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Social media firestorms (SMF) are commonly seen as destructive forces of toxic comments hurled at a target for perceived wrongdoing. Yet some research suggests that SMF can provide beneficial outcomes for the target. In two studies, we qualitatively examine SMF comments (in terms of purpose and tone) and quantitatively examine users' motivations for making different types of comments. Results show that SMF comments are diverse, either supporting or condemning the target and being either aggressive or cordial in tone. Further, the results show that users' understanding of the triggering event in the real world influences the purpose of their comment (support or condemn) while disinhibition and others' online comments (i.e., herd influence) shape how they comment (tone). We conclude with an expanded SMF definition as "A digital artifact created by large numbers of user comments of multiple purposes (condemnation and support) and tones (aggressive and cordial) that appear rapidly and recede shortly after". Some SMF persist as destructive and harmful firestorms; some exist to condemn the target but without aggressive language; and some support the target's behavior. Thus, SMF are not always abusive and toxic. The implications of our research are that SMF can be positive, enable collective actions, and require a detailed examination of their elements (purpose and tone) to understand their effects in the digital and real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon has a distinct subsheath at the distal ulna. Symptomatic tears of this subsheath and subluxation of the ECU tendon often require reconstruction. We sought to determine the anatomical constraints of the ECU subsheath. Methods: The ECU subsheath was exposed on 12 fresh-frozen upper extremities. The tip of the ulnar styloid, the distal ulnar joint surface, and the proximal extent of the distal radio-ulnar joint were identified and dimensions measured. Subluxation of the tendon was then assessed with and without an intact subsheath in 9 specimens. The travel of the tendon was measured in pronation through supination and flexion before and after sectioning of the subsheath. Results: The ECU subsheath is 8.9 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 0.8 mm) wide proximally and 9.0 mm (SD = 1.2 mm) distally. The distal ulnar insertion is 0.5 mm (SD = 0.8 mm) proximal to the tip of the styloid, and stretches 10.2 mm (SD = 2.7 mm) proximally. From maximum pronation to maximum supination and flexion, the ECU tendon traveled 3.32 mm (SD = 4.24) medially when the subsheath was intact and 5.42 mm (SD = 5.0 mm) after sectioning. The maximum depth of the ulnar groove was 2.5 mm (1.59-3.56 mm). There was no significant association between changes in ECU subluxation and the depth of the ECU groove (Spearman's rho = 0.25). Conclusion: The ECU subsheath is roughly 1 cm square stretching proximally from the ulnar styloid. ECU groove depth is not a significant independent predictor of tendon subluxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment for idiopathic adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder remains controversial. Stages 1 to 2 reflect an inflammatory process supporting a rationale for intra-articular glenohumeral joint corticosteroid injection to treat synovial inflammation and prevent progression to capsular fibrosis. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that an intra-articular ultrasound-guided glenohumeral injection (USGI) of corticosteroid in patients diagnosed with Stage 1 or 2 idiopathic adhesive capsulitis will result in timely functional recovery and resolution of pain and stiffness. Study Design: Case series. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Patients with Stage 1 or 2 idiopathic adhesive capsulitis treated with an intra-articular corticosteroid injection were included. Patients were seen by a single physician and diagnosed using history and physical examination with careful attention to measurement of glenohumeral range of motion (ROM). A total of 61 patients met inclusion criteria. ROM measurements documented in the patient charts were recorded in forward flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation in neutral abduction. All ROM measurements were performed pre- and postinjection. All patients were treated with an USGI of local anesthetic and depomedrol. Recovery criteria were defined as forward flexion, abduction, and external rotation within 15° of the contralateral side and internal rotation within 3 spinous process levels of the contralateral side. Results: A total of 11 patients with Stage 1 and 50 patients with Stage 2 adhesive capsulitis comprised the final study cohort. Within the Stage 1 cohort, all 11 patients met recovery criteria for forward flexion and internal rotation (100%), 10 met recovery criteria for abduction (91%), and 8 met recovery criteria for external rotation (73%). Within the Stage 2 cohort, 31 patients met recovery criteria for forward flexion (62%), 30 met recovery criteria for abduction (60%), 36 met recovery criteria for internal rotation (72%), and 25 met recovery criteria for external rotation (50%). The difference in time to recovery in days was statistically significant in all ROM planes and was within 2 to 6 weeks for patients in Stage 1 and 7 to 10 weeks for Stage 2. Conclusion: USGI for early adhesive capsulitis allows patients to recover ROM more rapidly if performed early after onset of pain and stiffness. Clinical Relevance: These results stress the importance of recognition of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis in its early stages and subsequent intervention with an intra-articular glenohumeral corticosteroid injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has found that teams using computer-mediated communication (CMC) often make poor decisions because team members fail to pay attention to the information they receive from others. We developed a process designed to focus team members' attention on one aspect of decision-making at a time. We divided the group decision-making process into three phases: 1) an initial period to contribute information, 2) a middle period of silence (i.e., no typing) to read others' contributions, and 3) a final period to discuss the information. We designed a lab experiment to compare the information processing and decision-making of teams using this text-based CMC process to teams using text-based CMC with no intervention. Teams that used this CMC process contributed more information, recalled more information, committed fewer errors, and made better decisions. The effect sizes were large, about two times greater than the average effect sizes for the use of CMC. An examination of this new process suggests that it improved decision quality mostly by helping teams avoid errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online communities (OCs) have historically focused on building knowledge repositories, but as OCs add more synchronous communication, it is important to understand how different communication capabilities influence user commitment, individual growth, and knowledge contribution. We studied 452 members of a popular OC in Taiwan and found that both connectivity (direct user-to-user interaction) and communality (knowledge repositories) influence member commitment, but connectivity has a stronger influence than communality on knowledge contribution and individual growth. We also found that four media capabilities (transmission velocity, parallelism, symbol sets, and reprocessability) have strong influence on both connectivity and communality. These findings suggest that managers of OCs should add software capabilities that help OC members find like-minded members, enable instant messaging among members, and provide richer communication beyond simple text messages. Online communities (OCs) have become common, both in work settings and in the personal lives of individuals. Communication among members of OCs is similar in many ways to communication among members of work and nonwork teams (e.g., both synchronous and asynchronous communication are possible). Historically, knowledge repositories have been the focus of OCs, but as OCs add more synchronous communication, it is important to understand how different communication capabilities influence user commitment, individual growth, and knowledge contribution. We developed a theoretical model that argues that the five media capabilities of media synchronicity theory influence the two information technology (IT)-enabled public goods of communality (in the form of knowledge repositories) and connectivity (in the form of direct user-to-user interactions) and that these two in turn affect task outcomes such as community commitment, individual growth, and knowledge contribution. We tested this model using three waves of data collection (two surveys and one set of archival behavioral data) from the same 452 members of a popular OC. Our results show that four of the five media capabilities have strong influences on connectivity and communality and through them on task outcomes. Connectivity (direct user-to-user interaction) has a stronger influence on knowledge contribution than communality (knowledge repositories). Our model explains large effect sizes for connectivity and communality and medium to large sizes for task outcomes, suggesting its value to OC theory and practice. History: Suprateek Sarker, Senior Editor; J. J. Po-An Hsieh, Associate Editor. Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [Grants MOST 106-2410-H-182-005-MY3 and MOST 111-2410-H-182-010-MY3]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2023.1225. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of an adapted alternating treatments design (AATD) consisting of teacher-facilitated and iPad-facilitated instruction on at-risk preschool children's vocabulary. Instruction was provided on 42 verbs, divided equally between treatments, across five participants over the course of 7 weeks. Dependent variables included expressive (i.e., providing a definition) and receptive (i.e., identifying the target verb from a picture menu, and yes/no questions including correct and incorrect definitions of the verb) probes of instructional targets. All five participants demonstrated increases from pretest to posttest in their expressive and receptive understanding of the verbs. Implications for research and practice are provided.

With additional features and increasing cost advantages, e-textbooks are becoming a viable alternative to paper textbooks. One important feature offered by enhanced e-textbooks (e-textbooks with interactive functionality) is the ability for instructors to annotate passages with additional insights. This paper describes a pilot study that examines the effects of instructor e-textbook annotations on student learning as measured by multiple-choice and open-ended test items. Fifty-two college students in a business course were randomly assigned either a paper or an electronic version of a textbook chapter. Results show that the e-textbook group outperformed the paper textbook group on the open-ended test item, while both groups performed equally on the multiple-choice subject test. These results suggest that the instructional affordances that an interactive e-textbook provides may lead to higher-level learning.

This study examined the effects of a multi-component intervention program (i.e., extended instruction and iPad app technology) on preschool children's vocabulary. Instruction utilizing the intervention program was provided across 6 storybooks, 4 verbs per book, for a total of 24 verbs. Dependent variables included expressive vocabulary, definitions/examples, and generalization. A repeated acquisition (RA) design was used across six participants. There were increases across all participants from pretest to posttest for the expressive vocabulary and definition/examples measures. In addition, participants were able to generalize knowledge to novel images, both expressively and receptively. Implications for research and practice are provided.