334 results on '"Cases, C."'
Search Results
302. Spanish politicians discourse about the responses to violence against women.
- Author
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Vives-Cases C and La Parra Casado D
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- Female, Homicide prevention & control, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Mass Media, Policy Making, Risk Factors, Spain, Surveys and Questionnaires, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Battered Women legislation & jurisprudence, Politics, Qualitative Research, Spouse Abuse legislation & jurisprudence, Spouse Abuse prevention & control, Violence prevention & control
- Abstract
Objective: This study analyzes the discourse of some members of the Spanish parliament (MPs) in the 2 years before the Gender Violence Act was passed in 2004 to examine how gender-based violence is construed when legal measures are proposed., Methods: Ten members of six different parties of the Spanish parliament were interviewed between November 2002 and March 2003. Each interview was recorded and transcribed. A discourse analysis was performed with Atlas.ti 4.2., Results: Analysis of the interviews showed a discourse that revolved around the victim's report as the main mechanism for the public authorities to intervene and try to end gender-based violence. The interviewees proposed the following steps to help victims to escape from violence: reporting violence to the police, the provision of victim protection, punishment of the perpetrator, and avoidance of problems and death through different measures (law, police, support services)., Conclusions: Our analysis shows how a major social problem and the mobilization of women and mass media have had several effects. One of these effects is that lawmakers have turned their attention to this social concern. A solution to this phenomenon is being sought through the mechanisms of the Spanish parliament (promoting changes in the law) and government (making more economic resources available). The public action proposed by the MPs interviewed focuses on reporting; their discourse does not include alternative options (or includes only vague options) for victims not reporting violence.
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- 2008
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303. [Appraisal of the Millennium Development Goals by means of a review of the scientific literature in 2008].
- Author
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Gil-González D, Carrasco-Portiño M, Davó Blanes MC, Donat Castelló L, Franco-Giraldo A, Ortiz Moncada R, Palma Solís M, Ruiz-Cantero MT, Vives-Cases C, Stein A, Hernández Aguado I, and Alvarez-Dardet Díaz C
- Subjects
- Goals, Health Promotion, Humans, Global Health, United Nations
- Abstract
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are now at the midterm of their target period, as 2015 is the date scheduled by the United Nations Organisation (UN) for their attainment. The purpose of this article is to review the current situation of the MDGs worldwide and to analyse the barriers which are preventing them from being attained in each of the MDG areas, as well as to assess a number of the indicators evaluated. In order to do so, a review has been made of the scientific literature published on the MDGs in the principal health sciences and social sciences databases, as well as the most significant reports on the issue drawn up by the United Nations. The scientific studies on the 8 MDGs and their 18 Targets make it possible to undertake a critical analysis of the situation in which each of these Goals are found at the present time, identifying the determinants that are preventing the attainment of the Goals and the actions considered necessary in order to achieve progress. Although there have been improvements in some of the goals on a world level, the research carried out to date reveals barriers to the attainment of the MDGs, as well as the insufficient weight of the developing countries in the economic and political decision-making processes, together with the incoherence between the economic policies and the social and health policies. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa constitutes the most disadvantaged region, which means that it will not attain the majority of the MDGs. Spain and the developed countries, in addition to contributing resources, can also contribute to the MDGs by means of the identification and eradication of the barriers preventing attainment. This involves promoting international economic relations under conditions of social justice, by supporting a greater decision-making power for developing countries and denouncing actions that increase social inequalities and the impoverishment of the population.
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- 2008
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304. [Mortality due to intimate partner violence in foreign women living in Spain (1999-2006)].
- Author
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Vives-Cases C, Alvarez-Dardet C, Torrubiano-Domínguez J, and Gil-González D
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Spain epidemiology, Spouse Abuse mortality, Transients and Migrants statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: To describe the distribution of mortality due to intimate partner violence (IPV) in foreign women living in Spain and to explore the potentially greater risk of dying from IPV in this group., Methods: We performed a retrospective ecological study of deaths from IPV registered by the Women's Institute of Spain (1999-2006). Mortality rates and Poisson models for relative risk and 95% confidence intervals were calculated., Results: The average risk of dying from IPV in foreign women was 5.3 times greater than that in Spanish women. In the years studied, the increased risk in foreign women was 2 to 8 times greater than that in Spanish women., Conclusion: Foreign women living in Spain are especially vulnerable to death from IPV. Further research on the causes of this phenomena and strategies involving health services are needed.
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- 2008
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305. Gender progress and government expenditure as determinants of femicide.
- Author
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Palma-Solis M, Vives-Cases C, and Alvarez-Dardet C
- Subjects
- Economics, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Politics, Retrospective Studies, Unemployment, Developed Countries economics, Feminism, Homicide trends
- Abstract
Purpose: We sought to explore the effect of economic/political factors and gender progress on femicide., Methods: An ecological and retrospective study was undertaken that focused on 61 countries and analyzed the relationships of femicide with the following statistics from the period 1990 to 1999: economic indicators (domestic consumption, gross capital formation, imports and exports per capita, unemployment rate and percentage of urban population), political indicators (government final consumption expenditure, GINI coefficient--a summary measure of the extent to which the actual distribution of income or consumption expenditure or a related variable differs from a hypothetical distribution in which each person receives an identical share--civil liberties and political rights index), and gender progress indicators (female and male unemployment rates, percentage of girls in primary education, gender ratio for primary and secondary education, and percentage of parliamentary seats occupied by women). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (likelihood ratio) were performed to explore the relationships between these variables., Results: The bivariate analysis revealed strong links between reductions in government final consumption expenditure per capita (odds ratio [OR] 20.83;95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.622-77.205), domestic consumption and gross capital formation (both with OR 16.67, 95% CI 4.715-58.911), and the civil liberties and political rights index (OR 7.91, 95% CI 2.526-24.747). In the multivariate stage, statistically significant associations were only observed between government expenditure per capita (OR 61.75;95% CI 7.064-539.81) and occupation of parliamentary seats by women (OR 10.95;95% CI 1.26-95.06)., Conclusion: The reduction in government final consumption expenditure and democratic backwardness in terms of gender equality appear to be relevant factors in deaths caused by gender-based violence. To fight femicide effectively, gender-related structural, political, and economic responses should be considered.
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- 2008
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306. Childhood experiences of violence in perpetrators as a risk factor of intimate partner violence: a systematic review.
- Author
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Gil-González D, Vives-Cases C, Ruiz MT, Carrasco-Portiño M, and Alvarez-Dardet C
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- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Databases as Topic, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Risk Factors, Spouse Abuse psychology, Spouses, Stress, Psychological complications
- Abstract
Background: Perpetrators' experiences of violence during childhood are considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV). The objective of this study is to systematically review the characteristics and quality of papers which analyse the association between being battered during childhood, witnessing marital violence as a child within the family of origin and having an absent or rejecting father and the occurrence of IPV., Methods: Nine scientific databases were consulted (1960-2004). After applying the exclusion criteria, 10 studies were analysed. Variables are sample characteristics, directionality/study design, IPV and perpetrators' childhood measurements, findings, limitations and interventions., Results: All the studies found an association. Conflict Tactics Scale was the main tool used to measure the IPV. Different instruments were used to measure violent childhood experiences in men as an exposure. Recall bias (seven papers) and retrospective data (four papers) were reported as the main methodological limitations. Despite these, 50% of the studies proposed treatments/preventive measures., Conclusion: Our findings support the results of previous studies, implying that action recommendations within IPV prevention are still not evidence based. Methodological problems of the papers reviewed should be solved to obtain more useful data. Scientific evidence about the aetiology of IPV should be increased to guide effective prevention programmes.
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- 2008
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307. [Research on health education and promotion in Spanish nursery and primary schools. A systematic review of studies published between 1995 and 2005].
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Davó MC, Gil-González D, Vives-Cases C, Alvarez-Dardet C, and La Parra D
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- Child, Child, Preschool, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research, Smoking Prevention, Spain, Health Education, Health Promotion, Schools, Schools, Nursery
- Abstract
Objective: To identify the characteristics of health education and promotion interventions in Spanish nursery and primary schools, through the studies published in scientific journals., Method: We performed a review of studies on health education and promotion interventions in Spanish nursery and primary schools, published from 1995 to 2005. The information sources were Medline (through Pubmed), Cinhal, Eric, Sociological Abstracts, Science Citation Index, and Isooc (CSIC). Studies performed in Spanish nursery and primary schools that incorporated health education and promotion interventions were selected. The studies' general features, main subject and aims, methodology, the kind of intervention described, and compliance with the criteria for Healthy Schools were analyzed., Results: Only 26 of the 346 articles identified met the inclusion criteria. Health education programs focussed more on disease prevention than on health promotion and only a few studies were performed in nursery and primary schools. The criteria for health promotion in schools were included in 5 articles (19.2%). The importance of health institutions (n = 7; 26.9%) and universities (n = 8; 30.8%) as promoters of programs was notable. The most frequent subject was smoking (n = 11; 42.3%)., Conclusions: Teachers play a lesser role in health promotion in schools than health institutions in the implementation and dissemination of health programs. Research into health promotion in nursery and primary schools is scarce.
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- 2008
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308. [A group of Colombian immigrants' self-perception regarding working conditions and health in Alicante, Spain].
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Agudelo-Suárez A, Ronda-Pérez E, Gil-González D, and Vives-Cases C
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- Colombia ethnology, Female, Humans, Male, Spain, Health Status, Self Concept, Transients and Migrants, Work
- Abstract
Objective: Exploring the self-perceptions of a group of migrants from Colombia living in Alicante , Spain , regarding their working conditions and health., Material and Methods: This was a qualitative and descriptive research was conducted on a group of Colombian workers (with and without legal permission to work) having lived in Alicante ( Spain ) for more than 6 months. 11 interviews were carried out, plus 2 focal groups, from November 2006 to January 2007. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. A narrative analysis of the contents was carried out, a mixture of categories being obtained from different viewpoints., Results: Immigration was understood as being an action for improving an immigrant worker and family's socioeconomic conditions. Work and social recognition should lead to avoiding exclusion and discrimination. The people interviewed had associated their health problems with their living conditions. Such problems were considered to be a limitation on carrying out their daily activities., Conclusions: Working and health situations were perceived from a multi-dimensional perspective associated with biological and socio-cultural conditions. More political action should be taken for improving immigrant people's economic, work and health conditions.
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- 2008
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309. [Temporary distribution of reports and murders because of partner violence during the period 1998-2006, Spain].
- Author
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Vives-Cases C, Torrubiano-Domínguez J, and Alvarez-Dardet C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Prevalence, Spain epidemiology, Domestic Violence statistics & numerical data, Homicide statistics & numerical data, Information Dissemination
- Abstract
Background: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has received special attention in the spanish political agenda. Despite the importance of developed interventions, empirical evidence about their effectiveness is scarce. The aim of this study is to explore the temporary distribution of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) reports and murders and to identify possible changes in the risk of dying and reporting by IPV from the Spanish law against gender violence of December of 2004., Methods: We performed a descriptive study based on statistics of The Woman's Institute and The Divorced and Separated Women Federation., Calculations: IPV mortality and reports rates by years and periods around the law (1998-2004 vs. 2005-2006); Poisson Regression; and, Epidemic index by months -Ratio between the actual number of IPV murders and reports in a given month and the median number of cases in the same month in the five preceding years- and underlying epidemic index -annual average of the scores of the epidemic index of reports and murders., Results: The epidemic index trends permit us to observe that the problem has decreased since 2005. Nevertheless, the possibility of reporting IPV between 2005 and 2006 is 1.6 times upper that between 1998 and 2004. The risk of dying by this cause does not show statistically significant changes., Conclusion: The possibility of reporting IPV has been increased in Spain throughout the time. However, the risk of dying stays. Although still it is soon for the evaluation of the impact of the law in this epidemic, we could say that its effectiveness for the reduction of IPV mortality seems limited.
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- 2008
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310. A framework to analyse gender bias in epidemiological research.
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Ruiz-Cantero MT, Vives-Cases C, Artazcoz L, Delgado A, García Calvente MM, Miqueo C, Montero I, Ortiz R, Ronda E, Ruiz I, and Valls C
- Subjects
- Bias, Female, Humans, Information Storage and Retrieval, Male, Men's Health, Sex Factors, Spouse Abuse statistics & numerical data, Statistics as Topic, Women's Health, Epidemiologic Research Design, Prejudice
- Abstract
The design and analysis of research may cause systematic gender dependent errors to be produced in results because of gender insensitivity or androcentrism. Gender bias in research could be defined as a systematically erroneous gender dependent approach related to social construct, which incorrectly regards women and men as similar/different. Most gender bias can be found in the context of discovery (development of hypotheses), but it has also been found in the context of justification (methodological process), which must be improved. In fact, one of the main effects of gender bias in research is partial or incorrect knowledge in the results, which are systematically different from the real values. This paper discusses some forms of conceptual and methodological bias that may affect women's health. It proposes a framework to analyse gender bias in the design and analysis of research carried out on women's and men's health problems, and on specific women's health issues. Using examples, the framework aims to show the different theoretical perspectives in a social or clinical research context where forms of selection, measurement and confounding bias are produced as a result of gender insensitivity. Finally, this paper underlines the importance of re-examining results so that they may be reinterpreted to produce new gender based knowledge.
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- 2007
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311. Methodological issues in the study of violence against women.
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Ruiz-Pérez I, Plazaola-Castaño J, and Vives-Cases C
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- Bias, Female, Humans, Public Health, Risk Factors, Spain epidemiology, Spouse Abuse diagnosis, Spouse Abuse mortality, Terminology as Topic, Battered Women statistics & numerical data, Epidemiologic Research Design, Spouse Abuse statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review the methodological issues that arise when studying violence against women as a public health problem, focusing on intimate partner violence (IPV), since this is the form of violence that has the greatest consequences at a social and political level. The paper focuses first on the problems of defining what is meant by IPV. Secondly, the paper describes the difficulties in assessing the magnitude of the problem. Obtaining reliable data on this type of violence is a complex task, because of the methodological issues derived from the very nature of the phenomenon, such as the private, intimate context in which this violence often takes place, which means the problem cannot be directly observed. Finally, the paper examines the limitations and bias in research on violence, including the lack of consensus with regard to measuring events that may or may not represent a risk factor for violence against women or the methodological problem related to the type of sampling used in both aetiological and prevalence studies.
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- 2007
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312. [Systematic review of studies on the socioeconomic status of men who batter their intimate partners].
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Vives-Cases C, Gil-González D, Carrasco-Portiño M, and Alvarez-Dardet C
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- Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Battered Women, Spouse Abuse
- Abstract
Background: Despite the visibility of intimate partner violence against women in low socioeconomic groups, the association of low socioeconomic status and violent behavior is unclear. We performed a systematic review of the empirical evidence on the causal role of batterers' socioeconomic status in this phenomenon., Methods: We performed a systematic review, using the following databases: Eric (1966-2004), Sociological Abstracts (1963-2005), Science Citation Index (1945-2005), Social Science Citation Index (1956-2005), Medline through Pubmed (1966-2005), Social Service Abstracts (1980-2005), Lilacs (1982-2005) and Psycinfo (1972-2005). We included empirical papers with aims or hypothesis related to the causal relation between low socioeconomic status (employment, education, income) in men and IPV., Results: A total of 251 studies were identified, but only 10 met the inclusion criteria. There was one cohort study, one case-control study, one ecological study and one study based on a series of cases. Two studies calculated odds ratio in the analyses. One of these studies reported an odds ratio of 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.9) with unemployment and the other study showed no significant positive associations with this factor or with low income or education., Conclusions: More information and better quality data are required to establish conclusive results on the causal role of the socioeconomic status of men who batter their intimate partners. The empirical evidence on the relationship between violent male behavior against their partners and low socioeconomic status is still insufficient.
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- 2007
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313. [Is racism an important issue in public health in Spain?].
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Gil-González D, Vives-Cases C, and Alvarez-Dardet C
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- Spain, Prejudice, Public Health
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- 2007
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314. [Epidemic of intimate partner violence against women in Spain. Temporal distribution and victim age].
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Vives-Cases C, Carrasco-Portiño M, and Alvarez-Dardet C
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- Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Spain, Time Factors, Battered Women statistics & numerical data, Spouse Abuse mortality, Spouse Abuse statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objective: To explore temporal distribution and victim age in deaths and women's reports of intimate partner violence (IPV) to illustrate an approach to the results of the measures developed in Spain to combat this problem., Methods: We performed a descriptive epidemiological study based on statistics from the Federation of Divorced and Separated Women, the Queen Sofía Centre for the study of Violence, and the Home Affairs databases (1998-2005). Rates of mortality and reports of IPV were calculated by age (< 21 years old, from 21 to 50 years, > 50 years) and year. The ratio between the actual number of IPV deaths and reports in a given month and the median number of cases in the same month in the 5 preceding years (epidemic index) was calculated., Results: From the end of 2004, the epidemic index scores indicate that rates of mortality and reports due to intimate partner violence have tended to decrease. The highest IPV murder and report rates and epidemic index scores were observed in women aged 21-50 years old throughout the period, except in 2004, when mortality rates in women aged less than 21 years were highest, and in 2005, when report rates in women aged more than 50 years increased., Conclusion: In the last year, 2005, the IPV epidemic seemed to be decreasing. The fact that this problem affects women mostly in ages when they are fertile and active in the workforce suggests the instrumental use of IPV to keep women in a subordinate position.
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- 2007
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315. [What do we know about men who abuse their female partner? A systematic review].
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Carrasco-Portiño M, Vives-Cases C, Gil-González D, and Alvarez-Dardet C
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- Adult, Bibliometrics, Causality, Databases, Bibliographic statistics & numerical data, Epidemiologic Research Design, Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, United States epidemiology, Men psychology, Spouse Abuse prevention & control, Spouse Abuse psychology, Spouse Abuse statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: To analyze articles published in scientific journals from 2000 to 2005 that specifically focus on men who abuse their female partner, and to identify characteristics that the quantitative empirical studies have in common., Methods: A systematic review of articles published from January 2000 to June 2005 on the topic of men who abuse their female partner was conducted by searching the following databases: EconLit, Embase, Eric, Francis, Indice édico Español, ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science and Current Contents), Medline, Psicodoc, PsycInfo, and Sociological Abstracts., Results: Of the 944 studies identified, victim-specific articles were eliminated, and 61 (6.5%) were analyzed. Of these, violence-related journals had published 34 (55.7%); medical sciences journals had published only 4 (6.6%). North American institutions had published 47 of the 61 articles (77.0%), most of which were from the United States of America (70.5%), and only 1 article (1.6%) came from Latin America (Puerto Rico). Of the 29 articles that employed quantitative analysis, 19 (65.5%) examined the etiology of and risk factors related to domestic violence, and 10 (34.5%) focused on interventions geared toward the aggressor., Conclusions: Few scientific studies were found that tackled the causes of violence against the female partner, and those that did used epidemiological methods that fell short of quantifying the causes of partner violence. Studies that approach the issue from a curative angle do not provide enough evidence on the effectiveness of programs aimed at abusers. No articles were found in public health journals. The absence of scientific literature on this topic could be impeding informed policy-making and hindering efforts to put more effective intervention programs in place.
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- 2007
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316. [The impact of gender inequality on intimate partner violence in Spain].
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Vives-Cases C, Alvarez-Dardet C, Carrasco-Portiño M, and Torrubiano-Domínguez J
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- Adolescent, Adult, Confidence Intervals, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Risk Factors, Sexual Partners, Socioeconomic Factors, Spain epidemiology, Spouse Abuse mortality, Spouse Abuse trends
- Abstract
Objective: To explore the geographical distribution of mortality due to intimate partner violence (IPV) and reports of IPV according to the gender development index (GDI) of Spanish provinces., Methods: We performed an ecological study, based on GDI by provinces, of deaths from IPV and official complaints of IPV made by women between 1997 and 2004. The sources were the "Report on Human Capital and Human Development in Spain", the "Home Affairs Statistics Yearbook", and the web page of the Federation of Separated and Divorced Women. Provinces were divided into 2 groups according to whether their GDI score was above or below the mean GDI score for Spain (0.895). Mortality rates by age and rates of official complaints of IPV were calculated for the two groups of provinces (high and low GDI). Relative risks and their confidence intervals were calculated to analyze the risk of dying from or reporting IPV in low GDI provinces compared with that in high GDI provinces., Results: The risk of death due to IPV was higher in women living in low GDI provinces than in those living in high GDI provinces (RR = 1.328; 95% CI, 1.253-1.406). Furthermore, the risk of reporting IPV was higher in low GDI provinces than in high GDI provinces (RR = 1.468; 95% CI, 1.462-1.474)., Conclusion: Despite the trend to develop IPV strategies focused on individual causes, our results suggest that to tackle this problem, strategies for promoting gender equity in Spain are required.
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- 2007
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317. Abortion in democratic Spain: the parliamentary political agenda 1979-2004.
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Cambronero-Saiz B, Ruiz Cantero MT, Vives-Cases C, and Carrasco Portiño M
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- Abortion, Induced legislation & jurisprudence, Female, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Pregnancy, Spain, Women's Health history, Women's Rights history, Abortion, Induced history, Politics
- Abstract
Since Spain's transition to democracy, abortion has been a public policy issue both inside and outside parliament. This paper describes the history of abortion law reform in Spain from 1979 to 2004 and analyses the discourse on abortion of members of the Spanish parliament by sex and political allegiance. The analysis is based on a retrospective study of the frequency of legislative initiatives and the prevalence of different arguments and positions in debates on abortion found through a systematic search of the parliamentary database. Little time was given to abortion in the parliamentary agenda compared to other women's issues such as violence against women. There were 229 bills and other parliamentary initiatives in that period, 60% initiated and led by pro-choice women. 143 female and 72 male parliamentarians took part in the debates. The inclusion of socio-economic grounds for legal abortion (64%), and making abortion on request legal in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy (60%) were the most frequent forms of law reform proposed, based most often on pro-women's rights arguments. Male and female members of anti-choice parties and most male members of other parties argued for fetal rights. Pro-choice parties tabled more bills than anti-choice parties but till now all reforms proposed since 1985 have been voted down.
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- 2007
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318. Intimate partner violence against women in Spain.
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Vives-Cases C
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- Domestic Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Female, Humans, Mortality trends, Prevalence, Spain epidemiology, Domestic Violence statistics & numerical data
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- 2006
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319. Alcohol and intimate partner violence: do we have enough information to act?
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Gil-González D, Vives-Cases C, Alvarez-Dardet C, and Latour-Pérez J
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- Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Databases as Topic, Domestic Violence, Female, Humans, Male, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Odds Ratio, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Sample Size, Alcohol Drinking adverse effects, Battered Women, Violence
- Abstract
Background: Male alcohol consumption is one of the accepted risk factors for intimate partner violence. The aim of this study is to assess the magnitude of the association between male alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence against women and the quality of the evidence of published papers exploring this relationship empirically., Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative studies (1966-2004). Eight databases from Social and Behavioural Sciences, Clinical Medicine, and Life Sciences were reviewed. Studies with available 2 x 2 table or odds ratio were analysed using meta-analytic techniques., Results: A total of 22 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the systematic review: 14 (63.6%) were cross-sectional studies, 6 (27.3%) case-series, 2 (9.1%) case-control studies. Ten studies analysed the relationship between alcohol and violence as their primary hypothesis and only two used a direct measure of alcohol consumption. Of them, 11 papers were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled odds ratio was 4.57 (95% confidence limits 3.30-6.35), but a high degree of heterogeneity was observed. The magnitude of the effect was inversely associated with the year of publication. The biggest odds ratios were obtained in the studies with the smallest sample sizes., Conclusions: The evidence about the relationship between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence is of low quality in the study designs and maybe biased by publication of positive results. Currently there is not enough empirical evidence to support preventive policies based on male alcohol consumption as a risk factor in the particular case of intimate partner violence.
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- 2006
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320. [Opacity of general agreements on goods and services in Spain].
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Umaña Peña RA, Alvarez-Dardet Díaz C, and Vives Cases C
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- Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Spain, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, International Agencies, International Cooperation legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Objective: To explore the intensity of the debate in the Spanish Parliament on the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) developed by Spain and the World Trade Organization, and to compare it with the debate on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)., Methods: A systematic search and content analysis were performed of all parliamentary initiatives on GATS and GATT undertaken from 1979 to 2004 in the Spanish Parliament and Senate. The frequency and percentages of initiatives on both issues were calculated, and the final result and kinds of initiative were analyzed., Results: A total of 185 initiatives were presented in the Spanish Parliament on these agreements, of which 120 were on GATT, 8 were on GATS and 57 were on both agreements. Most of these initiatives were not discussed in parliament (GATT, 71%; GATS, 55.4%) or were the subject of political debate with low participation among parliamentary groups., Conclusions: Despite the implications of the GATS for Spanish health policy, the agreement was developed with little prior political debate, which was even less intense than that on GATT. The parliamentary function of controlling the government should be reaffirmed in Spain.
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- 2006
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321. [Gender based violence in the Spanish Parliamentary Agenda (1979-2004)].
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Vives-Cases C, Gil-González D, Carrasco-Portiño M, and Alvarez-Dardet C
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- Female, Humans, Spain, Government, Policy Making, Prejudice, Violence legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Aims: To systematically examine the characteristics of the processes of formulating and taking decisions on gender-based violence in the Spanish Parliament., Methods: A search was performed for all parliamentary initiatives on gender-based violence in the Spanish parliament (1979-2004) and their qualitative content was analyzed. The ratio between initiatives on gender-based violence and those on other issues was calculated by years and legislatures. The probability of presenting initiatives on gender-based violence was analyzed by sex and political group (government vs. opposition) (odds ratio, 95% CI and statistical significance using the Mantel-Haenszel method)., Results: In the 26 years studied, there were 322,187 initiatives, of which 569 concerned gender-based violence. Initiatives on this issue increased in 1998 (4.12 per 1,000), 2001 (4.49 per 1,000) and 2004 (9.19 per 1,000). Sixty-seven percent were questions to the government. The majority of the initiatives were registered without agreement or decision (81%). Men had a higher probability of asking questions (OR = 17.08; 95%CI, 5.91-55.62), but women instigated 60% of the initiatives. Parliamentary groups in government showed a higher probability of asking questions (OR = 2.63; 95%CI, 1.32-5.31), but 88% of the initiatives were promoted by the opposition., Conclusions: The process of policy construction has been started in Spain, which could lead to the development of true policies on gender-based violence in the future. Parliamentary activity on this issue should be maintained in the long-term, as the problem shows no sign of abating.
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- 2006
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322. [Early screening of intimate partner violence. An evidence-based intervention?].
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Vives-Cases C, Gil-González D, Carrasco-Portiño M, and Alvarez-Dardet C
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- Female, Humans, Mass Screening, Spouse Abuse prevention & control
- Published
- 2006
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323. [Health advocacy in violence against women: an experience].
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Vives-Cases C, Alvarez-Dardet C, Colomer C, and Bertomeu A
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- Female, Homicide statistics & numerical data, Humans, Incidence, Information Dissemination, Internet, Seasons, Spain, Consumer Advocacy, Domestic Violence prevention & control, Domestic Violence statistics & numerical data, Population Surveillance, Women
- Abstract
The development of political responses to a problem needs for its construction as a social problem of a continuous epidemiological surveillance system available for the affected public and key decision makers. A women's health advocacy net based initiative was launched in November 2003. Every month the epidemic index of deaths (ratio of deaths in that month and median of deaths occurring the previous 5 years) due to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is published in a section called "Violence Alert" of e-leusis.net a women's web page. The objective was giving visibility to information contributing to shape the problem. from a population perspective. The initiative was introduced at the beginning to journalists and every month a press release with the index results and a comment on it is circulated. More than half of the months studied (January 2003-December 2004) were epidemic (epidemic indexb > or = 1.25). "Violence alert" has received 2330 visits since then, an average of 65 visits per week. The page attracted media coverage from radio, TV and newspapers.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
324. [Recent history of the news coverage of violence against women in Spain, 1997-2001].
- Author
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Vives-Cases C, Ruiz MT, Alvarez-Dardet C, and Martín M
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Mass Media trends, Spain, Battered Women, Mass Media statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: To explore press coverage of violence against women between 1997 and 2001, and to analyze the temporal development of murders due to this cause in Spain and the social context in which these media events take place., Methods: Quantitative content analyses were performed of 865 news items on violence against women in the Spanish newspapers El País, ABC and El Mundo (1997-2001). Absolute and relative frequencies, and relative risk (RR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were calculated. Crude mortality rates were calculated for violence against women (1998-2003) based on the Register of the Federation of Separated and Divorced Women., Results: Press coverage of violence against women increased, coinciding with dramatic events and political responses to the problem. In this context, mortality from this cause remained constant. News about incidents (65%) were more frequent than news about interventions (35%). In news items in which sex was identified (35% of the total), women (n = 151) and men (n = 150) shared the role of principle information source. Men from law institutions (RR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.44-2.17) and women from health institutions (RR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.14-1.08) and associations (RR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.13-0.81) were more likely to be the main source of information than their counterparts. Men had a higher probability than women of being the main source of information in news about punishment (RR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.12-1.81)., Conclusions: In a context in which mortality from violence against women remains constant, news about this subject has increased, coinciding with dramatic events and political responses. The main sources of information are politicians of both sexes, men from law institutions, and women from health institutions and associations. Men are the main source of information in news about punishment.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
325. [Unemployment and health: a major issue for public statistics].
- Author
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Cases C and Cambois E
- Subjects
- Public Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status, Unemployment statistics & numerical data
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
326. Assessing satisfaction with pain medication in primary care patients: development and psychometric validation of a new measure.
- Author
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Baró E, Casado A, García-Cases C, Clerch L, and Ribas S
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, ROC Curve, Surveys and Questionnaires, Pain drug therapy, Patient Satisfaction, Psychometrics methods
- Abstract
Background: The measurement of patient satisfaction with pain medication (SPM) is a potentially useful aid for health care decision-making, but no validated measures for SPM are known., Objective: This study aimed to develop an instrument to assess this patient-reported outcome in primary care and to evaluate whether it satisfactorily fulfilled the required psychometric properties (ie, reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change)., Methods: The measure's content was obtained from literature reviews, focus groups, and expert opinion. A preliminary version of 14 self-administered items was obtained and tested in a prospective study in patients receiving pain medication. Item-total statistics and factor analysis were performed to obtain the final version. The final version was psychometrically validated by assessing feasibility, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), convergent validity (multivariant methods), discriminant validity in patients presenting pain relief (receiver operating characteristic curves), test-retest reliability (using the intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] in patients maintaining medication), and sensitivity to change (in patients changing medication)., Results: A total of 1119 patients were recruited (626 women [55.9%]; mean [SD] age, 47.6 [15.36] years; primarily suffering musculoskeletal injury [50.7%]). Four items were deleted from the preliminary version owing to low item-scale correlation and/or factor loadings. The final factor analysis confirmed a 4-factor solution, which explained 81.4% of the variance in questionnaire scores. Adverse events, speed/duration of effect, functional benefit, and overall satisfaction dimensions were identified. Cronbach's alpha and ICC for the 10-item final version were >0.80 for the summary score and all dimensions. Pain-related characteristics (intensity, frequency, and degree of pain relief), but not patient-related characteristics, were independently associated with the summary score. The area under the curve was 0.78 for the summary score. Effect sizes and standardized response mean were > or = 0.84 for the summary score and all dimensions., Conclusion: The SPM questionnaire appears to have good acceptability as well as satisfactory psychometric properties, based on these analyses.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
327. [Intimate partner violence: social and health determinants and responses].
- Author
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Ruiz-Pérez I, Blanco-Prieto P, and Vives-Cases C
- Subjects
- Cultural Characteristics, Female, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, Women's Health, Women's Health Services, Battered Women statistics & numerical data, Spouse Abuse prevention & control, Spouse Abuse statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
The present study aims to review the problem of intimate partner violence, as well as its causes and consequences. It will also specifically analyze the role of health professionals. In opposition to the classical epidemiological view of risk factors, Heise proposes an ecological framework to study violence against women. This framework analyzes the interplay among the personal, situational and sociocultural factors that combine to cause abuse. Regarding the frequency of intimate partner violence in Spain, in January 2003 there were 2.519 formal complaints and 69 women died between January and November 2003. No geographical patterns in mortality or the incidence of formal complaints of intimate partner violence or among the provinces with the highest incidence of formal complains and those with highest mortality were observed. The only national survey published in Spain was performed by the Women's Institute in 1999, which reported a prevalence of domestic violence of 9.2%. A frequency of 22.8% was found in a primary health care center in Granada. Health services can play a key role in helping victims of domestic violence, since most women contact the health services at some time in their lives. Professionals in administrative or managerial positions can contribute to raising awareness of this health problem, which is one of the main causes of poor health and disability. Evidently, beyond consciousness-raising and early detection campaigns, public health strategies should be designed to prevent this serious health problem the causes of which can be changed.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
328. Helicobacter pylori eradication versus one-year maintenance therapy: effect on relapse and gastritis outcome.
- Author
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Monés J, Rodrigo L, Sancho F, Martín L, Boixeda D, Artés MT, and García-Cases C
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Time Factors, Gastritis drug therapy, Gastritis microbiology, Helicobacter Infections drug therapy, Helicobacter pylori
- Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine ulcer healing and H. pylori eradication rates obtained with triple therapy (omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin). Ulcer relapsing rate one year after eradication was also assessed. Maintenance therapy with placebo was compared with ranitidine therapy and the effect of eradication on histological variables of the gastric mucosa was studied., Methods: A prospective, double-blind parallel study was performed in 85 patients endoscopically diagnosed of duodenal ulcer H. pylori positive. Patients were randomized to a 7-days triple therapy (group A) or omeprazole plus antibiotic placebo (group B). All patients were treated only with omeprazole for the next three weeks. Patients with ulcer healing after treatment were entered in a one-year follow up phase with ranitidine placebo (group A) or ranitidine (group B). Endoscopy and biopsies were performed at baseline, after treatment (5 weeks) and after 12 months of follow-up or when relapsing symptoms appeared., Results: Healing rate was 90.2% in group A and 85.7% in group B. Eradication rate was 78% in group A and 0% in group B. Out of 37 healed patients in group A, eradication was achieved in 29 and only one relapse was found (3.4%). Three out of eight patients with healing but without eradication relapsed at 12 months (35%) (p < 0.05). Histopathological results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between eradicated and non eradicated patients in terms of severity of inflammation and intestinal metaplasia, but not in terms of atrophy., Conclusions: H. pylori eradication is useful to prevent ulcer relapse and to improve gastric mucosa status.
- Published
- 2001
329. [Participation rates for those aged 25 to 60: age and generation effects].
- Author
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Bourdalle G and Cases C
- Subjects
- Demography, Developed Countries, Economics, Europe, France, Health Workforce, Population, Population Characteristics, Age Factors, Employment, Sex Factors
- Abstract
Labor force participation for those aged 25 to 60 in France is analyzed over the period 1975 to 1994. "Over these two decades, female participation rates rose sharply, particularly among the young and intermediate age groups and the least qualified. At the same time, the overall male participation rate dropped slightly due mainly to more frequent retirement at the end of working life and among the least qualified. An econometric analysis of female participation rates shows, in contrast to the men, an extensive change in working patterns between generations. The sharp rise in participation rates for the generations born from the 1930s to the 1960s has only been slightly tempered by the relative economic downturn posted after 1977." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1996
330. [Inservice training ... "stress management" for nursing personnel].
- Author
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Beruben A, Bonnet-Eymard B, Boutot J, Cases C, Drault E, Molliex P, and Petraud C
- Subjects
- Burnout, Professional psychology, Humans, Burnout, Professional prevention & control, Education, Nursing, Continuing, Nursing Staff, Hospital education, Nursing Staff, Hospital psychology
- Published
- 1994
331. Calcium channel antagonist omega-conotoxin binds to intramembrane particles of isolated nerve terminals.
- Author
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Fariñas I, Egea G, Blasi J, Cases C, and Marsal J
- Subjects
- Adenosine Triphosphate metabolism, Animals, Bacterial Proteins, Calcium Channels metabolism, Cell Membrane metabolism, Electric Organ innervation, Electric Organ metabolism, Freeze Fracturing, Microscopy, Electron, Nerve Endings ultrastructure, Streptavidin, Subcellular Fractions metabolism, Synaptosomes metabolism, Synaptosomes ultrastructure, omega-Conotoxin GVIA, Calcium Channel Blockers metabolism, Nerve Endings metabolism, Peptides metabolism, Torpedo physiology
- Abstract
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels play a key role in evoked neurotransmitter release and their distribution in presynaptic membranes can be critical for fast signalling at chemical synapses. Using a biotinylated derivative of the neuronal calcium channel antagonist, omega-conotoxin, and a combination of colloidal gold labeling and freeze-fracture techniques, we have labeled calcium channels present at the membrane of nerve terminals isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The biotinylated blocker exerts an inhibitory action on the high potassium-evoked release of adenosine triphosphate as the native toxin does and its interaction with biological membranes is specific as shown in displacement experiments. This study shows that an antagonist specific for voltage-activated calcium channels binds to intramembrane particles in presynaptic membranes, reinforcing the idea that these particles, concentrated at neurotransmitter release sites, effectively represent calcium channels.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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332. Evaluation of the methodological quality of clinical trial protocols. A preliminary experience in Spain.
- Author
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García-Cases C, Duque A, Borja J, Izquierdo I, de la Fuente V, Torrent J, and Jané F
- Subjects
- Clinical Protocols standards, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Spain, Clinical Trials as Topic standards, Research Design standards
- Abstract
The methodological quality of 50 clinical trial protocols submitted to our hospital has been assessed by means of a check-list. The most frequent methodological deficiencies found were related to statistical analysis, selection criteria, sample size, incorrect use of placebo, homogeneity of the groups, concomitant medication, randomisation plan, monitoring of adverse events and study design. Lack of insurance for the patients and inadequacies in the investigators' brochure and case report forms were observed in a significant number of cases. The results suggest the importance of a multidisciplinary team in the elaboration of clinical trial protocols to prevent methodological errors.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
333. Vertigo caused by intravenous imipenem/cilastatin.
- Author
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Duque A, Altimiras J, García-Cases C, and Vidal P
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Cilastatin administration & dosage, Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination, Drug Combinations, Humans, Imipenem administration & dosage, Injections, Intravenous, Male, Middle Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents adverse effects, Cilastatin adverse effects, Imipenem adverse effects, Vertigo chemically induced
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
334. Effect of continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis on ganciclovir pharmacokinetics.
- Author
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Rello J, Roglan A, García-Cases C, Jané F, and Net A
- Subjects
- Half-Life, Humans, Kidney Transplantation immunology, Male, Middle Aged, Ganciclovir pharmacokinetics, Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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