike persone aan boord die vaartuie neerkom op 'direkte deelname aan vyandelikhede', en of beide partye moontlik die reg het om in selfverdediging op te tree. Laastens, word die verpligtinge ondersoek wat op die oorlogvoerende geplaas word, indien hulle burgerlike persone aanhou in die lig van die fundamentele waarborge van humanitere behandeling verskans in die GHV.

Individuals in many animal species are strongly motivated to form close social bonds and to attend to the social interactions of others. Some animals may also recognize other individuals’ intentions and simple mental states. Such curiosity appears to be adaptive, because it enables observers to learn about others’ status and relationships and to anticipate future events without direct participation. However, many questions remain unresolved. In particular, it remains unclear whether animals keep track of favors given and received when interacting with others, and whether they rely on memory of past cooperative acts when anticipating future ones. Primates appear to possess many of the cognitive abilities required for human-like contingent cooperation. However, most investigations of captive primates have indicated that cooperation is seldom contingency-based, and that interactions are not influenced by inequity aversion or sensitivity to cheaters. In contrast, several experiments with nonprimates have found that animals can take into account recent interactions when supporting others, suggesting that the apparent rarity of contingent cooperation in primates may not stem from cognitive constraints. Instead, individuals may tolerate short-term inequities in favors given and received because most cooperation occurs among long-term reciprocating partners.

The article reviews the most important developments in the synthesis of heterocycles by gold catalysts for reactions directly involving the heteroatoms in the reacting groups. Reactions without direct participation of the hetero atoms, for example in substrates with the heteroatom in a tether between the reacting groups, are not included. In the last decade homogeneous gold catalysis has emerged from a handful of scattered publications to a hot topic, an area with now hundreds of publications per year. Among the many different products accessible by the new methods developed, heterocycles are probably the most important class of compounds with significant impact on the synthesis of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals.

International audience; The leveraging of control is the possibility for the controlling shareholder to lower her direct participation in capital through a convergence of financial and economic interest with other shareholders or would-be shareholders in the firm. In this paper, the setting of a coalition contract is done by awarding stocks to managers and employees. This article analyses it, on one side, in a rationale of economic incentive and, on the other side, in a rationale of political coalition of the initial dominant shareholder with managers and employees. It is shown that the two logics are not opposite but complementary. The sharing of the private benefits between members of the new coalition is at the heart of a new implicit contract. The initial controlling shareholder "buys" efficient efforts by awarding a stake of capital to managers or employees, but also by allowing them to share a part of the private benefits and to join a new dominant group. Even if the effort function of the employees is not productive nor observable, a targeted broad diffusion of new stocks may still respect the coherence between an economic incentive rationale and a political substitution rationale. At the end, we introduce the idea of political management of the leverage of control.

This article deals with the necessity of wars in human world and principles of International Humanitarian Law. The concept of direct participation in hostilities (DPH) has had to bear an especially heavy weight in contemporary armed conflicts. Technological developments have expanded the capacity of individuals to apply lethal force while remaining located thousands of miles away from their targets. Thus, there came the Interpretive Guidance so as to make clear the concept of direct participation in hostilities in the battlefield. It is necessary to make distinction between civilians and the armed forces since the International Humanitarian Law always gives immunity to the civilians. But, this immunity can be taken away if the civilians take direct participation in the hostilities. Thus, it is necessary to deal with the elements for direct participation in hostilities.This article deals about the criteria’s for the direct participation in the hostilities which is termed as ‘constitutive elements’ in the Interpretive Guidance. This article will not be dealing other aspects of the direct participation and International Humanitarian Law.

In the more than thirty years that have passed since the adoption of the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, there has been no revisiting of the Geneva laws, to see whether they still effectively regulate their subject-matter. Indeed, even if the Geneva Conventions were debated for revision, it seems highly unlikely that such revision would go ahead. There are so many parties that have a stake in the conduct of armed conflict that it seems doubtful that any kind of consensus could be reached. A graphic example of the difficulties of achieving consensus was seen during the Expert Process convened to discuss the concept of Direct Participation in Hostilities. Disagreements over the final text, known as the Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities, resulted in almost a third of the fifty experts involving withdrawing their names from the document. Given this background, this paper will look at the history of international humanitarian law relating to regulating irregular participation in armed conflict, as a case study to demonstrate the increasingly difficult task of achieving consensus on the international plane. From the first provisions in the Hague Regulations regarding levee en masse, to the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols, this paper will look at how non-conventional combatancy has been regulated, and examine the debates surrounding the expansion of the category of combatant. This paper will culminate in an analysis of the ICRC Expert Process on Direct Participation in Hostilities; and argue that both the final Interpretive Guidance, and the controversy leading up to and surrounding its publication, is demonstrative of the obvious stumbling blocks facing any new treaties regarding participation in armed conflict.

Civilians who directly participate in hostilities lose their protection from attack for such time as they so participate. Additionally, they neither factor into proportionality calculations nor need be considered when taking “precautions in attack”. The principle reflects both treaty and customary international law. In 2009, the International Committee of the Red Cross released the interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities. This chapter critically analyzes the guidance, pointing out both its strengths and weaknesses. In doing so, it addresses four key questions: (1) Who qualifies as a civilian? (2) What acts constitute “direct participation”? (3) When does the notion apply? and (4) Do any further restrictions on attack attach to application of the rule?

The formation of a new field in the radiation physics of semiconductors and semiconductor technology under the general guidance and with the direct participation of the late A. V. Rzhanov is reviewed historically. This line of research gave rise to a multitude of practical applications; however, most importantly, it forced scientists to radically change the established concepts of reactions in semiconductor crystals by taking into account the mobile defect-impurity subsystem susceptible to external factors. The concepts developed form the basis for considering the processes at the atomic level, especially during the formation and modification of active clusters and nanoobjects.

The enantioselectivity exerted by a new series of chiral catalysts containing N,O-heterocycles of different sizes has been checked in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde, which was used as a model reaction. The catalysts were derived from natural amino acids, following a relatively simple procedure, and in several cases excellent ee values were obtained. The results were complementary since ee's ranged from 98% (R) to 94% (S) excesses of the final 1-phenylpropan-1-ol. Molecular mechanics calculations suggested that the production of the R alcohol may be explained by a mechanism similar to that described by Noyori, in which ZnEt2 interacts solely with the N–C–C–OH fragment, whereas the formation of the S enantiomer needed the direct participation of the lateral chain of the parent amino acid and the N,O-heterocycle.

This article defines direct participation and considers the context in which participation has changed over time. It is concerned with clarifying what is meant by different participation schemes. The article also evaluates the extent to which various practices allow workers to have a say in organizational decisions. Next, it considers the issue of management choice over employee voice and participation. The article then reviews a framework against which to evaluate employee participation, and this is followed by an explanation of the types of schemes used in practice. Furthermore, it considers the impacts on organizational performance and employee well-being that are often claimed to arise from employee participation. The article concludes by reviewing some of the current influences and policy choices in the area of direct employee participation.

This is a thoroughly revised and updated edition of a book originally published in 2004. In the stretch of time since the first edition came out, interest in the law applicable in the conduct of hostilities in international (as well as non-international) armed conflicts has grown apace, and there has been a veritable spate of new books, articles and studies relating to diverse dimensions of this branch of international law. Even more significantly, the case law – especially, but not exclusively, that of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia – has become more abundant. There are also new texts: not only treaty texts but also restatements of the law. While the main contours and theses of the first edition have been retained, countless changes have been introduced in the book to reflect new developments, address issues not fully explored before, and – based on lessons learned from actual teaching and training in a number of countries – add useful definitions and explanations. There are some new substantive sections (preeminently, direct participation in hostilities and ‘human shields’). Others have been considerably augmented. To complement the changes in the text, the table of contents has been expanded. The new edition also has an easier cross-referencing system, to enable a closer look at the way in which similar rules mesh in different contexts. The numerical cross-references are to paragraphs and not to pages. To facilitate syntax, generic pronouns relating to individual combatants or civilians are usually drawn in masculine form. This must not be viewed as gender specific.