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SUMMARYThe problem of the variation of the truth-status of the propositions over time is one of the favourite topics of the logicians as soon as the end of the XIIth century. The aim of the present article is to acknowledge the various theories of restriction provided in the 12th and 13th centuries, to solve semantic problems by means of contextual determination. Given the texts presently available, up to seven different doctrines are accounted for, depending on whether or not subjects and predicates, on the one hand, substantial and accidental terms, on the other hand, are actually distinguished. Among those doctrines, particular attention is paid to that of the so-called Dialectica Mona-censis. This anonymous treatise, dating from the last decades of the 12th century, introduces two different theories. The first one suffers from a discrepancy between the content of the rules of restriction through present, past and future tense verbs and that of the various conditions laid down in these rules. Thus, though substantial and accidental terms have theoretically the same supposition, whether they be subjects or predicates, in each different tensed form of the verbs, the author practically draws a line between substantial terms like 'homo' and accidental ones, like 'album'. As a matter of fact, the truth of the proposition "homo curret" at instant S (Reichenbach's 'point of speech') necessarily entails that of "homo currit" at instant E (the 'point of event'), but this is not the case with 'album' in "album curret", since that which is now white (point S) might very well be no longer white at time E. Those difficulties determine a second theory which offers a more satisfying account of the difference between substantial and accidental terms. Finally, a comparison is made between the first theory in the Dialectica and William of Sherwood's account of the compounded and divided senses of the propositions, and a parallel is suggested with modern paraphrases using A. N. Prior's tense operators.RESUMELe probleme de la variation de la valeur de verite des propositions dans le temps est l'un des themes fondamentaux discutes par les logiciens des la fin du XIIe siecle. L'objet du present article est l'analyse des theories de la restriction proposees aux XIIe et XIIIe siecles, pour resoudre les problemes semantiques en termes de determination contextuelle. Sur la base des textes actuellement connus, on denombre sept doctrines differentes, selon que les auteurs distinguent ou non (1) sujets et predicats, (2) termes substantiels et termes accidentels. Parmi ces doctrines, on etudie plus particulierement celle de la Dialectica Monacensis. Cette oeuvre anonyme de la fin du XIIe siecle propose deux theories successives. La premiere presente une discrepance entre le contenu des regles de la restriction par les verbes aux trois temps principaux (present, passe, futur) et celui des conditions specifiant le domaine de validite de ces regles. Aussi, bien que theoriquement les termes substantiels et les accidentels aient meme supposition dans les trois temps, qu'ils soient sujets ou predicats, l'auteur distingue en fait entre des termes substantiels comme 'homo' et des ternes accidentels comme 'album'. En effet, la verite de la proposition "homo curret" a l'instant S (le point d'enonciation' de H. Reichenbach) implique necessairement celle de "homo currit" a l'instant E (le 'point d'evenement'), mais ce n'est pas le cas pour un terme comme 'album' dans "album curret", puisque ce qui est blanc maintenant (point S) peut fort bien ne plus l'etre a l'instant E. Ces difficultes induisent une seconde theorie plus satisfaisante qui rend compte de la difference entre termes substantiels et accidentels. On compare ensuite la premiere theorie de la Dialectica avec la theorie du sens compose et divise des propositions selon Sherwood et l'on suggere un rapprochement avec les paraphrases modernes utilisant les operateurs temporels de A. N. Prior.

In 1930, A. Heyting first specified a formal system for part of intuitionistic mathematics. Although his rules were presumably motivated by the "intended interpretation" or meaning of the logical symbols, over the years a number of other possible interpretations have been discovered for which the rules are also valid. In particular, one might mention the realizablity interpretation of Kleene, the (Dialectica) interpretation of Godel, and various semantic interpretations, such as Kripke models. (Each of these has several variants or close relatives.) Each such interpretation can be regarded as defining precisely a certain "notion of constructivity", the study of which may illuminate the still rather vague notions which underlie the intended interpretation; or, if one doubts that there is a single interpretation "intended" by all constructivist mathematicians, the study of precisely defined interpretations may help to delineate and distinguish the possibilities. In the last few years, Heyting's systems have been vastly extended, in order to encompass the large and growing body of constructive mathematics. Several kinds of new systems have been put forward and studied. The present author has extended the various realizability interpretations to several of these systems [B1], [B2] and drawn a number of interesting applications. The mathematical content of the present paper is an interpretation in the style of Gbdel's Dialectica interpretation, but applicable to the new systems put forward by Feferman [F1]. The original motivation for this work was to obtain certain metamathematical applications: roughly speaking, Markov's rule and its variants. (This means, if you can prove a decidable number theoretic predicate has a member using classical logic, then you can prove it constructively.) These results fit nicely into the general framework of [B3], where we consider the general question, when can a classical proof be automatically converted into a constructive proof? After these results were established, however, continued reflection led the author to have more interest in the interpretation for its own sake. There are two main reasons for this: (1) The interpretation does not have great generality, in the sense of being easily adapted to other styles of systems, such as Friedman's constructive set theories. Far from being a defect, this points to a certain beautiful "closure property" which is possessed by the systems to which it does apply. (2) There is an interesting possibility of constructing some "hybrid" systems to which the interpretation might apply, and which would have interesting metamathematical corollaries.

This paper is the third in a series collectively entitled Formal systems of intuitionistic analysis. The first two are [4] and [5] in the bibliography; in them I attempted to codify Brouwer's mathematical practice. In the present paper, which is independent of [4] and [5], I shall do the same for Bishop's book [1]. There is a widespread current impression, due partly to Bishop himself (see [2]) and partly to Goodman and the author (see [3]) that the theory of Gödel functionals, with quantifiers and choice, is the appropriate formalism for [1]. That this is not so is seen as soon as one really tries to formalize the mathematics of [1] in detail. Even so simple a matter as the definition of the partial function 1/x on the nonzero reals is quite a headache, unless one is prepared either to distinguish nonzero reals from reals (a nonzero real being a pair consisting of a real x and an integer n with ∣x∣ > 1/n) or, to take the Dialectica interpretation seriously, by adjoining to the Gödel system an axiom saying that every formula is equivalent to its Dialectica interpretation. (See [1, p. 19], [2, pp. 57–60] respectively for these two methods.) In more advanced mathematics the complexities become intolerable.

Resume L'auteur analyse la conception de la methode dialectique chez Gaston Bachelard et Ferdinand Gonseth qui est a L'origine de la «philosophie ouverte». Lorsqu'il s'est agi de donner un nom a la revue qu'ils allaient fonder avec Paul Bernays, le choix s'est porte sur celui de Dialectica, en accord avec L'orientation qu'ils comptaient donner a leurs publications. Summary The author describes Gaston Bachelard's and Ferdinand Gonseth's dialectical method which is at the origin of their so-called open philosophy. When faced with the task of giving a name to a planned review, edited together with Paul Bernays, they settled their choice on Dialectica in order to announce the orientation of the future publications. Zusammenfassung Es werden Gaston Bachelards und Ferdinand Gonseths Auffassungen der dialektischen Methode dargelegt, die zur Entwicklung der «offenen Philosophie» gefuhrt hat. Die Tatsache, dass sich die beiden Philosophen, die gemeinsam mit Paul Bernays Dialectica gegrundet haben, uber die Vorzuge dieser Methode einig waren, hat fur die Wahl des Namens der Zeitschrift den Ausschlag gegeben.

The normalization of a natural deduction proof of a closed existential formulagives a term t and a proof of A x [t~], This allows us to regard a proof as a program(Goad [9] [10] etc.). But it is not always necessary to completely normalize the givenproof to obtain t. We analyze the situation by introducing the notions called minimalI-reduct, proper reduction etc.; in a word, we define the normal order of proof reductionand study its proof-theoretical property. Then, we present an experimental proof-checker-reducer system that actually uses those principles. In designing a proof-checker(or rather a proof description language), we focussed our attention on the readability ofproofs. § 1. IntroductionA theory in which if a closed existential formula BxA is provable, thenA X \T\ is also provable for some closed term t is said to have ED (explicitdefinability property). So called constructive theories have ED, while classicalones do not have ED in general; e.g. Peano's arithmetic (PA) does not haveED (cf. Godel's Incompleteness Theorem).We take Heyting's arithmetic (HA) as a typical case of constructive theories.There are several methods of extracting the term t from the proof of 3xA:© recursive readability (Kleene [15] [16], Nelson [21])© modified readability (Kreisel [17])© normalization (Prawitz [22] [23])® cut elimination (Gentzen [8])© Dialectica interpretation (Godel [11]).The stability of the E-theorems (i.e. the above methods all compute the same tfor 3xA) is discussed in Mints [20], Diller [6].Among the methods above, Prawitz' normalization of the natural deductionis the most fundamental and the simplest; it is also easily implementable on a

In classical arithmetic a natural measure for the complexity of relations is provided by the number of quantifier alternations in an equivalent prenex normal form. However, the proof of the Prenex Normal Form Theorem uses the following intuitionistically invalid rules for permuting quantifiers with propositional constants.Each one of these schemas, when added to Intuitionistic (Heyting's) Arithmetic IA, generates full Classical (Peano's) Arithmetic. Schema (3) is of little interest here, since one can obtain a formula intuitionistically equivalent to A ∨ ∀xBx, which is prenex if A and B are:For the two conjuncts on the r.h.s. (1) may be successively applied, since y = 0 is decidable.We shall readily verify that there is no way of similarly going around (1) or (2). This fact calls for counting implication (though not conjunction or disjunction) in measuring in IA the complexity of arithmetic relations. The natural implicational measure for our purpose is the depth of negative nestings of implication, defined as follows. I(F): = 0 if F is atomic; I(F ∧ G) = I(F ∨ G): = max[I(F), I(G)]; I(∀xF) = I(∃xF): = I(F); I(F → G):= max[I(F) + 1, I(G)].

In 1946 Ferdinand Gonseth founded, together with Paul Bernays, Karl Durr (the only Swiss representative of logical positivism), and Sir Karl Popper, the International Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science. In the next year the first number of Dialectica, a philosophical review devoted mainly to epistemological subjects, was issued. Gonseth's bibliography presents more than 190 items — roughly 25 books, several prefaces, and, for the rest, papers published in numerous reviews. A good deal of his publications concern mathematics — he was appointed professor of mathematics first in Berne and then in Zurich at the well-known Swiss Federal Institute of Technology — but he has never completely separated his mathematical activities from his philosophical work.

Zusammenfassung P. Bernays hat darauf hingewiesen, dass man, um die Widerspruchs freiheit der klassischen Zahlentheorie zu beweisen, den Hilbertschen flniter Standpunkt dadurch erweitern muss, dass man neben den auf Symbole sich beziehenden kombinatorischen Begriffen gewisse abstrakte Begriffe zulasst, Die abstrakten Begriffe, die bisher fur diesen Zweck verwendet wurden, sinc die der konstruktiven Ordinalzahltheorie und die der intuitionistischer. Logik. Es wird gezeigt, dass man statt deesen den Begriff einer berechenbaren Funktion endlichen einfachen Typs uber den naturlichen Zahler benutzen kann, wobei keine anderen Konstruktionsverfahren fur solche Funktionen notig sind, als einfache Rekursion nach einer Zahlvariablen und Einsetzung von Funktionen ineinander (mit trivialen Funktionen als Ausgangspunkt). Abstract P. Bernays has pointed out that, in order to prove the consistency of classical number theory, it is necessary to extend Hilbert's finitary stand-point by admitting certain abstract concepts in addition to the combinatorial concepts referring to symbols. The abstract concepts that so far have been used for this purpose are those of the constructive theory of ordinals and those of intuitionistic logic. It is shown that the concept of a computable function of finite simple type over the integers can be used instead, where no other procedures of constructing such functions are necessary except simple recursion by an integral variable and substitution of functions in each other (starting with trivial functions).

RAMUS AND TALON INVENTORY A SHORT‐TITLE INVENTORY OF THE PUBLISHED WORKS OF PETER RAMUS (1515–1572) AND OF OMER TALON (ca. 1510–1562) IN THEIR ORIGINAL AND IN THEIR VARIOUSLY ALTERED FORMS WITH RELATED MATERIAL: 1. THE RAMIST CONTROVERSIES: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 2. AGRICOLA CHECK LIST: A SHORT‐TITLE INVENTORY OF SOME PRINTED EDITIONS AND PRINTED COMPENDIA OF RUDOLPH AGRICOLA'S DIALECTICAL INVENTION (DE INVENTIONE DIALECTICA). By Walter J. Ong, S.J. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958. pp. x+558. $10.00. RAMUS METHOD, AND THE DECAY OF DIALOGUE FROM THE ART OF DISCOURSE TO THE ART OF REASON. By Walter J. Ong, S.J. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958. pp. xx+408. $10.00.

R ENAIS SANCE scholars such as W. S. Howell, T. W. Baldwin, W. G. Crane, and Walter J. Ong have observed in general terms the influence of Rudolph Agricola's dialectic upon northern humanist thought; so far, however, no one has investigated that influence in detail.1 It is my purpose in this paper to initiate such an examination by describing how Agricola's place-theory made its way into the treatments of invention in the three major English logics of the early Renaissance, those of Thomas Wilson, John Seton, and Peter Carter. Although my account is for the most part restricted to the subject of invention (in bulk at least a lesser part of dialectic than judgment) and deals only with English logicians, the popularity of Agricola's views on dialectical invention may, I think, be taken as symptomatic of a more pervasive influence emanating from Heidelberg, an influence extending to dialectical judgment as well as invention and affecting continental as well as English scholars. In exploring the influence of Agricola's theory of invention upon English Renaissance logic, it will be useful to begin with an epitome of Agricolan place-theory.2 Then, after examining in succession Wilson's Rule of Reason, Seton's Dialectica, and Carter's Annotationes, we will be in a position to estimate with a fair degree of precision the extent of Agricola's influence upon the logical theory of English humanism.

This paper presents a framework for giving a compositional theory of Petri nets using category theory. An integral part of our approach is the use of linear logic in specifying and reasoning about Petri nets. We construct categories of nets based on V. C. V. de Paiva′s dialectica category models of linear logic [in "Proc. Category Theory and Computer Science, Manchester" (D. H. Pitt, D. E. Rydeheard, P. Dybjer, A. M. Pitts, and A. Poigné, Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 389, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, 1989] and exploit the structure of de Paiva′s models to give constructions on nets. We compare our categories of nets with others in the literature, and show how some of the most widely-studied categories can be expressed within our framework. Taking a category of elementary nets as an example we show how this approach yields both existing and novel constructions on nets and discuss their computational interpretation.

The current relevance of the General Theory of Keynes Resumen El presente trabajo expone el metodo (asi se referia Keynes a su interpretacion del sistema economico), la singularidad –normalidad, en realidad– del equilibrio con desempleo y la dialectica de la relacion teoria-politica, la reflexividad del pensamiento y la accion, ofrece una novedosa creacion teorico-practica que, en obvios terminos, le convirtio en el economista mas importante del siglo xx y en una referencia de enorme actualidad para los destinos economicos globalizados. Abstract This paper exposes the method (thus referred Keynes to their interpretation of the economic system), Singularity -normality, actually- balance with unemployment and the dialectic of the teoria-politica relationship, the reflexivity of thought and action, offers a new theoretical and practical creation that, in obvious terms, made him the most important 20th century economist and a reference with enormous relevance for the globalized economic destinations

We demonstrate program extraction by the Light Dialectica Interpretation (LDI) on a minimal logic proof of the classical existence of Fibonacci numbers. This semi-classical proof is available in MinLog's library of examples. The term of Gödel's T extracted by the LDI is, after strong normalization, exactly the usual recursive algorithm which defines the Fibonacci numbers (in pairs). This outcome of the Light Dialectica meta-algorithm is much better than the T-program extracted by means of the pure Gödel Dialectica Interpretation. It is also strictly less complex than the result obtained by means of the refined A-translation technique of Berger, Buchholz and Schwichtenberg on an artificially distorted variant of the input proof, but otherwise it is identical with the term yielded by Berger's Kripke-style refined A-translation. Although syntactically different, it also has the same computational complexity as the original program yielded by the refined A-translation from the undistorted input classical Fibonacci proof.

We extract on the computer a number of moduli of uniform continuity for the first few elements of a sequence of closed terms t of Godel's T of type (N->N)->(N->N). The generic solution may then be quickly inferred by the human. The automated synthesis of such moduli proceeds from a proof of the hereditarily extensional equality (~) of t to itself, hence a proof in a weakly extensional variant of Berger-Buchholz-Schwichtenberg's system Z of t~"("N"->"N")"->"("N"->"N")t. We use an implementation on the machine, in Schwichtenberg's MinLog proof-system, of a non-literal adaptation to Natural Deduction of Kohlenbach's monotone functional interpretation. This new version of the Monotone Dialectica produces terms in NbE-normal form by means of a recurrent partial NbE-normalization. Such partial evaluation is strictly necessary.

The author turns from his earlier preoccupation with tracing the reception, and influence upon dialectic teaching of Rudolph Agricola's De inventione dialectica , to a consideration of the circumstances which led to its achieving its quite remarkable curricular centrality. He remains convinced of the intrinsic originality and brilliance of the De inventione dialectica as a contribution to an emerging logic of plausibility. The question the author explores is: what is the actual relationship between such praise, and the detailed development in the early sixteenth century of a curricular programme for humanist education in Europe - a transforming of humanism into a liberal arts 'discipline' - one of whose figureheads Agricola became? The author argues that in the somewhat haphazard process of 'disciplining' humanism, Rudolph Agricola's position as a landmark figure for sixteenth-century pedagogy is in part at least a historical accident. Keywords: De inventione dialectica ; Europe humanist education; Rudolph Agricola influence

This paper develops a program synthesis method based upon intuitionistic logic. This method is essentially an application of Godel's interpretation which is also called Dialectica interpretation. By the use of Godel's interpretation, it is possible to transform proof figures of intuitionistic number theory into primitive recursive functionals. The present concept is that primitive recursive functionals can be represented by LISP programs. Consequently, proof figures can be transformed into computer programs. To confirm this idea experimentally, a program synthesizer GDL0, which is a PDP-11 (DEC) program, is implemented. GDL0 experimental applications results are presented.

There is a marked divergence between the treatment of Topics (loci) in Garlandus Compotista’s Dialectica and the kind of treatment provided by the major terminist logicians in the first half of the thirteenth century. Garlandus in the eleventh century and the terminists in the thirteenth mark the poles between which lies the abundant twelfth-century work on the Topics. At least thirteen twelfth-century commentaries on Boethius’s De topicis differentiis have survived,1 including one by Abelard.2 And fourteen of the (mostly twelfth-century) treatises edited or excerpted by De Rijk in Logica Modernorum discuss Topics: two logic treatises apparently from the school of William of Champeaux,3 an anonymous commentary on Porphyry,4 Introductiones dialectice Berolinenses,5 Ars Meliduna,6 Summe Metenses,7 Introductiones Montane minores, Abbreviatio Montana, Excerpta Norimbergensia, Tractatus Anagnini, Introductiones Parisienses, Logica “Ut dicit”, Logica “Cum sit nostra”, and Dialectica Monacensis.8 The treatises presented by De Rijk tend to fall into two groups, each of which has its own pattern of contents and particular handling of the Topics.

This chapter discusses the development which began in the school of Alexander Hegius at Deventer and found its culmination in the work of Philip Melanchthon and the Systematics as well as in the thought of Peter Ramus. The theme here is restricted to a global comparison of De inventione dialectica and Melanchthon's ideas on logic and science because Hobbes' first steps in the field of methodology were probably modeled mainly on this variety of humanistaristotelian logic. As a student at Oxford, Thomas Hobbes had probably been confronted by humanist-aristotelian ideas in his textbooks on logic. The chapter discusses the importance which Thomas Hobbes attaches to moral philosophy and the belief that this discipline can be treated in a scientific way. It also discusses his conception of logic as a science and an 'art of arts' in the sense that without logic science simply cannot exist. Keywords: Alexander Hegius; De inventione dialectica ; Philip Melanchthon; Thomas Hobbes

The topic of this number of the “Dialectica” for which I am responsible, is the discussion of the idea of complementarity, which has its origin in modern atomic physics. It seems therefore proper that this editorial survey of the connection between the different points of view of the following articles be written from the standpoint of a physicist. The epistemological implications of the concept of complementarity, which was first explicitly used by Bohr, however, reach far beyond a particular science.

This chapter focuses on topics that are the core of Rudolph Agricola's longest and important work, the De inventione dialectica . Near the beginning of the De inventione dialectica , Agricola compares previous versions of the topics with his own. Indeed the work is referred to under the title of topics, both by Agricola and academic syllabuses of the sixteenth century. The chapter evaluates Rudolph Agricola's version of the topics. To do this it is necessary to make some comparisons with earlier versions but one has tried to keep these to a minimum so that as much attention as possible can be given to his work as it stands. The chapter considers Agricola's discussion of the nature of the topics and their use. It analyses the topics he proposes, and the changes this involves. Finally, the chapter characterizes his discussions of the individual topics, which are the real substance of the work. Keywords: De inventione dialectica ; Rudolph Agricola

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses properties of realizability and modified realizability interpretations for intuitionistic arithmetic HA and intuitionistic arithmetic in all finite types HA ω . The chapter describes the formal systems and presents the model hereditarily recursive operations (HRO) and hereditarily effective operations (HEO) for the intensional and the extensional version of HA ω respectively. The chapter characterizes the axiomatically formulae that can be proved in HA, resp. HA ω to be realizable, resp. modified realizable, resp. Dialectica interpretable. The chapter uses these results and the models HRO, HEO for conservative extension results and consistency results (e.g., consistency of HA with Markov's schema and Church's thesis, HAW is conservative over HA, consistency of certain “axioms of choice” for HRO, HEO) and proves theoretic-closure conditions.

The following bibliography lists all published books and articles. Book reviews are not included. This bibliography appeared for the first time in Dialectica 19 (1965) 166–79; a revised version is reprinted here with the permission of the Editor of Dialectica. The list is based upon Beth’s own records. Thanks are due to Mrs. Beth for placing these records at my disposal, and to Mr. J. A. W. Kamp for checking the items on the list against the original books and offprints in Beth’s possession and to Mr. P. G. E. Wesly for the final revision. A complete set of these books and offprints of the articles is also available in the library of the Instituut voor Grondslagenonderzoek en Filosofie der Exacte Wetenschappen at the University of Amsterdam.

RESUMENFrente a las concepciones reduccionistas de la historia de la filosofía, la filosofía hermenéutica respeta la tensión dialéctica entre la filosofía y su historia. De ahí que, en este artículo, analicemos algunas aplicaciones de la hermenéutica de Gadamer y de Ricoeur para la compresión de la historia de la filosofía y de la interpretación de textos. Ambos pensamientos subrayan la relación esencial, constante entre la filosofía y su historia; ahora bien, la hermenéutica de Gadamer tiene como objeto prioritario la apropiación de la tradición a la que pertenece el intérprete, mientras que la de Ricoeur completa esta tarea con una hermenéutica de la sospecha. De ahí que Ricoeur no se limite a la relación de la filosofía con su historia e intente completarla con el psicoanálisis, el análisis del lenguaje o la crítica de las ideología. A pesar de que algunos filósofos se han propuesto deconstruir los conceptos claves de la filosofía hermenéutica, nosotros consideramos que ella nos ofrece un paradigma adecuado para la historia de la filosofía, cuyo objeto es interpretar la tradición dotándola de sentido y creando nuevos significados válidos para el presente.PALABRAS CLAVESHISTORIA – FILOSOFIA – HERMENEUTICAABSTRACTAs contrasted with the reductionist ideas in the history of philosophy, hermeneutic philosphy respects the dialectical tension between philosophy and its history. This is the reason why in this article we analyse some applications of Gadamer’s and Ricoeur’s hermeneutics in order to understand the history of philosphy and the interpetation of texts. Both ideas empahise the essential, constant relation between philosophy and its history. Now then, the prior aim of Gadamer’s hermeneutics is the appropiation of the tradition the interpreter belongs to; on the other hand, Ricoeur’s hermeneutics compeltes this task with a suspicion hermeneutics. From this, we deduce that Ricoeur doesn’t limit himself to the realtion of philosophy with its history and he tries to complete it with psycoanalysis, language analysis and the critique of ideologies. In spite of the fact that some philosophers have tried to deconstruct the key concepts of hermeneutic philosophy, we consider that it offers us a relevant paradigm for the history of philosophy, whose aim is to interpret tradition, endowing it with sense and creating new useful meanings for the present.KEYWORDSHISTORY – PHILOSOPHY – HERMENEUTICS

Abelard’s defence of logic in Dialectica pivots on one basic point: its ‘scientia’ and consequently its incompatibility with the attribute of ‘mala’, an attribute that can only be due to the ‘exercitium’ of science.1

Resumen: En este artículo proponemos una interpretación de la novela Doña Bárbara (1929) de Rómulo Gallegos a partir de la dialéctica entre la totalidad y el exceso que ella pone en juego. Esta obra plantea la creación de un orden social armónico y bien compensado; sin embargo, este orden solo se consigue al precio de excluir aquello que lo está suplementando. Este conflicto político entre el consenso deseado y aquello que lo excede pero que ayuda a fundarlo se aprecia asimismo en la concepción estética y lingüística presente en la novela.Palabras clave: Doña Bárbara, Rómulo Gallegos, Novela venezolana, Literatura venezolana. Abstract: In this article, I interpret Doña Bárbara (1929), the great novel by Rómulo Gallegos, taking into account the dialectics between totality and excess that it puts into play. This literary work proposes the foundation of a harmonic and well-compensated social order. Nevertheless, this order is achieved only at the price of excluding what is supplementing it. This political conflict between the desired consensus and the rest that exceeds it is analyzed as well in the linguistic and aesthetic conception present in the novel.Key words: Doña Bárbara, Rómulo Gallegos, Venezuelan Novel, Venezuelan Literature.

El presente estudio contiene un análisis crítico del alcance del principio de coherencia en el ámbito del Derecho internacional privado europeo. Se analizan en primer términos los planos en que se manifiesta la exigencia de coherencia jurídica entre conceptos, nociones y soluciones jurídicas: vertical (textos normativos sucesivos sobre la misma materia), horizontal (textos normativos sobre distintas materias) y transversal (textos normativos europeos y no europeos). La lógica de la integración puede conducir a una comprensión formal del principio de coherencia entendida como mero paralelismo entre conceptos y soluciones jurídicas en la interpretación sistemática del Derecho internacional privado europeo. A partir de un análisis casuístico, se pone de manifestó no solo la realidad de este riesgo, sino la necesidad de una comprensión axiológica, relativa y dialéctica del principio de coherencia, que requiere una comparación de objetivos y valores jurídicos en cada caso concreto, así como descartar cualquier posibilidad recurrir a un paralelismo automático de conceptos o soluciones jurídicas., The present study contains a critical analysis of the scope of the principle of coherence or consistency principle in the field of European private international law. First, the author analyzes the areas in which the requirement of legal coherence between concepts, notions and legal solutions is required: vertical (successive normative texts on the same subject), horizontal (normative texts on different subjects) and transversal (European and non European legal rules). The logic of integration can lead to a formal understanding of the principle of coherence as a mere parallelism between concepts and legal solutions in the systematic interpretation of European private international law. A casuistic analysis tries to demonstrate such a risk as well as the need for an axiological, relative and dialectical understanding of the coherence principle, which requires a comparison of legal objectives and values issue-by-issue, discarding any possibility to resort to an automatic parallelism of concepts or legal solutions.

En este trabajo estudiamos la dialéctica que se establece entre Lina, ciega por una patología ocular, y la biopolítica desarrollada por Michel Foucault y por Roberto Esposito. Defendemos que la enfermedad de la protagonista tiene una proyección social y política, pues el Estado ejerce poder sobre los cuerpos de la población y regula sus vidas en aras de la productividad. Lina tratará de resistir a este biopoder durante gran parte de la novela y se enfrentará al sistema médico, pero más tarde se percatará de que cualquier decisión sobre su cuerpo y su identidad estaba ya prevista e integrada en las dinámicas biopolíticas., This paper studies the dialectics between Lina, blind due to an ocular pathology, and biopolitics, developed by Michel Foucault and Roberto Esposito. We defend the social and political projection of the protagonist’s disease, as the state exercises power over population’s bodies and regulates its lives for the sake of productivity. Lina attempts to withstand this biopower during most of the novel and she faces medical system, but afterwards she realises that any decision about her body and her identity was already predicted and included in biopolitical dynamics.

espanolEl presente articulo ahonda en las tensiones que a lo largo de la critica se han encontrado en los escritos de Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849), y que lo situan como una figura a caballo entre la Ilustracion y el Romanticismo. En particular, se argumentara que dichas tensiones son representativas de las contradicciones inherentes al proyecto moderno, las cuales estan presentes en los textos de Poe, situandolos como un sintoma y una reaccion a las patologias de la modernidad. A este fin, considerare Dialectica de la Ilustracion (1944), de Max Horkheimer y Theodor W. Adorno e indicare como los problemas que trata este volumen fueron anticipados por Poe un siglo antes. Tras una breve introduccion, analizare la muy discutida “The Purloined Letter” (1844) y las actitudes sobre la racionalidad que Poe presenta en la historia, para despues explorar la menos conocida “The Colloquy of Monos and Una” (1841), donde Poe anticipa algunas de las cuestiones sobre las que alertaron Horkheimer y Adorno, especialmente la confusion entre progreso y tecnificacion. EnglishThis paper delves into the long-debated tensions that critics have found in Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)’s writings, which have placed him as a liminal figure between the Enlightenment and Romanticism. In particular, I will maintain that these tensions are representative of the contradictions inherent in the modern project, which I will argue are present in Poe’s writings and which situate Poe’s texts as both a symptom of and a reaction to the pathologies of modernity. To this end, I will consider Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno’s Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944), arguing that the problems addressed in the volume were foreshadowed by Poe’s writings a century earlier. After a brief introduction, I will analyse the widely-discussed “The Purloined Letter” (1844) and the attitudes towards rationality that Poe presents in the story. I will then explore the lesser-known “The Colloquy of Monos and Una” (1841),2 where Poe anticipates some of the problems that Horkheimer and Adorno voiced, most notably the confusion between progress and technification.

This article analyses the Hegelian notion of death, presented in the Phenomenology of Spirit. In this work, Hegel names death the “absolute master” and this idea appears in two different sections of the text. The first mention of the absolute master is in the death struggle for recognition (self-consciousness), whereby the slave, who is aware of death and due to it experiments the anguish of its arrival, abandons the struggle to live at the service of his master. Thus, overcoming his own fear of death, the slave finds in its expression the transformation of the world. The second mention takes place in the analysis of the terror lived during the French Revolution. In this part, Hegel describes how the abstraction of absolute freedom is imposed upon all citizens, generating death and terror among individuals. In both experiences that the subjects (the slave and the citizens) respectively face, death appears as an experience that opens us to reflection and allows us to overcome immediacy. El presente artículo analiza la noción hegeliana de “muerte”, que se presentaen la Fenomenología del espíritu. En esta obra, Hegel denomina a la muerte el “señor absoluto” y aparece en dos momentos distintos de la obra. El primer momento del “señor absoluto” se encuentra en la lucha por el reconocimiento (sección “Autoconciencia”), donde el siervo, que es consciente de la muerte y vive la angustia de su venida, renuncia a la lucha para vivir al servicio de su amo. Superando así su propio miedo a la muerte, el siervo encuentra en su expresión la transformación del mundo. El segundo momento es el del terror vivido en la Revolución Francesa. En esta parte, Hegel describe cómo la abstracción de la libertad absoluta se impone a todos, generando la muerte y el terror entre los individuos. En ambas experiencias a las que se enfrentan los sujetos (el siervo y los ciudadanos, respectivamente), la muerte aparece como una experiencia que nos abre a la reflexión y que nos permite superar la inmediatez.

El presente artículo rastrea el uso de la idea de tradición en la estética de Jan Mukarovsky. Dicha idea no aparece entre sus principales conceptos, pero su identificación con la idea de estructura la coloca en un lugar prominente para captar el aspecto social y dinámico de los hechos estéticos y artísticos. A través del análisis de los hitos más significativos de la obra de Mukarovsky –la estructura, la norma, el valor, la función estética, el objeto estético, la recepción y la intencionalidad–, se alumbra una noción de tradición viva como proceso estructural desde el cual comprender los cambios históricos en las prácticas artísticas. A partir de ahí, es posible establecer una dialéctica entre lo tradicional y lo innovador, entre prácticas que afirman las normas y aquellas que las transgreden. El resultado es una idea de tradición como estructura dinámica y flexible no solo capaz de asimilar las transgresiones, sino necesaria para estas se den. This article looks into the use of the idea of tradition in Jan Muka?ovský’s aesthetics. This idea doesn’t appear as one of his principal concepts, but its identification with the idea of structure places it in a prominent position to research the social and dynamic aspect of the aesthetics and artistic phenomena. Through the analysis of the principal elements of Muka?ovský’s thought –structure, norm, value, aesthetic function, aesthetic object, reception and intentionality–, we can illuminate a notion of living tradition as a structural process from which to understand the historical changes of the artistic practices. Hereupon, is possible to establish a dialectic relation between tradition andinnovation, between practices that maintains the norms and those which transgresses them. The conclusion is an idea of tradition as a dynamicand flexible structure not only able to assimilate transgression, but also necessary for it.