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[Display omitted] • The covalent organic framework (COF) with maximized carbonyl groups was synthesized. • The lithiophilic active sites were optimized in the porous skeleton. • The smart COF interlayer were introduced into the lithium metal batteries (LMBs). • The lithium ionic flux was regulated uniformly and the random Li deposition was suppressed. Li metal batteries (LMBs) have been intensively investigated in recent years due to the ultrahigh theoretical capacity of Li metal anodes. However, the random nucleation of Li ions and the proliferation of Li filaments originated from the concentration polarization and space charge region would consume both liquid electrolyte and Li metal, and simultaneously undermine the work life and cycling performance of LMBs. Herein, we develop covalent organic framework (COF) interlayer with maximized lithiophilic carbonyl groups as the ionic regulator in LMBs. The maximized carbonyl groups with aligned arrangement bring about maximized Li affinity and ideal homogeneous Li ion flux, and subsequently avoid the formation of ramified Li metal. With introducing this maximized lithiophilic polymer backbone, both half batteries and full cells exhibit extraordinary cycling performance. The symmetric cells exhibit stable polarization voltage more than 600 h under current density of 4 mA cm−2, and the Li–LiFePO 4 batteries with this interlayer achieve high reversible capacity up to 163 mAh g−1 and limited capacity loss in more than 700 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent radical covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have exhibited great application potential in the fields of photocatalysis, magnetism, and biology. However, there is still a lack of a simple, green, and effective way to produce persistent radical COFs. Here, we synthesized two sp2 carbon-covalent organic frameworks (sp2C-COFs) with persistent triphenylamine radical cation (TPA+•), which can be generated by simple light irradiation since the effective donor–acceptor heterojunction is formed in ordered skeleton. The number of persistent TPA+• will increase with the intensity of light irradiation and the photogenerated electrons generated simultaneously can be consumed by O 2 to form reactive oxygen species, which can be then used to carry out the oxidative organic transformations under visible light. In addition, femtosecond-transient absorption spectra prove that the difference in the structure of the two radical cation sp2C-COFs will significantly influence the charge recombination rate, so that the materials show different catalytic efficiency. [Display omitted] • Two sp2 C-COFs with persistent radical cation are designed and synthesized. • The radical cation and ROS(O2–•) can be generated by simple light irradiation. • Two sp2 C-COFs display superior photocatalytic performance in organic transformation. • The relationship between structure and performance is explored by fs-TA spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, crown ether-based hypercrosslinked porous polymers named DB18C6-HCP and DB24C8-HCP are synthesized for gold recovery. Both of the polymers exhibit rapid kinetics, high stability, and excellent Au3+ adsorption selectivity. [Display omitted] • The crown ether-based hypercrosslinked porous polymers were prepared for gold ions adsorption. • The polymers show high gold ion adsorption capacity, especially the maximum adsorption capacity of DB18C6-HCP is 1667 mg g−1. • These adsorbents exhibit high porosity, good stability, and outstanding gold adsorption selectivity. • As one of the limited low-cost and high-capacity gold adsorbents reported at present, these crown ether-based HCPs present promising potential in application. With the over-exploitation of global resources, the recycling of gold becomes an urgent task to be solved. In this regard, design of stable adsorbents with low cost and large capacity is meaningful for the secondary utilization of resources. Herein, to obtain the efficient adsorbents, dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) and dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) were cross-linked for the first time by Friedel–Crafts reaction to synthesize crown ether-based hypercrosslinked porous polymers, named DB18C6-HCP and DB24C8-HCP, respectively. These adsorbents exhibit high porosity, good stability, and outstanding gold adsorption selectivity. Notably, DB18C6-HCP exhibits a high gold uptake capacity with 1667 mg g−1. Furthermore, gold ions are in situ reduced into gold nanoparticles by DB18C6-HCP and DB24C8-HCP along with gold ion adsorption process. In short, we have confirmed the potential of porous organic polymers for the adsorption of gold, and provided a powerful reference for the recovery and reduction of gold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A porphyrin-based two-dimensional covalent organic framework (TPE-Por-COF) with high stability was synthesized, and the adsorption performance of TPE-Por-COF on organic dyes was studied. The TPE-Por-COF was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetry and N 2 adsorption isotherms. TPE-Por-COF has adsorption effect on five dyes: malachite green (MG), methyl violet (MV) and rhodamine B (RhB), coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) and brilliant green (BG). Among them, TPE-Por-COF has the most obvious adsorption effect on malachite green, and the adsorption capacity is as high as 1428.57 ​mg ​g-1. In addition, the CO 2 adsorption capacity of TPE-Por-COF is 187 ​mg ​g-1 at 50 ​bar and 323 ​K. A new COF (TPE-Por-COF) based on porphyrin and tetraphenylethylene derivatives was synthesized, which can be used as effective dye adsorption and gas storage. TPE-Por-COF has an adsorption effect on five dyes: malachite green (MG), methyl violet (MV) and rhodamine B (RhB); coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) and brilliant green (BG). Among them, TPE-Por-COF has the most obvious adsorption effect on malachite green, and the adsorption capacity is as high as 1428.57 ​mg ​g-1, and the adsorption rate is 15.9 ​mg ​g-1 min-1 in the first minute. For each dye, the dye adsorption effect of TPE-Por-COF did not decrease significantly within 5 cycles. In addition, the adsorption capacity of TPE-Por-COF for CO 2 was 187 ​mg ​g-1 at 50 ​bar and 323 ​K. [Display omitted] • A new covalent organic framework adsorbent based on porphyrin and tetraphenylethylene derivatives was synthesized. • The adsorbent has excellent adsorption performance for MG, MV, RhB, CBB, and BG dyes. • The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied in detail. • The adsorbent has a good carbon dioxide adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorine-containing 2D polymer (F-2DP) film is a desired system to regulate the charge transport in organic electronics but rather rarely reports due to the limited fluorine-containing building blocks and difficulties in synthesis. Herein, a novel polar molecule with antiparallel columnar stacking is synthesized and further embedded into an F-2DP system to control over the crystallinity of F-2DP film through self-complementary π-electronic forces. The donor-accepter-accepter'-donor' (D-A-A'-D') structure regulates the charge transportation efficiently, inducing multilevel memory behavior through stepwise charge capture and transfer processes. Thus, the device exhibits ternary memory behavior with low threshold voltage (V th1 of 1.1 V, V th2 of 2.0 V), clearly distinguishable resistance states (1:10 2 :10 4 ) and ternary yield (83%). Furthermore, the stepwise formation of the charge complex endows the device with a wider range to regulate the conductive state, which allows its application in brain-inspired neuromorphic computing. Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology recognition can reach an accuracy of 86%, showing great potential in neuromorphic computing applications in the post-Moore era., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks (viCOFs) have been generally synthesized in the presence of homogeneous catalysts such as KOH or trifluoroacetic acid. However, highly ordered viCOFs cannot always be obtained due to the uncommitted growth of viCOF layers in the homogeneous system with ubiquitous catalysts. Here, we propose a scalable protocol to restrict the growth of viCOFs along the two-dimensional (2D) plane by introducing a heterogeneous catalyst, polyoxometalates (POMs). With the unique Brønsted alkalinity and catalytic surface, POMs induce the growth of 2D viCOF layers along the surface of the catalytic substrate and restrain the generation of out-of-plane branches. Based on this protocol, six typical 2D viCOFs with high crystallinity and porosity were synthesized within a shorter reaction time as compared with the reported works using the common homogeneous catalysts for viCOF synthesis. On the basis of the density functional theory calculations and experimental results, a bottom intercalation growth pattern of viCOFs was revealed during the heterogeneous reaction. The unique growth pattern greatly promotes the orderly assembly of monomers, thus shortening the reaction time and improving the crystallinity of viCOFs. Furthermore, this heterogeneous catalysis strategy is suitable for the gram-scale preparation of 2D viCOFs. These results provide a novel avenue for the synthesis of high-quality viCOFs and may bring new insights into the synthetic methodology of COFs.

The tunable pore walls and skeletons render covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as promising absorbents for gold (Au) ion. However, most of these COFs suffered from low surface areas hindering binding sites exposed and weak binding interaction resulting in sluggish kinetic performance. In this study, COFs have been constructed with synergistic linker and linkage for high-efficiency Au capture. The designed COFs (PYTA-PZDH-COF and PYTA-BPDH-COF) with pyrazine or bipyridine as linkers showed high surface areas of 1692 and 2076 m 2 g ‒1 , providing high exposed surface areas for Au capture. In addition, the Lewis basic nitrogen atoms from the linkers and linkages are easily hydronium, which enabled to fast trap Au via coulomb force. The PYTA-PZDH-COF and PYTA-BPDH-COF showed maximum Au capture capacities of 2314 and 1810 mg g -1 , higher than other reported COFs. More importantly, PYTA-PZDH-COF are capable of rapid adsorption kinetics with achieving 95% of maximum binding capacity in 10 min. The theoretical calculation revealed that the nitrogen atoms in linkers and linkages from both COFs are simultaneously hydronium, and then the protonated PYTA-PZDH-COF are more easily binding the AuCl 4 ‒ , further accelerating the binding process. This study gives the a new insight to design COFs for ion capture., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Porous organic polymers (POPs) with inherent porosity, tunable pore environment, and semiconductive property are ideally suitable for application in various advanced semiconductor-related devices. However, owing to the lack of processability, POPs are usually prepared in powder forms, which limits their application in advanced devices. Herein, we demonstrate an example of information storage application of POPs with film form prepared by an electrochemical method. The growth process of the electropolymerized films in accordance with the Volmer-Weber model was proposed by observation of atomic force microscopy. Given the mechanism of the electron transfer system, we verified and mainly emphasized the importance of porosity and interfacial properties of porous polymer films for memristor. As expected, the as-fabricated memristors exhibit good performance on low turn-on voltage (0.65 ± 0.10 V), reliable data storage, and high on/off current ratio (10 4 ). This work offers inspiration for applying POPs in the form of electropolymerized films in various advanced semiconductor-related devices.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is one of the most common reasons that affect the life quality of women during childbearing age. This research aims to explore the efficacy and curative effect characteristics of oral contraceptives and low-power visible-light-activated photodynamic therapy (PDT). Besides investigating the possible mechanism of PDT, we expected to find a treatment model with better efficacy and fewer side effects., Method: It was a multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled study. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to three groups: placebo group, oral contraceptive (Marvelon) group, and the PDT group. They were treated continuously for three menstrual cycles and followed up for two cycles after treatment. The scores of the visual analog scale (VAS) and the concentration of pain-related small molecules in blood before and after treatment were recorded in each group, which can evaluate the therapeutic characteristics of different treatments., Result: Both Marvelon and PDT were effective. The effect of Marvelon appears quickly which can significantly relieve symptoms at the beginning, while PDT shows a relatively slow role. There was no significant difference in the final efficacy two cycles after treatment. The therapeutic effect was achieved by reducing the concentrations of prostaglandin 2 (PGE2) and endothelin (ET) in the blood., Conclusion: Marvelon and PDT are effective methods for the treatment of PD. The long-term efficacy of the two is similar, while the therapeutic characteristics and the side effects are different. Patients can choose the suitable way according to their individual needs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Chen, Zhang, Ding, Gan, Guo, Liang, Wang, Deng and Sun.)

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable attention as adsorbents for capturing and separating gold from electronic wastes. To enhance the binding capture efficiency, constructing hydrogen-bond nanotraps along the pore walls was one of the most widely adopted approaches. However, the development of absorbing skeletons was ignored due to the weak binding ability of the gold salts (Au). Herein, we demonstrated skeleton engineering to construct highly efficiently absorbs for Au capture. The strong electronic donating feature of diarylamine units enhanced the electronic density of binding sites (imine-linkage) and thus resulted in high capacities over 1750 mg g -1 for all three COFs. Moreover, the absorbing performance was further improved via the ionization of diarylamine units. The ionic COF achieved 90 % of the maximal adsorption capacity, 1.63 times of that from the charge-neutral COF within ten minutes, and showed remarkable uptakes of 1834 mg g -1 , exceptional selectivity (97.45 %) and cycling stability. The theoretical calculation revealed the binding sites altering from imine bonds to ionic amine sites after ionization of the frameworks, which enabled to bind the AuCl 4 - via coulomb force and contributed to enhanced absorbing kinetics. This work inspires us to design molecular/ionic capture based on COFs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with structural designability and tunability of photophysical properties enable them to be a promising class of organic luminescent materials by incorporating well-designed fluorescent units directly into the periodic skeletons. The photophysical properties of COFs are mainly affected by the structural features, which determine the conjugation degree, charge delocalization ability, and exciton dynamics of COFs. To understand the relationship between COF structures and their photophysical properties, two COFs with the same pyrene chromophore units but different linkages (imine or vinylene) were designed and synthesized. Interestingly, different linkages endow COFs with huge differences in solid-state photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) for imine- and vinylene-linked pyrene-based COFs, which possess PLQY values of 0.34 % and 15.43 %, respectively. The femtosecond-transient absorption spectra and time-dependent density functional theory reveal the different charge-transfer pathways in imine- and vinylene-linked COFs, which influence the exciton relaxation way and fluorescence intensity. In addition, an effective white-light device was obtained by coating the vinylene-linked COF on a light-emitting diode strip., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The topology type and the functionalization of pores play an important role in regulating the performance of covalent organic frameworks. Herein, we designed and synthesized the covalent organic framework with hetero-environmental pores using predesigned asymmetrical dialdehyde monomer. According to the results of structural characterization, crystallinity investigation, and theoretical calculation, the hetero-environmental pores of the obtained framework are regarded as the alternant arrangement. The distinctive hetero pore structure leads the designed material to show more advantages as compared with control materials in loading both hydrophobic and hydrophilic antibiotics for wound healing. This dual-antibiotic strategy can expand the antibacterial range as compared with the single antibiotic one, and reduce the generation of drug resistance. In summary, this strategy for designing covalent organic frameworks with hetero-environmental pores can extend the structural variety and provide a pathway for improving the practical application performance of these materials., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Constructing a powerful photocatalytic system that can achieve the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction half-reaction and the water (H 2 O) oxidation half-reaction simultaneously is a very challenging but meaningful task. Herein, a porous material with a crystalline topological network, named viCOF-bpy-Re, was rationally synthesized by incorporating rhenium complexes as reductive sites and triazine ring structures as oxidative sites via robust -C=C- bond linkages. The charge-separation ability of viCOF-bpy-Re is promoted by low polarized π-bridges between rhenium complexes and triazine ring units, and the efficient charge-separation enables the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, followed by an intramolecular charge-transfer process, to form photogenerated electrons involved in CO 2 reduction and photogenerated holes that participate in H 2 O oxidation simultaneously. The viCOF-bpy-Re shows the highest catalytic photocatalytic carbon monoxide (CO) production rate (190.6 μmol g -1  h -1 with about 100 % selectivity) and oxygen (O 2 ) evolution (90.2 μmol g -1 h -1 ) among all the porous catalysts in CO 2 reduction with H 2 O as sacrificial agents. Therefore, a powerful photocatalytic system was successfully achieved, and this catalytic system exhibited excellent stability in the catalysis process for 50 hours. The structure-function relationship was confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objective: To compare the changes of metabolites between Low-level light therapy (LLLT) and combined oral contraceptive (COC) after treatment of primary dysmenorrhea (PD), and to compare and analyze the biological and biochemical effects of the two treatments by analyzing the differences in metabolite profiles., Methods: A multicenter, double-blind, prospective, parallel, randomized controlled study was conducted on 69 women aged 16-35 years old with PD who were randomly divided into COC treatment group or LLLT treatment group. Low-level light therapy with light-emitting diodes (LED) was applied on two acupoints named "Guanyuan" (CV4) and "Qihai" (CV6). After 12 weeks of treatment intervention, blood samples were collected before and after treatment for metabolomic analysis. We used UPLC-MS/MS analysis to compare the differences in metabolite changes between LLLT and COC before and after treatment., Results: 76 differential metabolites were detected in the LLLT group, and 92 differential metabolites were detected in the COC group, which were up-regulated or down-regulated (p < 0.001). Prostaglandin D2 (PG D2) was down-regulated and biliverdin was up-regulated after LLLT treatment, 4a-Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin, Prostaglandin D2, 5-Hydroxy-l-tryptophan, Cholic acid were down-regulated and cortisol was up-regulated after COC treatment, and the differences were statistically significant. Cortisol and testosterone glucuronide in LLLT group were significantly lower than those in COC group. The metabolic pathways affected were glycerophospholipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism in the LLLT group, and glycerophospholipid metabolism, folate biosynthesis, arachidonic-acid-metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism in the COC group. The differential metabolic pathway were linoleic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism after the comparison of LLLT with COC., Conclusion: LLLT and COC might relieve dysmenorrhea by down-regulating PGD2, and LLLT might also relieve dysmenorrhea by up-regulating biliverdin. The level of cortisol and testosterone glucuronide after LLLT treatment was lower than that after COC treatment, which might lead to the difference in the clinical efficacy of the two treatments for dysmenorrhea., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2023 The Authors.)

We aimed to compare low-level light therapy with oral contraceptive pills for pain relief and serum levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E 2 in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea. This was a randomised, active comparator-controlled, multicentre study. In total, 156 patients were randomised to receive either low-level light therapy with light-emitting diodes (LED) applying on two acupoints, namely, conception vessel 4 (CV4) and CV6 or conventional treatment with oral Marvelon, 30 µg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 µg of desogestrel (DSG/EE), for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The main outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved 33% or more decrease in pain scores measured using the visual analogue scale, which was deemed as efficient rate. Absolute changes in visual analogue scale scores, serum levels of nitric oxide (assessed by nitrites and nitrates reflecting nitric oxide metabolism) and prostaglandin E 2 (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were the secondary outcomes. A total of 135 patients completed the study (73 in the light therapy group and 62 in the DSG/EE group). The efficient rate at the end of treatment was comparable between the groups (73.6% vs. 85.7%, χ 2  = 2.994, p = 0.084). A more significant reduction in pain scores was observed in the DSG/EE group (39.25% vs. 59.52%, p < 0.001). Serum levels of prostaglandin E 2 significantly decreased from baseline but did not differ between groups (- 109.57 ± 3.99 pg/mL vs. - 118.11 ± 12.93 pg/mL, p = 0.51). Nitric oxide concentration remained stable in both groups. Low-level light therapy with LED-based device applied on acupuncture points CV4 and CV6 demonstrated a similar level of dysmenorrhoea pain reduction to DSG/EE combined contraceptive. Both treatment modalities achieved clinically meaningful levels of pain reduction. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov: TRN: NCT03953716, Date: April 04, 2019., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Stability is one of the most fundamental intrinsic characteristics of proteins and can be determined with various methods. Characterization of protein properties does not keep pace with increase in new sequence data and therefore even basic properties are not known for far majority of identified proteins. There have been some attempts to develop predictors for protein stabilities; however, they have suffered from small numbers of known examples., Results: We took benefit of results from a recently developed cellular stability method, which is based on limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry, and developed a machine learning method using gradient boosting of regression trees. ProTstab method has high performance and is well suited for large scale prediction of protein stabilities., Conclusions: The Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.793 in 10-fold cross validation and 0.763 in independent blind test. The corresponding values for mean absolute error are 0.024 and 0.036, respectively. Comparison with a previously published method indicated ProTstab to have superior performance. We used the method to predict stabilities of all the remaining proteins in the entire human proteome and then correlated the predicted stabilities to protein chain lengths of isoforms and to localizations of proteins.

Controllable hierarchical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to selectively afford versatile chemicals with specific carbon oxidation state is important but still remains a huge challenge to be realized. Here, we report new zwitterionic covalent organic frameworks ([BE] X% -TD-COFs), prepared by introducing betaine groups (BE) onto the channel walls of presynthesized frameworks via pore surface engineering methodology, as the heterogeneous organocatalysts for CO 2 reduction. The adjustable density of immobilized BE groups as well as good preservation of crystallinity and porosity inherited from their parent COFs endow [BE] X% -TD-COFs with highly ordered catalytic site distribution and one-dimensional mass transport pathway in favor of catalysis. By controlling the reaction temperature and amount of CO 2 , [BE] X% -TD-COFs present high activity in catalyzing reduction of CO 2 with amine and phenylsilane (PhSiH 3 ) to produce formamides, aminals, and methylamines, respectively, with high yield and selectivity. Furthermore, high stability and insolubility bring excellent reusability to [BE] X% -TD-COFs with well-maintained catalytic performance after four cycles of use. Notably, this is a novel example that COFs are developed as heterogeneous catalysts for hierarchical two-, four-, and six-electron reduction of CO 2 with amines and PhSiH 3 to form C-N bonds as well as afford C +II , C 0 , and C -II species efficiently and selectively.

We report a highly efficient iodine adsorbent achieved by rational design of a porous azo-bridged porphyrin-phthalocyanine network (AzoPPN), which was synthesized by a catalyst-free coupling reaction between free-base 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-nitrophenyl)-porphyrin and nickel tetraaminophthlocyanine. AzoPPN has a permanent porous structure and plenty of porphyrin and phthalocyanine units in the skeleton as effective sorption sites. It displays excellent adsorption of iodine vapor up to 290 wt. % and also shows remarkable capability as adsorbent for iodine in solution. This strategy of combining physisorption with chemisorption in one adsorbent will pave the way for the development of new materials for iodine capture., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A luminescent conjugated microporous polymer (BCMP-3) has been synthesized in high yield by a carbon-carbon coupling reaction using triarylboron as a building unit. BCMP-3 was fully characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (13) C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption. The new three-dimensional conjugated framework possess a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area up to 950 m(2)  g(-1) with a pore volume of 0.768 cm(3)  g(-1) , good stability, and abundant boron sites in the skeleton. Under excited-light irradiation, BCMP-3 exhibits strong fluorescent emission at 488 nm with a high absolute quantum yield of 18 % in the solid state. Polymer BCMP-3 acts as a colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor with high sensitivity and selectivity for F(-) over other common anions. In addition, the polymer also works as an adsorbent for F(-) removal and shows good adsorption capacities of up to 24 mg g(-1) at equilibrium F(-) concentrations of 16 mg L(-1) and a temperature of 298 K. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm were analyzed by fitting experimental data with pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir equations. Furthermore, we highlight that BCMP-3 is an adsorbent for fluoride removal that can be efficiently reused many times without loss of adsorption efficiency., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)