Search

The purpose of this note is to provide policy recommendations to improve access to credit of rural populations and small agricultural producers under financially sustainable schemes. Although the agricultural sector remains an important source of employment, agricultural credit is a small fraction of commercial credit in Colombia. The share of agricultural credit in Colombia is below levels observed in other countries in the region. Colombian commercial banks have limited credit volume in rural areas, concentrating their lending activities on more profitable urban populations. General deposit warehouses and the agricultural commodity exchange (Bolsa Mercantil de Colombia (BMC)) provide funding for agricultural activities, but they are underdeveloped compared to regional peers and serve medium and large size producers. Overall use of mobile- and internet-based payment financial products remains low in rural Colombia. According to 2014 Findex survey data, just two percent of adults report using mobile banking, defined as a mobile platform for making transactions from an account at a financial institution. Public credit guarantee system (FAG) coverage should be modified to incentive the use of mobile guarantees and agricultural insurance. This will ensure that financial institutions have only covered tail risks, providing incentives to use mobile guarantees.

This note summarizes the findings and conclusions of the review of the insurance sector in Mali. The review was conducted as part of the 2015 financial sector assessment program (FSAP) in Mali. The main objectives of the review are to assess the structure, performance, and outlook of the insurance sector with respect to the potential for the sector to develop; and to contribute to the overall long term growth and development of the economy and the well-being of the country's population. The insurance market in Mali falls short of its potential today; however, its outlook is promising. This technical note looks at two questions: what role does the insurance sector play in Mali today?, and how can it play a more significant role? It highlights the potential of micro insurance and agriculture insurance in particular, and concludes with a number of recommendations.

The Kenya water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector has been on a long path of facilitating commercial lending to Water Service Providers (WSPs). A key component of this effort is the evolution of rating the credit risk of WSPs for local lenders. However, the trade-off in credit rating WSPs is to provide the best credit analysis to help lenders assess the creditworthiness of WSPs, yet have a system that is simple and affordable enough to replicate on an annual basis. To solve this trade-off, the Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) and the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank have created a Creditworthiness Index for the WSPs in Kenya. In lieu of performing a full shadow rating analysis, which is much more thorough yet also more time-consuming and costly, the Creditworthiness Index provides a simplified snapshot of the financial and operational performance of WSPs.

Using a new and representative data set of Chinese household finance, this paper documents household access to and costs of finance, along with their correlates. As in most developing countries, informal finance is a crucial element of household finance, and wealth tends to be associated with better access to formal and informal finance. Better financial knowledge shifts loan portfolios toward formal sources relative to informal ones. Connections to the Communist Party are associated with significantly better access to finance in rural areas but not in urban areas. A larger social network is positively associated with access to informal finance. Controlling for household characteristics, rural residents pay interest rates on loans similar to urban residents. Younger residents pay higher rates, while households on firmer economic footing face lower rates. Taking financial classes and college education is associated with higher interest rates for urban residents, suggesting perhaps that financial knowledge coincides with greater demand for credit in areas with more economic opportunity. Overall, the findings suggest that Chinese residents face dual credit markets, with the poor, young, those with poor financial knowledge, and those with larger family sizes relying much more on informal finance, while others are better able to access formal finance.

This economy profile for Doing Business 2016 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Ukraine. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2016 is the 13th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business; for 2015 Ukraine ranks 83. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe and over time. Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period from January to December 2014).

Growing research and policy interest focuses on the misallocation of output and factors of production in developing economies. This paper considers the possible misallocation of financial loans. Using plant-level data on the organized and unorganized sectors, the paper describes the temporal, geographic, and industry distributions of financial loans. The focus of the analysis is the hypothesis that land misallocation might be an important determinant of financial misallocation (for example, because of the role of land as collateral against loans). Using district-industry variations, the analysis finds evidence to support this hypothesis, although it does not find a total reduction in the intensity of financial loans or those being given to new entrants. The analysis also considers differences by gender of business owners and workers in firms. Although potential early gaps for businesses with substantial female employment have disappeared in the organized sector, a sizeable and persistent gap remains in the unorganized sector.

This paper builds on the findings of an earlier unpublished discussion paper titled ‘designing a model for networked carbon markets’, with its objective being to describe key elements of the mitigation value assessment process. The outcome of this paper will inform a model for the Networked Carbon Markets concept, to be prepared at a later date. The following section two acknowledges the subject matter of the NCM initiative, namely the diverse and heterogeneous trading schemes and other carbon pricing mechanisms that are being put in place by jurisdictions around the globe. As this is the subject of another World Bank paper, only a brief reference is included. Section three sets out a conceptual framework within which to consider the key elements described in the glossary of terms, addressed in section four and annexure ‘C’. This section also looks at different transaction scenarios, introducing the concepts of an international transaction unit and an index. Section five turns attention to the types of institutions that might be suitable to participate in the mitigation value assessment process, providing practical examples, and considering the types of expertise and tools those institutions might leverage. Section six considers options for regulatory supervision of the MV assessment process. Section seven looks in more detail at the relationship between mitigation value and the compliance value that might be attached to carbon assets and, in so doing, considers the role and function of the settlement platform. This section also considers the feasibility and potential benefits of an index. The concluding section eight looks at the next steps that might flow from this work.

The Ukrainian government recognizes investing in energy efficiency (EE) as a pillar of its energy sector strategy for reducing reliance on imported natural gas, mitigating the financial and fiscal stresses of high energy costs, and supporting economic recovery and long-term growth. Major government initiatives have been or are being undertaken to scale up EE investments in industries and residential buildings, two of the largest final energy consumers. Efforts to support EE in the public sector also received a boost with the recent enactment of the energy service company (ESCO) law and amendments to the budget code to enable energy performance contracting. The municipal sector - which includes municipal buildings as well as municipal services such as public lighting, district heating, water and sanitation, solid waste, and public transportation - accounts for the lion’s share of final energy consumption in the public sector. Facilitating and scaling up municipal EE finance should be a key component of the government’s national EE support agenda. Creating a dedicated EE revolving fund (EERF) for the public sector - and focusing its initial efforts on financing EE renovation of municipal buildings - will fill a critical gap in municipal EE financing in Ukraine and help address perhaps the most pressing municipal EE investment needs of Ukrainian cities.

A well-functioning and inclusive financial sector is critical for efficient resource allocation leading to increased productivity, greater investment, higher overall levels of economic growth, and lower inequality. This is particularly critical in Iraq, where years of political instability and violence have impeded the development of a robust private sector. Microfinance services in Iraq are still nascent and far from meeting their full potential. This diagnostic report aims to present the microfinance landscape in Iraq, its legal and regulatory framework, and potential policy improvements to enhance the operating environment. It aims to inform public and private sector stakeholders on the regulations and laws affecting the development and strategic direction of the microfinance sector. The policy recommendations presented are designed to address factors preventing greater growth and outreach, with the goal of promoting inclusive financial sector development in Iraq.

Using the universe of all externally issued bonds by corporates and sovereigns in emerging and developing economies during 2000-14, this paper analyzes various issuance trends, including the unprecedented post-crisis surge. The paper focuses on external issuance at the country-industry and individual bond levels and finds that global factors matter greatly for emerging and developing economies issuance. A decrease in U.S. expected equity market (or interest rate) volatility, U.S. corporate credit spreads, and U.S. interbank funding costs and an increase in the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet (i) raise the odds that the monthly issuance volume of a country-industry is above its historical average; (ii) decrease individual bond yields and spreads; and (iii) raise bond maturities, after controlling for country pull factors, bond characteristics (for example, type of issuer, industry, and riskiness). Additionally, we document support that the risk-taking channel of exchange rate appreciation also operates for external bond issuance. Moreover, while the paper finds that country pull factors affect the impact of global factors, it does not find consistent evidence for this across the board. This result suggests that, during loose global funding conditions, flows are mostly driven by push factors and do not systematically discriminate between emerging and developing economies. Taken together, the findings suggest that although issuers might be able to benefit from benign international funding conditions, the large issuance volumes, currency risks, and high exposure to global factors could pose external and domestic challenges for policy makers, particularly when global cycles reverse.

Kenya’s economic performance remains solid, underpinned by strong infrastructure spending and consumer demand, which are driving growth. Growth in 2015 is estimated at 5.4 percent, a 0.6 percent downward revision from its estimate in December 2014. The revision reflects the strong headwinds the economy is facing in the foreign exchange market and the monetary policy response to calm those fears.

Jordans economy continues to slowly but steadily recover from the Arab Spring spillovers. These spillovers include Egypts gas disruptions, the neighboring Syrian and Iraqi conflicts and associated security incidents. Notwithstanding these shocks, real GDP growth rate is estimated to have reached 3.1 percent in 2014, up 30 basis points over 2013. From the supply side, growth was led by construction, wholesale and retail trade, and finance and insurance, with a pick-up in the mining and quarrying sector. On the demand side, growth was predominantly fueled by higher public investments, mostly due to earmarked GCC grants, and a narrower trade deficit. The steady economic recovery has improved unemployment rates although this masks underlying structural weaknesses. While unemployment dropped from 12.6 to 11.9 percent from 2013 to 2014, this was not driven by increased employment but by an equivalent and concerning drop in the labor force participation rate. This was possibly driven by discouraged workers given perceived competition from refugees and limited hiring prospects in the public sector given ongoing consolidation efforts.

The authors build on the findings from an earlier analysis, adding to the evidence base for the notion that credit rating agencies contribute to fiscal sustainability. To do so, the authors focus on election periods when political pressures for fiscal expansions are heightened. The literature on political budget cycles documents the tendency for budget deficits to increase in election years as governments attempt to appear economically competent by strategically providing additional publicly financed goods or services, or by cutting taxes. A rating downgrade, however, signals the opposite of competence as it implies an increase in the probability of sovereign default. Since credit ratings are widely observed - by financial markets as well as voters - they in effect serve as a disciplining device for fiscal policy not to submit to short-term spending pressures, thus keeping it responsible. The authors find that: (1) governments going into an election year immediately after a rating downgrade are 27 percentage points more likely to lose at the polls; and (2) governments going into an election year with a negative rating outlook (indicating a higher likelihood of a near-term downgrade) run smaller budget deficits compared to cases with positive or stable outlooks. Ratings act like fiscal rules disciplining governments when they are more vulnerable to political pressures on the budget - as opposed to fiscal policies supporting longer-term economic growth and development objectives.

This Technical Note was prepared in the context of a joint World Bank-IMF Financial Sector Assessment Program mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina during October-November 2014. Financial inclusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina performs relatively well compared to peers, but gaps remain for selected market segments. Financial sector development and access to finance for firms is constrained by weak domestic demand, high collateral requirements and inadequate credit enforcement mechanisms.

The Sustainable Development Goals, the global development agenda for 2015 through 2030, will require unprecedented mobilization of resources to support their implementation. Their predecessor, the Millennium Development Goals, focused on a limited number of concrete, global human development targets that can be monitored by statistically robust indicators. The Millennium Development Goals set the stage for global support of ambitious development goals behind which the world must rally. The Sustainable Development Goals bring forward the unfinished business of the Millennium Development Goals and go even further. Because of the transformative and sustainable nature of the new development agenda, all possible resources must be mobilized if the world is to succeed in meeting its targets. Thus, the potential for Islamic finance to play a role in supporting the Sustainable Development Goals is explored in this paper. Given the principles of Islamic finance that support socially inclusive and development promoting activities, the Islamic financial sector has the potential to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper examines the role of Islamic financial institutions, capital markets, and the social sector in promoting strong growth, enhanced financial inclusion, and intermediation, reducing risks and vulnerability of the poor and more broadly contributing to financial stability and development.

Tajikistan’s economy is entering a downturn and the banking sector is showing substantial weaknesses. Although regulation has improved in line with recommendations of the 2007 financial sector assessment program (FSAP), supervision and enforcement have been lagging behind. The widespread solvency problems in the sector must be addressed head-on and the authorities should be jointly prepared to cope with the worst. As the current banking sector development strategy is ending, the main stakeholders in financial policy should develop a comprehensive strategy that addresses issues in achieving greater financial stability, efficiency, and inclusion in Tajikistan. To fully realize the potential of its financial infrastructure in support of financial stability, efficiency, and inclusion, Tajikistan needs to implement further reforms: the private credit reporting system draws on data sourced from banks and microfinance institutions but fails to exploit other useful data such as telecommunication companies, utilities and insurance companies to evaluate the creditworthiness of individuals with greater efficiency; enforcement of immovable collateral can benefit from improved out-of-court enforcement and credit collection through auction sales, which is quite ineffective; and to achieve greater use of non-cash payments, greater efforts are needed to stimulate both demand and supply of non-cash instruments and capture a greater share of the remittance market.

This report is a synthesis of fieldwork findings and recommendations developed since October 2012 under this Technical Assistance (TA) carried out by the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The recommendations have been developed through on-going consultations and meetings with the Directorate of Environmental Sanitation and Directorate General of Human Settlements, Ministry of Health, and Government of Indonesia. This report describes and assesses the performance of technical assistance TA-P143167, ‘rural sanitation market expansion of domestic private sector in Indonesia,’ provided by the World Bank through the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) carried out from October 2, 2012 to March 31, 2015 to support the development of a rural sanitation market in Indonesia. This technical assistance (TA) was implemented as parts of a larger effort to assist the Government of Indonesia achieve at-scale results in rural sanitation through its National Strategy for Community-Based Total Sanitation (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat - STBM).

The banking practice of the borrower’s creditworthiness assessment has been analyzed in the article. The reasonability of the assessment of the credit risks dealing with the low level of corporate ecological and social standards under the conditions of the formation of the financial mechanisms of the corporate sustainable development is proved. The leading indicators of the decrease of the corporate sustainability and, consequently, the corporate borrower’s creditworthiness and the peculiarities of their application at different stages of the formation of the financial mechanisms of the sustainable development are determined., Проанализирована банковская практика определения кредитоспособности заемщиков. Обоснована целесообразность оценки кредитных рисков, связанных с низким уровнем корпоративных экологических и социальных стандартов в условиях формирования финансовых механизмов корпоративного устойчивого развития. Определены опережающие индикаторы снижения корпоративной устойчивости и, соответственно, кредитоспособности заемщиков – юридических лиц, а также особенности их применения на разных стадиях формирования финансовых механизмов устойчивого развития., Проаналізовано банківську практику визначення кредитоспроможності позичальників. Обґрунтовано доцільність оцінки кредитних ризиків, пов’язаних з низьким рівнем корпоративних екологічних та соціальних стандартів в умовах формування фінансових механізмів корпоративного сталого розвитку. Визначено випереджальні індикатори зниження корпоративної стійкості та, відповідно, кредитоспроможності позичальників – юридичних осіб та особливості їх застосування на різних стадіях формування фінансових механізмів сталого розвитку.

Financial infrastructure is the underlying foundation of a country’s financial system. It is comprised of all institutions, information, technologies, rules, and standards which enable financial intermediation. The quality of a country’s financial infrastructure determines the efficiency of intermediation, the ability of lenders to evaluate risk and of borrowers to obtain credit, insurance, and other financial products at competitive terms. This report covers two dimensions of Jamaica’s financial infrastructure: 1) payments, remittances, and securities settlement systems, and; 2) credit reporting systems. This technical note does not provide a detailed assessment of individual payments system in the form of a Report on Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC), but uses the framework of international standards for carrying out a detailed analysis of the existing systems in Jamaica, including the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS) and International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) Principles for Financial Markets Infrastructure (PFMIs), the CPSS General Guidance for National Payment System Development, the CPSS-World Bank General Principles on International Remittance Services (GPs), the World Bank General Principles for credit reporting and related methodologies. The information used in the assessment includes relevant national laws, regulations, rules and procedures governing the systems and other available material.

The purpose of the paper is to present a more granular view of such projects through the in-depth focus on a limited number of case studies, with a view to understanding what factors in the design of such lending have helped achieve objectives of expanded access, and what forms of interventions may have been less successful. It examines the nature of Bank lending vehicles, the partnering borrower institutions, the country environments in which its loans were extended, as well as broader elements of good practice that make for loan success. It examines the beneficiaries targeted and results achieved. It aims to draws lessons that suggest what factors could lead to success or failure in Bank operations focused on financial access. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: section two briefly describes the set of the Bank s projects selected for detailed review. Sections three to six contain the core findings of the review. Section 3 focuses on alternative forms of borrower institutions that have served as vehicles for Bank projects, particularly, public sector banks, apex bank structures that include the private sector, rural banks, nonbanks, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and microfinance institutions, in terms of the degree to which the Bank has been able to successfully partner with such institutions to expand financial access. It also looks at alternative forms of Bank loan design, policy-based loans, investment loans and lines of credit, Learning and Innovation Loans (LILs), matching grants, technical assistance and combinations thereof, and reviews evidence on the role of loan structure (including partnerships with other donors/lenders) and project success. Section four considers the effect of the broader business environment, in terms of financial regulation. Section five reviews elements of good practice that have contributed to success in lending that could be applicable to loans with any objective, and examines their application in the present context. Section six tries to construct a bottom line, reviewing available evidence on outcomes and impact; especially in terms of the ultimate beneficiaries reached. Section seven, the final section, summarizes the main messages emerging from the review and concludes with observations about ways forward.

By increasing access to finance for out-of-reach households and families, microfinance continues to be an essential tool for improving livelihoods at the base of the pyramid. The last 20 years have seen remarkable growth in the microfinance sector. From its early stages in small-scale microenterprise lending, through its commercial expansion to offer savings and a broad array of financial services to low-income customers, to its entry into new markets and incorporation of technological innovations, microfinance is ensuring that an ever-greater number of households have permanent access to a range of high-quality and affordable financial services. The microfinance industry is estimated at $60 to $100 billion globally, where several thousand microfinance organizations reach an estimated 200 million clients, most of whom were not previously served by the formal financial sector. However, 2.5 billion adults still lack access to formal financial services. Financial services for low-income people are an important factor when it comes to poverty reduction, as it enables them to build assets, increase incomes and reduce their vulnerability to economic stress. Moreover, microfinance continues to be an important tool when it comes to empowering women. IFC is the World Bank Group s main investor in microfinance, working with around 300 microfinance institutions (MFIs) and SME-focused financial institutions, which provide financial services in 91 countries. IFC is also one of the leading global investors in terms of volume. In fiscal year 2014, we committed $519 million in 43 projects with MFIs. Our cumulative investment portfolio in microfinance exceeded $3.5 billion, with outstanding commitments of $2.0 billion. In fiscal year 2014, IFC advisory services comprised $74.2 million, representing advisory assistance for 86 projects. This smart book, titled from small beginnings to great opportunities, presents practical lessons learned from the work that authors have been doing on microfinance projects over the last twenty years. From launching the Microfinance Enhancement Facility to help the industry stay afloat during the time of crisis, to working on a project to support microfinance clients to fulfill their housing dreams, these narratives are both engaging and insightful.

The explosive growth of green bonds in the capital markets is increasingly attracting attention from investors. This surge in interest has created a demand for accessible information on the green bond market. This primer was created in response to this demand and covers the principles of this relatively new financial instrument. The following intends to serve as a guide for those interested in better understanding the nature of green bonds. The content will aim to distinguish green bonds from other traditional financial instruments. It will also provide insight into the potential of green bonds to mobilize new sources of climate finance. This paper includes the following highlights: understanding bonds (chapter one); understanding green bonds (chapter two); and benefits and potential.

In this paper we present evidence from a field experiment on the effect of text message reminders and credit card APR (annual payment rate) information on credit scores of low-to-moderate-income individuals. We find that individuals who initially had a low credit score benefited significantly from receiving the text reminders, while individuals who initially had a mid or high score did not. The positive effect on low-score individuals stems from the reduction of debt and better payment patterns. For mid-score individuals, we find a positive effect on payment patterns but no effect on credit scores; this may be because a better payment pattern is slower than a worse payment pattern to affect a credit score. For initially high-credit score individuals, we find a negative effect on credit scores, due to higher collection accounts. As for APR information, we find only sporadic effects: it helped reduce the number of inquiries for low-score individuals and reduce collection accounts of mid-score individuals, yet it contributed to greater past-due balances of high-score individuals.

The main aim of this bachelor thesis is to introduce some methods that use banks to rate the creditworthiness of their clients as an ability to repay a loan. This thesis focuses on the creditworthiness of a legal entity. In the theoretical part of thesis it is defined a concept of risk and it is explained a credit risk as well. Furthermore, there are presented some credit registers in Czech republic and rating (external and internal). In the chapter on internal rating models there are described the indicators of financial analysis which are used by credit analysts while assesing the creditworthiness of companies. In the practical part of my work stated methods are applied to the company Karlovarské minerální vody, a. s., the results are compared with average values in the industry and in the conclusion it is declared a recommendation whether bank can give the company credit.

Дисертація присвячена розробці нових методів аналізу кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб в умовах невизначеності інформації щодо позичальника. У роботі запропоновано метод оцінки кредитоспроможності фізичних осіб та створення фінансового портрету позичальника на основі нечітких нейронних мереж з висновком Сугено та Мамдані. Запропоновано методи структурного синтезу нечітких нейронних мереж, які дозволяють підвищити ефективність їх використання. Запропоновано оптимізаційну модель оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальника на портфельному рівні в нечіткій постановці, яка дозволяє підвищити ефективність кредитної діяльності банківської установи в цілому. The thesis is devoted to development of new methods of credit analysis of individuals under uncertainty information on the borrower. The study proposes the method of assessing the creditworthiness of individuals and create a financial portrait of the borrower, based on fuzzy neural networks with the conclusion Sugeno and Mamdani. The methods of structural synthesis fuzzy neural networks, which improves the efficiency was proposed. An optimization model to assess the creditworthiness of the borrower on portfolio level in fuzzy formulation that improves the efficiency of the banking credit institution as a whole. Диссертация посвящена разработке новых методов анализа кредитоспособности физических лиц в условиях неопределенности информации про заемщика. В работе предложен метод оценки кредитоспособности физических лиц и создания финансового портрета заемщика, на основе нечетких нейронных сетей с выводом Сугено и Мамдани. Предложены методы структурного синтеза нечетких нейронных сетей, которые позволяют повысить эффективность их использования. Предложено оптимизационную модель оценки кредитоспособности заемщика на портфельном уровне в нечеткой постановке, которая позволяет повысить эффективность кредитной деятельности банковского учреждения в целом.

"This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author, the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher." This paper discusses the role and operations of consumer Credit Bureaus in the European Union in the context of the economic theories, policies and law within which they work. Across Europe there is no common practice of sharing the credit data of consumers which can be used for several purposes. Mostly, they are used by the lending industry as a practice of creditworthiness assessment or as a risk-management tool to underwrite borrowing decisions or price risk. However, the type, breath, and depth of information differ greatly from country to country. In some Member States, consumer data are part of a broader information centralisation system for the prudential supervision of banks and the financial system as a whole. Despite EU rules on credit to consumers for the creation of the internal market, the underlying consumer data infrastructure remains fragmented at national level, failing to achieve univocal, common, or defined policy objectives under a harmonised legal framework. Likewise, the establishment of the Banking Union and the prudential supervision of the Euro area demand standardisation and convergence of the data used to measure debt levels, arrears, and delinquencies. The many functions and usages of credit data suggest that the policy goals to be achieved should inform the legal and institutional framework of Credit Bureaus, as well as the design and use of the databases. This is also because fundamental rights and consumer protection concerns arise from the sharing of credit data and their expanding use.

Authors assess the dynamics behind the high net resource transfers by donors and creditors to Sub-Saharan African countries. Analyzing the determinants of overall net transfers for a panel of 37 recipient countries in 1978-98, Authors find that country policies mattered little. Donors especially bilateral donors actually made greater transfers to countries with high debt, largely owed to multilateral creditors, when policies were 'bad'. Authors conclude that comprehensive debt relief has the potential, though not the certainty, to restore selectivity in support of good policies. That would make development assistance more effective going forward and increase public support in donor countries.

The results of the study is to analyze the impact of changes in the form of financial statements that are associated with the consolidation of sections balance and ungroup them, removing some articles of the form "Income Statement", the results of identification and evaluation of economic indicators by which there is a financial analysis state businesses (creditworthiness or solvency). The results of the study generated some conclusions. They show the impact of changes in the availability of statistical reports, including small and micro businesses, on an analysis of financial condition. But with sustainable financial position in recent years the impact of such changes is negligible., Результатами дослідження є аналіз впливу зміни форм фінансової звітності, які пов’язані з укрупненням розділів балансу, а також їх розгрупуванням, вилученням деяких статей з форми «Звіту про фінансові результати», на результати визначення та оцінки економічних показників, за допомогою яких відбувається аналіз фінансового стану суб’єкта господарської діяльності (кредито- чи платоспроможності). За результатами проведеного дослідження сформовано певні висновки, які свідчать про наявність впливу змін форм статистичної звітності, у т. ч. суб’єктів малого і мікропідприємництва, на аналіз їхнього фінансового стану, проте в разі їхнього сталого фінансового стану протягом останніх років вплив таких змін є незначним.

Although Moldova has made some important advances since the 2008 FSAP update, risks to banking sector stability have become severe. There is an urgent need, therefore, to improve transparency and governance in the banking system. Although the banking sector appears to be well capitalized and liquid, important pockets of weakness remain and vulnerabilities may be masked by fraud or misreporting. The two securities settlement systems are in need of updating, though plans to take this reform forward are not finalized. Weaknesses in the insolvency and creditor or debtor regime create uncertainty and may deter some stakeholders from engaging in financial transactions. Especially in light of the weaknesses described above and recent geopolitical uncertainties, urgent action is needed to address these and mitigate the risks to which the financial system appears to be exposed.

Za uspešno sodelovanje banke in podjetij je potrebno uskladiti dvoje nasprotujočih se interesov: interes podjetja, ki želi pridobiti kar najcenejše vire financiranja, in interes banke, ki želi doseči čim večji dobiček, s čim manjšim tveganjem oziroma ustreznim zavarovanjem. Diplomski projekt z naslovom Bančno kreditiranje podjetij v Sloveniji v teoretičnem delu obravnava kreditne storitve banke, vrste kratkoročnih in dolgoročnih kreditov podjetjem, ter cilje bank pri kreditiranju podjetij. Nadalje obravnava značilnosti poslovnega odnosa med podjetjem in banko, vpliv bonitete na pridobitev kredita in opis zavarovanj bančnih kreditov. V zadnjem delu diplomskega projekta smo analizirali bančno kreditiranje podjetij od leta 2004 do 2013 v Sloveniji, spreminjanje števila bank in hranilnic, značilnosti odobrenih kreditov v povezavi s gospodarskimi razmerami, obseg odobrenih bančnih kreditov podjetjem, spreminjanje cene kreditov po posameznem letu in bančno kreditiranje po dejavnostih, pri čemer smo izpostavili predelovalne dejavnosti, gradbeništvo in trgovino. For successful cooperation between banks and companies it is necessary to reconcile conflicting interests. Interest of companies is to obtain cheapest sources of funding, and at the other side, interest of banks to achieved profit with lower risk or appropriate insurance. Diploma project with title Bank crediting of companies in Slovenia in theoretical part talks about credit banking services, which are types of short-term and long-term credits to companies and goals of banks in crediting companies. Further it goes about, characteristics of the business relationship between banks and companies, impact of the credit rating to obtain credit and description of the insurances which are insure bank if companies not repay approved credit. Then we analyzed bank crediting of companies from year 2004 to year 2013 in Slovenia, how it is changing the number of banks, characteristics of approved credits in relation to economic conditions, the amount of approved credits to companies, changing price of credit at individual year and bank crediting by activity, where we are expose manufacturing, construction and trade.

Given the fundamental role that credit scores play in day-to-day life in the United States, it is very important to understand what can be done to help individuals improve their credit scores. This question is important in general, and especially important for the low-to-moderate-income (LMI) individuals who likely have a greater need for access to liquidity than higher-income individuals. In this paper the authors report results from a field experiment conducted between early 2013 and early 2014 in Boston, Massachusetts, with LMI taxpayers who were offered credit advising services. Taxpayers who opted into the advising sessions were randomized as to whether they received extra information on credit scores and the average APR (annual payment rate) on basic credit cards in their area (the "information" condition), and, independently, as to whether or not they received monthly text reminders (the "text" condition). These reminders included the individual's financial goal and credit score range, reminders to pay bills on time and to pay at least the minimum amount, and updated interest rate information on basic credit cards.

Over the past few years, Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Iraq have emerged as credible sources of financing for low-income households and entrepreneurs, both underserved by conventional banks. Microfinance services in Iraq, however, are still nascent and far from meeting their full potential. Similar to many countries in the MENA region, MFIs in Iraq were set up as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) supported by a steady influx of donor funding. While these NGOs were initially able to grow through donor support, they are now struggling to meet increasing client demand as donor resources have dwindled, preventing them from making the necessary investments in capital and infrastructure to meet growing client demand. Many countries address this funding challenge by allowing institutions to provide financial services as companies or banks, helping them raise capital, provide new services, and increase their outreach in a sustainable manner. A similar path could be envisioned in Iraq, but is currently obstructed by regulatory hurdles. This diagnostic report aims to present and assess the current microfinance landscape in Iraq, including the legal and regulatory framework, recommend policy improvements to enhance the sustainability and operating environment for MFIs and their clients. This report argues that the current legal and regulatory environment for microfinance in Iraq hinders the growth and sustainability of the sector and furthermore advocates several short and medium term policy recommendations to enhance the overall operating environment for MFIs, the sustainability of the sector, and impact for clients.

The general principles for credit reporting were issued by the World Bank in September 2011. Since then, the World Bank and the international committee on credit reporting (ICCR) have been leading efforts towards the implementation of the general principles worldwide. This report is one of the concrete outputs of the work following the general principles. It addresses one of the most significant problems that limit the ability of most small and medium enterprises (SMEs) around the world to obtain adequate external financing to underpin their productive activities: information asymmetries. Creditors assess the creditworthiness of credit and loan applicants based on two basic criteria: ones financial capacity or ability to repay a loan, and ones willingness to repay the loan. A credit reporting system s (CRS) basic objective is to address information asymmetries, which is crucial for determining repayment capacity and repayment willingness. Credit reporting can therefore be extremely valuable to creditors for enhanced, fact-based credit risk assessments, and in this sense can also be seen as a tool to facilitate access to financing, including by SMEs. The main objective of this report is therefore to identify actions that can be undertaken by authorities and other relevant policy makers to improve the flow of data and other relevant credit information on SMEs to creditors through CRS. For this purpose, the report first analyses the overall status of credit reporting activities in connection with SMEs.

До одних із найбільш прибуткових активів банку, які формують вагому частину доходу, відносяться кредити. Здійснення кредитних операцій супроводжується вагомими ризиками. А це свідчить про те, що підвищення прибутковості операції призводить до підвищення ризиків. Ризикована кредитна політика банківської установи може стати однією з головних причин, що призведе до його банкрутства. Постійне удосконалення стратегії і тактики ведення кредитної діяльності є невід’ємною складовою розвитку вітчизняних банківських установ. Забезпечення ефективного розвитку банківського сектору можливе за умов зниження рівня кредитного ризику. Одним з головних інструментів зменшення ризиків в кредитній діяльності банків є оцінка кредитоспроможності потенційного позичальника.

В роботі досліджуються проблеми оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальників в банках України This paper investigates the problem of assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers in banks of Ukraine

Успішне функціонування підприємства в умовах ринкових відносин супроводжується періодичним використанням різноманітних форм залучення кредитів. Кредитування виступає на сьогодні однією з найризикованіших операцій комерційних банків України, про що свідчить питома вага проблемних кредитів в кредитних портфелях банківських установ. Однією з основних причин виникнення проблемних кредитів є відсутність адекватної методики оцінки кредитоспроможності позичальника та врахування ступеня кредитного ризику банку в момент прийняття рішення про доцільність надання кредиту. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/37108

The percentage of smallholders with access to finance is equally difficult to quantify. According to estimates, even promising approaches to expanding smallholder lending, such as value chain finance, are reaching fewer than 10 percent of smallholders, primarily those in well-established value chains dedicated to higher value cash crops. International Finance Corporation (IFC) has been engaged for several years in learning efforts through diverse partnerships to obtain insights into the challenges of agricultural finance. The evidence of microfinance institution (MFI) involvement in financing commercial and semi-commercial smallholders remains anecdotal and lacks specifics on what makes MFI lending to these segments feasible, and what restricts their reach and effectiveness. This IFC study aims to identify and disseminate lessons emerging from the work of MFIs that have implemented agricultural operations targeting agricultural smallholders in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to support replication and expansion of scalable approaches. Through this research, IFC seeks to understand the motivations of MFIs that venture into agricultural finance, how the products they offer have been structured, and how they were implemented, with a specific focus on agricultural finance programs, and products that are designed for smallholders in loose value chains and non-commercial (subsistence) farmers.

Актуальность работы обусловлена тем, что общепринятое определение кредитоспособности не удовлетворяет современной ситуации, когда примеры некачественных кредитных отношений демонстрируют государства, корпорации, банки. Цель работы: раскрыть сущность понятия кредитоспособность и его место в определении качества кредитных отношений для того, чтобы обеспечить максимальную реализацию потенциала кредитного сектора экономики. Методы исследования: наблюдение и сбор фактов, метод научных абстракций, анализ и синтез. Результаты: предложена расширенная трактовка кредитоспособности как сложно-структурированного процесса согласования интересов участников кредитных отношений - кредитора и заемщика - на основе выбора условий кредитного продукта с целью повышения качества кредитных отношений. Показано, что кредитоспособность, определяемая с учетом предложенной трактовки, составляет основу оценки качества кредитных отношений и обеспечивает возврат кредитных ресурсов за счет денежного потока от их использования. Использование данного подхода позволяет максимально реализовать потенциал кредитного сектора экономики для повышения доступности финансовых ресурсов реальному сектору экономики за счет сокращения финансовогоцикла и роста масштабов бизнеса. Generally accepted definition of credit capacity does not answer the current situation, when states, corporations, banks demonstrate the examples of low-quality credit relations. The main aim of the study: to uncover matter of creditworthiness and to define the role of creditworthiness in credit relations quality determination in order to provide maximum achievement of credit sector potential. The methods used in the study: observation and collection of facts, scientific method of abstraction, analysis and synthesis. The results: The authors found out the advanced interpretation of creditworthiness as a complex-structured co-ordination process of credit relations participants (lenders and borrowers) interests on the base of credit product circumstance selection for the purpose of credit relations quality improvement. It is shown that the creditworthiness determined with cousideration of the proposed interpretation, is the basis of credit quality assessment and provides for the recovery of credit resources through cash flow from their use. This approach application allows providing maximum achievement of credit sector potential for increase of bankroll availability to real economy due to financial cycle reduction and business expansion