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Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of honokiol combined with resveratrol on bacteria responsible for oral malodor and their biofilm. Method: This study investigated drug's MIC, FICI and dynamic bactericidal susceptibility activities against Pg and Fn. The effects of drugs on biofilm metabolic activity, biofilm total amount, and biofilm microstructure were determined by CCK-8 experiment, semi-quantitative adhesion experiment and SEM, respectively. The effects of drugs on biofilm genes, extracellular polysaccharides, proteins and DNA content were determined by qRT-PCR, phenol-sulfuric acid method, BCA method and Nano Drop one C, respectively. Results: The combination had synergistic antibacterial effect on Pg and Fn. 1/2×MIC and 1×MIC combination inhibit the whole process of Pg and Fn growth. The results showed that the combination effectively reduce biofilm metabolic activity and total amount, and destroy biofilm microstructure. The results showed that the combination downregulate the gene expression both Pg and Fn, reduce extracellular polysaccharides and DNA of Pg, and reduce extracellular proteins and DNA of Fn. Conclusion: This study showed that the combination had a synergistic antibacterial effect on Pg and Fn, reduced the biofilm extracellular matrix, inhibited biofilm formation, and downregulated the expression of genes related to biofilm formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity and delicate balance of the oral microbiome contribute to oral health, with its disruption leading to oral and systemic diseases. Toothpaste includes elements like traditional additives such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as well as novel postbiotics derived from probiotics, which are commonly employed for maintaining oral hygiene and a healthy oral cavity. However, the response of the oral microbiota to these treatments remains poorly understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the impact of SLS, and toothpaste containing postbiotics (hereafter, postbiotic toothpaste) across three systems: biofilms, animal models, and clinical populations. SLS was found to kill bacteria in both preformed biofilms (mature biofilms) and developing biofilms (immature biofilms), and disturbed the microbial community structure by increasing the number of pathogenic bacteria. SLS also destroyed periodontal tissue, promoted alveolar bone resorption, and enhanced the extent of inflammatory response level. The postbiotic toothpaste favored bacterial homeostasis and the normal development of the two types of biofilms in vitro, and attenuated periodontitis and gingivitis in vivo via modulation of oral microecology. Importantly, the postbiotic toothpaste mitigated the adverse effects of SLS when used in combination, both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, the findings of this study describe the impact of toothpaste components on oral microflora and stress the necessity for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of oral microbial ecology by considering multiple aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major global threat to human health, and phage therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this study, we isolated and characterized a Pseudomonas lytic phage, PaTJ, from wastewater. PaTJ belongs to the phage family Mesyanzhinovviridae, and is featured by short latency (30 min) and large burst size (103 PFU per infected cell). Our investigation revealed that PaTJ utilizes the type IV Pili (T4P) as a receptor. Transcriptome analysis of PaTJ infected host at latent stage showed distinct expression patterns of PaTJ encoding genes involved in replication and structure assembly, without expression of the majority of toxic accessory genes responsible for phage release. In addition, host bacteria exhibited specific induction of host metabolism-related genes in response to the PaTJ's infection. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated the PaTJ's potential in degrading biofilms. This work sheds light on the multifaceted impact of this lytic phage PaTJ on P. aeruginosa, presenting potential applications in both gene expression modulation and biofilm management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) has long been recognized primarily as a hospital-acquired pathogen. However, recent studies have uncovered a potential link between this bacterium and oral cancer, necessitating a deeper exploration of this relationship. This review examines the relevance of A. baumannii biofilms in the context of oral cancer development. By synthesizing current knowledge, we seek to provide a comprehensive understanding of this emerging area of research and identify critical directions for future investigations. The review emphasizes the remarkable adaptability, environmental resilience, and antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii, delves into the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation, and their potential connection to oral cancer progression. The review also evaluates how biofilm colonization on oral surfaces and medical devices, along with its role in chronic infections, inflammation, and increased antimicrobial resistance, could contribute to creating a microenvironment favourable for tumor development. This review underscores the broader healthcare implications of A. baumannii biofilms, evaluates current strategies for their prevention and eradication, and calls for interdisciplinary research in this emerging field. By shedding light on the complex interactions between A. baumannii biofilms and oral cancer, it aims to stimulate further research and guide the development of new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies in both microbiology and oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, invasive candidiasis are a burden for the health system due to difficulties to manage patients, to the increasing of the resistance of the current therapeutics and the emergence of naturally resistant species of Candida. In this context, the development of innovative antifungal drugs is urgently needed. During invasive candidiasis, yeast is submitted to many stresses (oxidative, thermic, osmotic) in the human host. In order to resist in this context, yeast develops different strategy, especially the biosynthesis of trehalose. Starting from the 3D structural data of TPS2, an enzyme implicated in trehalose biosynthesis, we identified hydrazone as an interesting scaffold to design new antifungal drugs. Interestingly, our hydrazone derivatives which demonstrate antifungal and anti-biofilm effects on Candida spp., are non-toxic in in vitro and in vivo models (Galleria mellonella). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggs, a rich source of protein, vitamins, and minerals, rapidly decline in nutritional quality post-laying due to physicochemical changes, exacerbated by poor storage. Chitosan, a biodegradable antibacterial polysaccharide, has the ability to enhance the preservation of egg when it combined with Slightly acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW). This study investigates the potential of chitosan-SAHW composite films for preserving egg quality by systematically evaluating the films' properties across different SAHW concentrations. Results showed increased film density and decreased moisture content with SAHW addition. Optimal mechanical properties were observed at 20 mg/L SAHW, while 40 mg/L SAHW films were most effective against microbes. Eggs coated with these films, especially at 20 mg/L and 30 mg/L SAHW, maintained quality significantly better over 49 days, reducing weight loss, preserving the Haugh unit, and stabilizing pH. These findings suggest chitosan-SAHW films effectively extend egg shelf life, warranting further research for broader applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AiiA can be targeted to quench N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) quorum sensing signaling molecules. In this paper, we extracted and purified AiiA protein by constructing recombinant engineering bacteria to analyze the effect of AiiA on the formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm. The results suggest that AiiA has a particular potential in inhibiting the formation of biofilms and extracellular polymers. The ability of AiiA to inhibit biofilm increased and then decreased, with the lowest biofilm decomposition concentration of 8 μg/mL and the optimal inhibitor concentration of 85 μg/mL (86.9% biofilm inhibition). LC-MS results showed that when the concentration of C4-HSL in Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC33847 biofilm exceeded 3.70 μg/L, the content of quorum sensing signaling molecules reached a threshold and began to activate LuxR protein to regulate the expression of related genes. These results provide relevant experimental guidance for the clinical treatment of biofilm infections and the development of novel QS inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most prominent challenges related to the management of diabetes is a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). It has been noted that > 50% of ulcers become clinically infected in diabetic patients, and up to 15–25% of diabetic patients may acquire DFU in their lifetime. DFU treatment is complicated for immune-compromised individuals and has a low success rate. Therefore, diabetic foot care must begin as soon as possible to avoid negative outcomes such as significant social, psychological, and economic consequences, lower limb amputation, morbidity, and mortality. The information provided in this piece is crucial for assisting clinicians and patients regarding novel and cutting-edge treatments for DFU. Due to irrational recourse to antibiotics, etiological agents like bacteria and fungi are exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR), making topical antibiotic treatments for wounds ineffective with the drugs we currently have. This review article aims to compile the various strategies presently in use for managing and treating DFUs. The piece covers topics like biofilm, diagnosis, drug resistance, multidisciplinary teamwork, debridement, dressings, offloading, negative pressure therapy, topical antibiotics, surgery, cell and gene therapy, and other cutting-edge therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen pollution are the research focuses of sewage purification. PMMA fiber biofilm carriers were prepared using the electrospinning technique and compared with nonwoven fiber biofilm carriers in purification experiments. The two biofilm carriers are bacteria-cultured for several days, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) of the sewage are tested and analyzed. The results showed that after four days of purification, the COD concentration removal rate of the non-woven fiber biofilm group reached 77.89%, and the COD removal rate of the PMMA fiber biofilm group reached 82.70%. After six days of purification, the NH3–N concentration in the non-woven fiber biofilm group did not decrease but increased, from the original 7.64 to 8.74 mg/l, with an increase rate of 13.87%. The NH3–N concentration in the PMMA fiber biofilm group decreased from the original 7.62 to 6.22 mg/l, with a removal rate of 13.87%. It can be seen that the PMMA fiber biofilm carrier has more advantages in the reduction of COD and NH3–N in organic wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quorum sensing (QS) is a critical bacterial communication system regulating behaviors like biofilm formation, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. This review highlights QS's role in polymicrobial infections, where bacterial species interactions enhance antibiotic resistance. We examine QS mechanisms, such as acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in Gram-negative bacteria and autoinducing peptides (AIPs) in Gram-positive bacteria, and their impact on biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance. The challenges uniquely associated with polymicrobial infections, such as those found in cystic fibrosis lung infections, chronic wound infections, and medical device infections, are also summarized. Furthermore, we explore various laboratory models, including flow cells and dual-species culture models, used to study QS interactions in polymicrobial environments. The review also discusses promising quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs), such as furanones and AHL analogs, which have demonstrated efficacy in reducing biofilm formation and virulence in laboratory and clinical studies. By addressing the interplay between QS and antibiotic resistance, this paper aims to advance therapeutic strategies that disrupt bacterial communication and improve antibiotic efficacy, ultimately mitigating the global challenge of antibiotic resistance in polymicrobial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Current research aims to monitor the prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) in healthcare facilities due to the development of resistance to antimicrobials. The study aimed to elucidate the interplay between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, two key factors contributing to virulence of bacteria. Methods: This study was conducted in One Health Laboratory (OHL) at Center for Advanced Studies, Agriculture and Food Security (CAS AFS), and institute of Microbiology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad within six months (Feb-Aug 2023). A total of 50 urine catheter samples were obtained from Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (meropenem, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin) was conducted to determine the resistance profiles of the isolates in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Additionally, the biofilm formation ability of the isolates was assessed using crystal violet staining. Results: Out of 50 samples, 13 were positive and were confirmed as multidrug resistant. The investigation of antibiotic resistance revealed a high prevalence of MDR A. baumannii strains from urinary catheters. The rate of infection was observed higher in males (77%), patients among the age group 10-25 and above 46 years (38.46%), and those who have been diagnosed with urinary tract infection (46.13%). The observed rate of biofilm formation was strong (62%) followed by moderate (7%), and weak (31%) in all MDR isolates. Carbapenem-resistant isolates exhibit a strong correlation with biofilm formation. Conclusion: This study concluded that A. baumannii isolated from the patients with urinary tract infections had resistance to routinely used antibiotics. The isolates have shown hemolysis pattern (a & 1) and tendency to make biofilms. Moreover, except for ceftriaxone which showed negative correlations, a positive correlation was observed between biofilm biomass and the resistance profile to the remaining three antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate and compare: (1) the effect of the bacterial biofilm on the dentin mineral density at the restoration-tooth interface and (2) the mineralization potential of three resin-based restorative materials (RBRM) Methods: 16 extracted human molars free o f caries and cracks were collected and stored for disinfection. Each tooth received two standardized Class H preparations with the cervical margin placed in dentin. Teeth were secured into a dentiform with adjacent natural teeth to ensure interproximal contact. All tooth preparations were hybridized using a threestep etch-and-rinse adhesive system (OptiBond FL) and assigned randomly to three experimental groups according to the RBRM (n= 8): Group A-a nanofill resin composite (Filtek Supreme Ultra); Group B-a high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite (Tetric Powerfill); Group C-a low-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite (SureFil SDR flow+ bulk-fill); and a positive control: Group D - bioactive resin composite (Activa Bioactive-Restorative). All materials were used according to manufacturers' instructions. All specimens were subjected to two distinct challenges: first, thermomechanical cycling was performed within 24 hours of restoring the specimens to simulate 1 year of masticatory function. Subsequently, the specimens were stored for 18 days in a laboratory biofilm model to promote biofilm formation and to mimic the effects of tooth demineralization. Two sessions of micro-CT imaging were conducted: the first immediately after the thermomechanical cycling and the second post-exposure to the biofilm model. All data on mineral profile measurements reconstrucied in the Perkin-Elmer Quantum GX-Ii CT were transferred to Image J software for analysis and interprelation. The ANOVA test (P< 0.05) was used to analyze the mineral density values and mean mineral loss values for each group. Results: No statistically significant difference in mean mineral loss value (mean AZ) was found between the groups (P= 0.209). Regardless, increased mean AZ variation was found between SureFil SDR flow+ 056.95) and the remaining groups, Filtek Supreme Ultra, Tetric Powerfill and Activa Bioactive (-1.17,-1.41, and -7.97, respectively), showing, within the limits of the present laboratory study, the remineralization potential of SureFil SDR flow+. All tested RBRM demonstrated some remineralization capacity under caries risk conditions . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the context of Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture, the incorporation of oyster shells has proven beneficial for enhancing water quality and the growth conditions of the shrimp. Nonetheless, the specific effects of in-situ water treatment using oyster shells on water quality and shrimp growth, along with the composition and succession dynamics of the microbial community within oyster shell biofilms, have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Methods: This study established control, low-concentration, and high-concentration oyster shell addition groups to emulate the in-situ water treatment environment with oyster shells, with the objective of elucidating the impacts of oyster shell addition on the aquaculture setting. Results: The results showed that the addition of oyster shells could significantly improve the length (F = 12.248, P = 0.005), weight(F = 138.234, P < 0.001), and survival rate (F = 15.248, P < 0.001) of shrimp, while there were no significant differences in the length (F = -1.233, P = 0.267) and survival rate (F = -2.143, P = 0.076) between the high and low concentration groups. Additionally, oyster shell addition resulted in elevated phosphate levels (F = 74.92, P < 0.001 in Day 70), diminished nitrite levels (F = 5.276, P = 0.031 in Day 56), and increased nitrate concentrations (F = 9.421, P = 0.006 in Day 70). Within the biofilms, the relative abundances of Ruegeria, Tenacibaculum , BD2- 11_terrestrial_group , and Kapabacteriales exhibited significant declines over time, whereas the relative abundance of Nitrospira demonstrated a marked increase, ultimately emerging as the predominant bacterium (Relative abundance 31.8%) in the biofilms during the latter stages of the experiment. Nitrospira also exhibited a notably higher relative abundance in the microbial community of the experimental water group relative to the control group (F = 2.265, P = 0.001). Discussion: The biofilm provided conditions for the proliferation of Nitrospira , thereby accelerating the transformation of nitrite into nitrate in the aquaculture system, which subsequently improved the shrimp farming conditions. This research offers valuable insights for the application of oyster shells in shrimp farming and contributes to the theoretical underpinnings necessary for advancing our understanding of the mechanisms through which oyster shell biofilms enhance water quality and foster shrimp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen due to its ability to form strong biofilms and antibiotic resistance. Biofilms play an important role in bacterial survival against the host immune system and antibiotics. Natural compounds (NCs) have diverse bioactive properties with a low probability of resistance, making them promising candidates for biofilm control. NC such as curcumin, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, citral, linalool, 1,8-cineole, pinene, cymene, terpineol, quercetin, and limonene have been widely utilized for the inhibition and destruction of S. aureus biofilms. NCs influence biofilm formation through several procedures. Some of the antibiofilm mechanisms of NCs are direct bactericidal effect, disrupting the quorum sensing system, preventing bacteria from aggregation and attachment to surfaces, reducing the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs), interfering with sortase A enzyme, and altering the expression of biofilm-associated genes such as icaADBC, agr, and sarA. Furthermore, these compounds affect extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and their components, such as polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) and eDNA. However, some disadvantages, such as low water solubility and bioavailability, limit their clinical usage. Therefore, scientists have considered using nanotechnology and drug platforms to improve NC's efficacy. Some NC, such as thymol and curcumin, can also enhance photodynamic therapy against S. aurous biofilm community. This article evaluates the anti-biofilm potential of NC, their mechanisms of action against S. aureus biofilms, and various aspects of their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial studies indicate that structured polymer surfaces can support the attachment and biofilm formation of bacteria and thereby provide enhanced positive effects of beneficial bacteria, for instance in biocontrol in aquacultures. In this study, we demonstrate a test platform to further explore the surface topography for bacterial attachment and biofilm growth. It is based on a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) materials platform, and nanoimprint technology was used for the replication of microstructures. The use of nanoimprint technology ensures precise micropattern transfer, enabling easy prototyping. Further, the process parameters of the mold preparation and nanoimprinting are discussed, with the purpose of optimizing the polymer pattern profile. This study has the potential to identify promising surfaces for biofilm growth of beneficial bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MiRNAs have recently emerged as new biomarkers, of high significance and importance, unfolding a new potential in research. These RNAs are capable of inhibiting mRNA translation, or facilitate its degradation. In the present review, we discuss the basic miRNA biological mechanisms of action on bone tissue cells, in periodontal tissues, as well as the impact of miRNAs on the correlation between periodontal disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Periodontitis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the supportive tissues of the teeth. The damage of the periodontal tissues, is a result of the metabolism of the biofilm. At the same time, there is an activation of the host's immune system, through an inflammatory (non-specific) response and subsequently through an immune (specific) response. This combination, of the products of the biofilm's metabolism, as well as those of the host's immune response, is considered one of the main causes of periodontal tissue damage and alveolar bone loss. MiRNA regulation, in periodontal tissue plays an important role in disease progression. Differences in the miRNA expression levels, affects the aforementioned inflammatory mechanisms and their interaction with periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, Candida albicans is still the most common cause of both local and life-threatening systemic candidiasis. The spread of resistant fungal strains has resulted in an urgent need to search for new promising antimycotics. Here, we investigated the antifungal action of the tobacco defensin NaD1 against susceptible and resistant to azoles and echinocandins strains of C. albicans. We demonstrated that NaD1 was equally effective and fungicidal against all tested strains. The MIC and MFC values were 6.25 and 12.5 µM, respectively. We showed for the first time that NaD1 could act synergistically not only with caspofungin but also with human host defense antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin LL-37 and β-defensin-2 (HBD2) against susceptible and resistant fungal strains. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that NaD1 in combinations with LL-37 or HBD2 can reinforce each other by enhancing membrane disruption. Using the Caco-2 cell monolayer model, we demonstrated that NaD1 impaired the adhesion of C. albicans cells to the human epithelium. Moreover, NaD1 inhibited the formation of fungal biofilms in Sabouraud broth and less markedly in nutrient-rich RPMI-1640 medium, and enhanced the antibiofilm activity of caspofungin. Thus, we hypothesized that NaD1 might affect the development of candidiasis in vivo, including that caused by resistant fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive a one-dimensional macroscopic model for biofilm formation in a porous medium reactor to investigate the role of longitudinal diffusion of substrate and suspended bacteria on reactor performance. By comparing an existing base model—one without longitudinal diffusion, which was the point of departure for our work, to the new model—we noticed significant changes in system dynamics. Our results suggest that neglecting it can lead to underestimation of quenching length and biofilm accumulation downstream, even in the advection-dominated regime. The effects of attachment and detachment of suspended bacteria on biofilm formation and substrate degradation were also examined. In the one-dimensional model, it was found that attachment has a stronger influence on substrate depletion, which becomes more pronounced as diffusion in the pore space increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Implant failures resulting from peri-implant infections can have substantial consequences, underscoring the urgent need for effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation on implant surfaces. However, despite advancements in antimicrobial surface technologies, significant challenges persist in translating these innovations into clinically viable solutions. Areas covered: This article provides an overview of the limitations of current treatment protocols and explores the potential of antimicrobial surface treatments for controlling such infections. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of balancing antimicrobial efficacy with biocompatibility and mechanical stability, key factors for long-term implant performance. Finally, we address the main challenges in translating these technologies into clinical practice, including the unpredictability of long-term antimicrobial effects, regulatory compliance gaps, and methodological weaknesses in current research. Expert opinion: The development of antimicrobial surfaces holds promise for enhancing the longevity of dental implants; however, current modifications face persistent challenges, hindering their translation into the dental implant market. Future advancements should prioritize 'smart' or stimulus-responsive surfaces that can release antimicrobials on demand. This strategy aims to efficiently combat infections while minimizing the risks of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance, potentially leading to more effective and clinically translatable solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas putida PCL1760 is a well-studied bacterium that can be used for a wide range of biotechnological applications. In our study we investigated the effect of deletion of the genes involved in alginate accumulation (algA), flagellar export (flhA), and pili formation pilQ on the behavior of the strain in bioreactors. We obtained the knockout mutant P. putida LN6160 with the deletion of these genes and showed that the absence of these genes reduces mobility and biofilm formation (40% lower after 72 h) in the mutant. At the same time, we noted the positive effect of these deletions on the growth of the mutant strain on rich medium (1.39 × 1010 CFU/mL in the mutant and 6.4 × 109 CFU/mL in the wild type) and on mineral medium (6.11 × 109 CFU/mL in the mutant and 1.36 × 109 CFU/mL in the wild type) by growing them in small-volume bioreactors. A significant decrease in the biofilm and the foam formation was also observed for LN6160 in a small-volume bioreactor. Most probably, the rapid growth of the deletion strain occurs due to a decrease in the energy load on the bacterial apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can cause significant challenges in various settings, including industrial processes, environmental systems, and human health. The protective nature of biofilms makes them resistant to traditional anti‐biofilm strategies, such as chemical agents, mechanical interventions, and surface modifications. To address the limitations of conventional anti‐biofilm methods, researchers have explored emerging strategies that encompass the use of natural compounds, nanotechnology‐based methods, quorum‐sensing inhibition, enzymatic degradation, and antimicrobial photodynamic/sonodynamic therapy. There is an increasing focus on combining multiple anti‐biofilm strategies to combat resistance and enhance effectiveness. Researchers are continuously investigating the mechanisms of biofilm formation and developing innovative approaches to overcome the limitations of conventional anti‐biofilm methods. These efforts aim to improve the management of biofilms and prevent infections while preserving the environment. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in anti‐biofilm strategies. Given the dynamic nature of this field, exploring new approaches is essential to stimulate further research and development initiatives. The effective management of biofilms is crucial for maintaining the health of industrial processes, environmental systems, and human populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peri‐implant infection is one of the major causes for implant failure. The transmucosal/transcutaneous surface of implant abutment is directly connected to the external environment and constantly exposed to a large number of bacteria. Establishing a robust anti‐biofilm barrier at the abutment surface to minimize the risk of peri‐implant infection is highly desirable in the field of dental implantology but remains challenging. Herein, a new class of therapeutic abutments featuring excellent anti‐biofilm performance is developed, which is achieved by admirably integrating the outstanding self‐cleaning property of polyethylene glycol and the long‐lasting renewable antibacterial property of N‐halamine. Through a comprehensive series of in vitro and in vivo experiments closely mimicking clinical conditions, therapeutic abutments have been successfully demonstrated to possess the ability of inhibiting biofilm accumulation to prevent peri‐implant infection, as well as to achieve persistent and accurate administration to reverse early‐stage peri‐implant infection. Furthermore, the therapeutic abutment could be repeatedly used, representing the characteristic of sustainable medical devices. These findings indicate a new paradigm for the prevention and treatment of peri‐implant infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate potential differences in biofilm accumulation on three different implant surfaces: turned surface (TS), modified surface (MS), and modified surface treated with implantoplasty (IPS), using a within‐subject comparison. Material and Methods: Ten volunteers wore individualized splints containing three titanium implants with different surfaces (TS, MS, and IPS) on each buccal side of the splint. The implant position (anterior, central, and posterior) was randomly assigned among the three implants on each side. Volunteers were instructed to wear the splint for 72 h and to remove it only for eating, drinking, and performing standard oral hygiene; the splint itself was not cleaned. After 72 h, the implants were carefully removed from the splint, and the accumulated biofilm was assessed using a crystal violet assay by measuring intensity/absorbance at 570 nm. Results: All volunteers reported no deviations from the instructions. The lowest mean amount of biofilm (0.405 ± 0.07) was detected on implants of the IPS group, followed by implants of the MS (0.463 ± 0.06) and TS group (0.467 ± 0.07). A multilevel mixed‐effects linear regression analysis confirmed that implants of the IPS group accumulated a significantly lower amount of biofilm than the other surfaces (p < 0.001); however, no significant difference was detected between implants of the TS and MS groups (p = 0.806). Conclusions: Implantoplasty can generate a surface significantly less conducive to biofilm accumulation in the short term compared to pristine implants with turned or modified surfaces. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT06049121. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms are structured microbial communities that adhere to various abiotic and biotic surfaces, where organisms are encased in an exo-polysaccharide matrix. Organisms within biofilms use various mechanisms that help them resist external challenges, such as antibiotics, rendering them more resistant to drugs. Therefore, researchers have attempted to develop suitable laboratory models to study the physical features of biofilms, their resistance mechanisms against antimicrobial agents, and their gene and protein expression profiles. However, current laboratory models suffer from various limitations. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the various designs that have been used for laboratory biofilm models, presenting their strengths and limitations. Additionally, we have provided insight into improving these models to more closely simulate real-life scenarios, using newly developed techniques in additive manufacturing, synthetic biology, and bioengineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation are associated with the contamination and fouling at several locations in a washing machine, which is a particularly complex environment made from a range of metal, polymer, and rubber components. Microorganisms also adhere to different types of clothing fibres during the laundering process as well as a range of sweat, skin particles, and other components. This can result in fouling of both washing machine surfaces and clothes and the production of malodours. This review gives an introduction into washing machine use and surfaces and discusses how biofilm production confers survival properties to the microorganisms. Microbial growth on washing machines and textiles is also discussed, as is their potential to produce volatiles. Changes in consumer attitudes with an emphasis on laundering and an overview regarding changes that have occurred in laundry habits are reviewed. Since it has been suggested that such changes have increased the risk of microorganisms surviving the laundering process, an understanding of the interactions of the microorganisms with the surface components alongside the production of sustainable detergents to meet consumer demands are needed to enhance the efficacy of new antimicrobial cleaning agents in these complex and dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgound. As biofilms are known to harbour (multi-)resistant species, their presence in health settings must be considered critical. Although there is evidence that bacteria spread from drains to the outside, there is still a lack of research data focusing on drain biofilms from hospitals. Methods. We sampled biofilms from various wards of Helios Hospital Krefeld (Germany), where comprehensive antibiotic consumption data were available. Biofilms were analysed by cell counting, isolation of relevant bacterial groups and genetic and phenotypical resistance parameters. Data were correlated with the prescribed antibiotics of the respective ward. Furthermore, an ex situ biofilm model was employed to investigate the influence of sub-inhibitory antibiotics on the bacterial community and the prevalence of class 1 integrons. Results. Our results show that every ward harboured medically relevant bacterial species. While no significant differences were found in cell counts, the median prevalence of the resistance marker gene intI1 correlated with the amount of prescribed antibiotics. In contrast, phenotypical resistances showed no similar tendency. In addition, melting curve analysis data and changes in intI1 prevalence show that the composition of the bacterial community shifted depending on the biofilm and antibiotic. Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first considering possible correlations between the consumption data of hospital wards and resistances in drain biofilms the way we did. Based on our results, we conclude that sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics have no general effect on biofilms in terms of bacterial community shift and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant species. Amongst other things, the effect depends on the initial composition of the bacterial community, the antibiotic used and the intrinsic bacterial resistance, e.g., prevalence of class 1 integrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous monitoring of antimicrobial responses to bacterial metabolic activity and biofilm formation is critical for efficient screening of new anti-biofilm drugs. A microbial fuel cell-based biosensor using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an electricigen was constructed. The effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the cellular metabolic activity and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in the biosensors were investigated and compared with the traditional biofilm detection method. The crystal violet staining results showed that the concentration of AgNPs being increased to 20 and 40 μg/mL had a slight and obvious inhibitory effect on biofilm formation, respectively. In comparison, the detection sensitivity of the biosensor was much higher. When the concentration of AgNPs was 5 μg/mL, the output voltage of the biosensor was suppressed, and the inhibition gradually increased with the AgNPs dose. AgNPs inhibited the activity of planktonic cells in the anolyte and the formation of biofilm on the anode surface, and it had a dose-dependent effect on the secretion of phenazine in the anolyte. The biosensor could monitor the impacts of AgNPs not only on biofilm formation but also on cell activity and metabolic activity. It provides a new and sensitive method for the screening of anti-biofilm drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas are significant spoilage bacteria in raw milk and dairy products, primarily due to their ability to form biofilms and resist disinfection. This study explored the effects of the UFJF_PfSW6 phage combined with sodium hypochlorite in reducing Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms on stainless steel at various temperatures and ages. Biofilms were formed using P. fluorescens UFV 041 in UHT milk, incubated at 4 °C and 30 °C for 2 and 7 days. Two lytic phages were compared, with UFJF_PfSW6 showing superior activity, reducing cell counts by 0.8 to 2.0 logs CFU/cm2 depending on conditions. Increasing the contact time of the UFJF_PfSW6 phage from 4 to 8 h did not significantly affect the reduction in mature biofilms. The individual treatments of the phage and sodium hypochlorite (100 mg/L) reduced bacterial counts by 0.9 and 0.6 log CFU/cm2 at 30 °C, and 1.3 and 1.2 log CFU/cm2 at 4 °C, respectively. However, their sequential application achieved greater reductions, reaching 1.3 and 1.8 log CFU/cm2 for biofilms formed at 30 °C and 4 °C, respectively. These findings suggest a promising strategy for controlling P. fluorescens in the food industry. Our findings suggest that the UFJF_PfSW6 phage combined with chlorine improves the removal of P. fluorescens biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasma spp. are facultative pathogens that contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple bovine diseases, including the bovine respiratory disease complex, and have been shown to form biofilms. Biofilm formation is associated with increased antibiotic resistance in many organisms, but accurate determination of antimicrobial susceptibility in biofilms is challenging. In Mycoplasma spp., antimicrobial susceptibility is routinely determined using metabolic pH-dependent color change. However, biofilm formation can lead to reduced metabolism, making interpretation of metabolic readouts difficult. Therefore, we developed and optimized a new flow cytometry-based method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm-forming Mycoplasma, termed the live/dead antimicrobial susceptibility test (LD-AST). The LD-AST measures the proportion of live bacteria upon exposure to antibiotics, works robustly with both planktonic and biofilm cultures, and enables the determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for a given antibiotic. We used two strains of Mycoplasma bovis (Donetta PG45 and Madison) and two clinical Mycoplasma bovoculi isolates (MVDL1 and MVDL2) to determine the impact of biofilm growth on antimicrobial susceptibility for gentamicin, enrofloxacin, or tetracycline. All Mycoplasma strains were susceptible to all antibiotics when cultured as planktonic cells, with MBCs in the expected range. However, three out of four strains (Donetta PG45, MVDL1, and MVDL2) were completely resistant to all three antibiotics when newly adhered biofilms were analyzed, whereas M. bovis Madison gave variable results. For mature biofilms that were cultured for 4–5 days before antibiotic exposure, results also were variable, with some strains showing an increased resistance with certain antibiotics and a decreased resistance with others. Overall, these results are consistent with earlier reports that biofilms can exhibit increased antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facultatively anaerobic Staphylococcus spp. and anaerobic Cutibacterium spp. are among the most prominent bacteria on human skin. Although skin microbes generally grow as multispecies biofilms, few studies have investigated the interaction between staphylococci and Cutibacterium spp. in dual-species biofilms. Here, we measured the mono- and dual-species biofilm formation of four staphylococcal species (S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. capitis, and S. aureus) and two Cutibacterium spp. (C. acnes and C. avidum) cultured in vitro under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The biofilms were quantitated by rinsing them to remove planktonic cells, detaching the biofilm bacteria via sonication, and enumerating the cells by dilution plating. When cultured alone, staphylococci formed biofilms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, whereas Cutibacterium spp. formed biofilms only under anaerobic conditions. In co-culture, staphylococcal biofilm formation was unaffected by the presence of Cutibacterium spp., regardless of oxygen availability. However, Cutibacterium spp. biofilm formation was significantly enhanced in the presence of staphylococci, enabling robust growth under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Fluorescence confocal microscopy of the aerobic dual-species biofilms suggested that staphylococci create anaerobic niches at the base of the biofilm where C. acnes can grow. These findings demonstrate that staphylococci facilitate the colonization of Cutibacterium spp. in oxygen-rich environments, potentially explaining their presence in high numbers on the oxygen-exposed stratum corneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylella fastidiosa is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for many plant diseases. The bacterium is the causal agent of Pierce's disease in grapes and is also responsible for citrus variegated chlorosis, peach phony disease, olive quick decline syndrome and leaf scorches of various species. The production of biofilm is intrinsically linked with persistence and transmission in X. fastidiosa. Biofilm formation is regulated by members of the Diffusible Signal Factor (DSF) quorum sensing signalling family which are comprised of a series of long chain cis-unsaturated fatty acids. This article describes the evaluation of a library of N-acyl sulfonamide bioisosteric analogues of BDSF, XfDSF1 and XfDSF2 for their ability to control biofilm production in X. fastidiosa. The compounds were screened against both the wild-type strain Temecula and an rpfF* mutant which can perceive but not produce XfDSF. Planktonic cell abundance was measured via OD600 while standard crystal violet assays were used to determine biofilm biomass. Several compounds were found to be effective biofilm inhibitors depending on the nature of the sulfonamide substituent. The findings reported here may provide future opportunities for biocontrol of this important plant pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological trickling filtration (BTF) has the advantages of simple operation, low energy consumption, and low sludge production, and its application in the treatment of domestic wastewater in rural areas has been widely discussed. In this study, ceramic granule (R1), zeolite (R2), and sponge (R3), three typical nitrogen and phosphorus removal fillers, were selected to investigate the differences in the removal performance of COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus in BTF, analyze the characteristics of the fillers and biofilm, and determine the performance of simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The results show that among the three fillers, zeolite has the larger specific surface area and roughness and has the best treatment effect on the adhesion performance of sewage and biofilm. The richness and diversity of the microbial community are higher, and the system is more stable, with a COD removal rate of 77.10 ± 8.67% and an NH4+-N removal rate of 75.20 ± 6.64%. The TP removal rate was 22.04 ± 10.27%. The surface of ceramic particles showed a regular cluster structure with a loose distribution. The removal rate of COD was 78.49 ± 6.92%, the concentration of NH4+-N in the effluent was 27.95 ± 8.23 mg/L, and the removal rate of TP was 38.83 ± 12.14%. As a polymer composite material, the sponge has large internal pores and a smooth surface, which is not conducive to biofilm adhesion. Therefore, the removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage is poor; the removal rate of COD is 75.94 ± 6.98%, NH4+-N is 27.89 ± 21.06%, and the removal rate of TP is 14.07 ± 11.76%. Compared with the metabolic function of genes, zeolites have a more stable enzyme digestion ability than the other two fillers, and the genes related to the nitrification process (amo, hao, nxr, etc.) and functional genes encoding key enzymes related to the TCA cycle are relatively abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Biofilm formation on cochlear implants (CIs) poses a major problem for surgeons, leading to a high incidence of explantation and revision surgery. Therefore, developing appropriate and cost-effective biofilm detection and prevention techniques is of the essence. In this systematic review, we sought to investigate the development of biofilm formation on CIs. We also elaborated on experimental preventative biofilm measures. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic search of both in vitro and in vivo literature published in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, until 15 June 2024, for published studies evaluating the biofilm formation and strategies for inhibiting biofilm formation on CIs. Depending on the type of the included study, we assessed quality with the modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials tool, the Joanna Briggs Institute Case Reports Critical Appraisal Tool, a modified Delphi technique, and the ROBINS-I tool. We synthesized the available information on biofilm formation on CIs and the infection prevention capacity of the included antibiofilm agents. Results: A total of 26 studies were included in this systematic review. Biofilms in CIs are usually localized in their recesses such as their removable magnet pocket as opposed to their smooth surfaces. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are the most commonly isolated microorganisms, and they tend to be strong biofilm producers. The optimal treatment strategy for a biofilm-infected CI is explantation. Most of the examined biofilm prevention methods in CIs present sufficient antibiofilm activity. Conclusions: Biofilm formation in CIs is considered one of the most dreadful complications. There have been no specific guidelines for the treatment of those cases, with removal and/or replacement of the CI being the treatment of choice. Various experimental prevention methods provide promising antibiofilm activity both in vivo and in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminiclostridium papyrosolvens is an anaerobic, mesophilic, and cellulolytic clostridia, promising consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) candidate for producing renewable green chemicals from cellulose, but its genetic transformation has been severely impeded by extracellular biofilm. Here, we analyzed the effects of five different inhibitors with gradient concentrations on R. papyrosolvens growth and biofilm formation. Gallic acid was proved to be a potent inhibitor of biofilm synthesis of R. papyrosolvens. Furthermore, the transformation efficiency of R. papyrosolvens was significantly increased when the cells were treated by the gallic acid, and the mutant strain was successfully obtained by the improved transformation method. Thus, inhibition of biofilm formation of R. papyrosolvens by using gallic acid will contribute to its genetic transformation and efficient metabolic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of Paeonia lactiflora (PL) extract on oral microcosm biofilms and determine its usefulness as a natural alternative to current antimicrobial agents. Oral biofilms were cultivated on hydroxyapatite disks using human saliva for 2 days, following which they were treated with 1.5 mL of distilled water (DW), 30 μg/mL of PL extract, or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) once daily for 3 days. Antibacterial effects were assessed by measuring red fluorescence intensity (RatioR/G), bacterial viability (RatioG/G+R), and aciduric bacterial counts. RatioR/G was evaluated using quantitative light-induced fluorescence digital imaging. RatioR/G and RatioG/G+R in the PL group were 0.94-fold and 0.73-fold lower than those in the DW group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively) and comparable to those in the CHX group (p = 0.356 and p = 0.964, respectively). Aciduric bacterial counts in the PL group were 0.97-fold lower than those in the DW group (p < 0.001), with no significant difference from those in the CHX group (p = 0.892). Thus, the antibacterial effect of PL extract was comparable to that of CHX; this suggests its potential as a natural alternative for managing oral biofilm-associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the use of nanoparticles in agriculture has grown in recent years due to their potential abilities across a range of applications that could increase agricultural production, improve the efficiency of nutrient delivery, or improve pest management. However, as with any application of nanomaterials, concern exists about potential risks to human health. Because many applications might result in the attachment of nanoparticles to produce surfaces, it is important to understand the conditions under which rinsing is likely to remove nanoparticles from surfaces and the degree to which they can be removed. This work explored the rinsing removal of two types of nanoparticles, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), from spinach leaf surfaces in the absence and presence of biofilms based on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). A hypothesis driving the work was that the presence of biofilms might enhance the retention of nanoparticles. The work combined experiments to determine surface energy parameters for fresh and rotten spinach, for use in extended DLVO (xDLVO) calculations, as well as direct rinsing experiments to explore nanoparticle removal from spinach surfaces. Nanoparticles were quantified using backscattered scanning electron microscopy using techniques developed for the work. Results of xDLVO calculations suggest that the presence of biofilms may actually be likely to reduce the retention of nanoparticles by produce surfaces, although this effect was not apparent in rinsing experiments, which exhibited similar removal of high-concentration TiO2 from spinach leaves. Overall, nanoparticles deposited from high-concentration suspensions were found to be removed to a greater degree by rinsing, while those deposited from low-concentration suspensions exhibited no apparent release, even under conditions where release might be favored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biofilms are closely associated with the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance, which is becoming a global concern. Recently, there has been increased interest in natural extracts as potential antimicrobial agents. One such extract is Dead Sea mud. While there is some evidence of its antimicrobial properties, it has not been extensively studied. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the potential of Dead Sea soil as an antimicrobial agent. For this purpose, three bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) were isolated from the ulcerated foot of a patient in a hospital in Tabuk. P. aeruginosa exhibited significant antibiotic resistance, particularly to Levofloxacin (90%) and Tobramycin (80%), while S. aureus showed 70% resistance to Levofloxacin but no vancomycin resistance. Biofilm activity varied among bacterial strains, with P. aeruginosa showing 30% strong biofilm production. MIC values indicated resistance levels, with P. aeruginosa strain PA8 having the highest MIC at 650 µL/mL. All strains showed significant differences in exopolysaccharide (EPS) production at 0.25 × MIC (p ≤ 0.05) and 0.5 × MIC (p ≤ 0.005). Similarly, alginate production was significantly reduced at 0.25 × MIC (p ≤ 0.05), with even greater inhibition at 0.5 × MIC for combinations such as EC7 + SA5 (p ≤ 0.001). Hydrophobicity significantly changed at 0.25 × MIC (p ≤ 0.05), and combinations revealed highly significant reductions at 0.5 × MIC (p ≤ 0.001). Additionally, significant differences in outer membrane disruption were observed (p ≤ 0.05) with greater effects at 0.5 × MIC (p ≤ 0.005). Swarming motility was notably reduced for SA5 at 0.25 × MIC (p ≤ 0.05) and for PA2 at 0.5 × MIC (p ≤ 0.001). Chitinase activity showed greater reductions at 0.5 × MIC, with EC7 exhibiting the highest decrease. Lastly, sub-MIC concentrations enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, particularly for strains PA2 and SA5. Our results demonstrate the excellent potential of Dead Sea soil extract as an antimicrobial compound. Future studies should incorporate in vivo models to validate these findings clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal microorganism of human microbiota and one of the few fungi capable of causing diseases in humans, depending on the host's immune defense capacity. The similarity between fungal and host cells promotes several adverse effects during antifungal pharmacotherapy, and antimicrobial resistance increase is a major concern. Therefore, the search for alternative treatments and prevention strategies is urgent. In this context, probiotic bacteria, such as the strain Enterococcus faecium CRL 183, seem to be a viable alternative with its benefits to the immune system, activity against pathogens, and safety use well-documented through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate if this probiotic strain prevents C. albicans ATCC 90028 biofilm colonization in vitro. To test the anti-Candida activity of the probiotic strain E. faecium CRL 183, we combined polymicrobial biofilms (C. albicans + E. faecium) with different proportions of fungi: a probiotic was formed (1:1, 1:10, 1:100) during the formation (24 h) and maturation (48 h) periods of the biofilm. The results show that E. faecium established itself with C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms without losing its cellular viability. The probiotic strain significantly antagonized (p < 0.0001) C. albicans biofilm formation (up to 99.9% reduction in 24 h) and maturation (up to 99.43% reduction in 48 h). According to these results, E. faecium CRL183 may be a promising resource to prevent the formation of fungal biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in combination with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. On an E. faecalis biofilm on dentin discs, the following medicaments were applied for 7 days (n = 13/group): 0.005% AgNPs+Ca(OH)2, 0.01% AgNPs+Ca(OH)2, 0.02% AgNPs + Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 and saline/control. Specimens were stained with LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ dye and analysed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Proportion of dead bacteria was calculated and analysed. There was a significant reduction in E. faecalis biofilm in all medicament groups (43.5%, 49.1%, 69.1%, 48.7%) respectively, compared with control group (2.54%) (p < 0.001). The 0.02% AgNPs + Ca(OH)2 group demonstrated the most significantly superior antibiofilm effect, with no significant difference between remaining groups. In conclusion, combining 0.02% AgNPs enhanced the antibiofilm effect of Ca(OH)2 on E. faecalis biofilm compared with lower AgNPs concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Denture stomatitis is an inflammatory condition involving swelling and redness of the oral mucosa beneath a denture. Among various available treatments, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and nano-wire nanostructures have been suggested as potential future therapies. However, there is a lack of information in the literature about the effectiveness of ZnONPs regarding microbial adhesion to different denture base resins. Here, we review studies on the effect of ZnONP use on microbial adhesion to denture base resins to answer the following study question: "Does incorporating ZnONPs into denture base resins reduce microbial adhesion?" Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, an electronic and manual search ranging from Jan 2000 to May 2024 was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to answer the study question. All full-length English-language articles investigating the effects of ZnO nanostructures on Candida albicans adhesion to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resins were included. The extracted data were tabulated for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the included studies. Results: Of the 479 studies reviewed, 7 studies successfully met the eligibility criteria. All included studies utilized PMMA as the denture base material with different polymerization methods. C. albicans was the most extensively studied microbial species, with various count methods used. Six studies concluded a statistically significant impact of ZnONPs on decreasing C. albicans adhesion to the denture base. However, one study reported the opposite. Conclusions: Incorporating ZnONPs into PMMA denture base resin has a positive impact on reducing C. albicans adherence and could be recommended for denture stomatitis treatment. However, further studies are needed to cover the notable gap in data regarding the safety and effectiveness of ZnO nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the anti‐biofouling potential of Acalypha indica ethanolic extract against biofouling communities associated with Chembarambakkam Lake water under in vitro conditions. Water samples from the lake were collected at various seasons, and changes in various physicochemical parameters and microbial status were evaluated. Most significantly, the efficacy of the microflora associated with water‐forming biofouling or biofilm network on its susceptibility to the ethanolic extract of A. indica was investigated. Distinct changes were recorded in all the tested physico‐chemical and microbiological statuses in all the seasons. The efficacy of biofouling or biofilm network formation was found to be statistically high during the winter season. Biofouling or biofilm formation was susceptible to the ethanolic extract of A. indica. A. indica treatment brought about notable changes in the morphology of the biofouling networks. A. indica bioactive compounds such as 9,10‐dideutero octadecanal and cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl known for their antimicrobial and in vitro properties, effectively prevented biofilm and biofouling formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral hygiene is very essential for a good health and vitality of an individual. Most of the diseases arise from the mouth, which is the gateway for many health issues. The development of a biofilm, from the first seeding of organisms onto an oral substrate, such as enamel or a newly inserted device, to the climax community of a mature biofilm, is a multiphase process. It consists of a mixed population of microbes such as bacteria, fungi and protists embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance that can withstand factors like extreme temperature, pressure, pH, salinity, antibiotics and UV radiation. As a result, this review is an attempt made to summarize and give a comprehensive overview on the formation of biofilms and biofilm biology, which are the root cause for many dental diseases like dental plaque and periodontitis. A comparative study on the physical and chemical methods for prevention of dental biofilm revealed that physical methods are more effective than chemical methods. Also, the role of various phytochemicals like flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, alkaloids and terpenoids in the elimination of biofilms were also reported. Further research is needed to minimize the catastrophic effects of microbial biofilms in dental diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria frequently colonize niches by forming multicellular communities called biofilms. To explore new territories, cells exit biofilms through an active process called dispersal. Biofilm dispersal is essential for bacteria to spread between infection sites, yet how the process is executed at the single-cell level remains mysterious due to the limitations of traditional fluorescent proteins, which lose functionality in large, oxygen-deprived biofilms. To overcome this challenge, we developed a cell-labeling strategy utilizing fluorogen-activating proteins (FAPs) and cognate far-red dyes, which remain functional throughout biofilm development, enabling long-term imaging. Using this approach, we characterize dispersal at unprecedented resolution for the global pathogen Vibrio cholerae. We reveal that dispersal initiates at the biofilm periphery and approximately 25% of cells never disperse. We define novel micro-scale patterns that occur during dispersal, including biofilm compression during cell departure and regional heterogeneity in cell motions. These patterns are attenuated in mutants that reduce overall dispersal or that increase dispersal at the cost of homogenizing local mechanical properties. Collectively, our findings provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms of biofilm dispersal, advancing our understanding of how pathogens disseminate. Moreover, we demonstrate the broad applicability of FAPs as a powerful tool for high-resolution studies of microbial dynamics in complex environments. Traditional fluorescent proteins are commonly used to analyze biofilm dynamics, but their fluorescence signal diminishes during biofilm growth due to oxygen limitation. These authors develop a novel fluorogenic cell-labeling approach using far-red probes to overcome these challenges, enabling long-term imaging and the study of biofilm dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of multispecies bacterial biofilms involves secondary infections from biofilm dispersion while failing to clear resident‐bacteria, along with health risks from endotoxins. Although photodynamic therapy simultaneously eliminates biofilms and resident‐bacteria, its effectiveness is limited by the short half‐life of reactive oxygen species (ROS). And the slightly acidic properties of biofilms offer opportunities to mitigate anionic endotoxin hazards. Consequently, a nanoproducer is developed that releases nitric oxide by leveraging its prolonged half‐life and interaction with superoxide anions to extend the range of ROS oxidation. Meanwhile, the nanoproducer can respond to the biofilm's pH, gaining a strong positive charge to effectively capture released endotoxin during treatment. This research indicates that nanoproducers effectively disperse biofilms and improve their penetration into polymeric substances, leading to efficient reduction of bacterial burden in mice harboring biofilm and abscess models. Additionally, nanoproducers effectively reduce inflammatory cytokine levels and immune cell infiltration caused by endotoxin. The nanoplatform, therefore, demonstrates remarkable promise in combating bacterial biofilm infections and alleviating the risks associated with endotoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies are showing that some lights suitable for illuminating the urban fabric (i.e. that do not include the red, green and blue sets of primary colours) may halt biological colonisation on monuments, mainly that caused by phototrophic subaerial biofilms (SABs), which may exacerbate the biodeterioration of substrates. However, the light-triggered mechanisms that cause changes in the growth of the phototrophs remain unknown. Environmental proteomics could be used to provide information about the changes in the SAB metabolism under stress inflicted by nocturnal lighting. Here, laboratory-produced SABs, composed of Chlorophyta, Streptophyta and Cyanobacteriota, were subjected to three types of lighting used for monuments: cool white, warm white and amber + green (potentially with a biostatic effect). A control without light (i.e. darkness) was also included for comparison. The nocturnal lighting impaired the capacity of the SABs to decompose superoxide radicals and thus protect themselves from oxidative stress. Cool white and warm white light both strongly affected the proteomes of the SABs and reduced the total peptide content, with the extent of the reduction depending on the genera of the organisms involved. Analysis of the photo-damaging effect of amber + green light on the biofilm metabolism revealed a negative impact on photosystems I and II and production of photosystem antenna protein-like, as well as a triggering effect on protein metabolism (synthesis, folding and degradation). This research provides, for the first-time, a description of the proteomic changes induced by lighting on SABs colonising illuminated monuments in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm formation is an important mechanism of survival and persistence for many bacterial pathogens. These multicellular communities contain subpopulations of cells that display metabolic and transcriptional diversity along with recalcitrance to antibiotics and host immune defenses. Here, we present an optimized bacterial single-cell RNA sequencing method, BaSSSh-seq, to study Staphylococcus aureus diversity during biofilm growth and transcriptional adaptations following immune cell exposure. BaSSSh-seq captures extensive transcriptional heterogeneity during biofilm compared to planktonic growth. We quantify and visualize transcriptional regulatory networks across heterogeneous biofilm subpopulations and identify gene sets that are associated with a trajectory from planktonic to biofilm growth. BaSSSh-seq also detects alterations in biofilm metabolism, stress response, and virulence induced by distinct immune cell populations. This work facilitates the exploration of biofilm dynamics at single-cell resolution, unlocking the potential for identifying biofilm adaptations to environmental signals and immune pressure. Microbial biofilms contain subpopulations of cells that display metabolic and transcriptional diversity. Here, Korshoj & Kielian present an optimized bacterial single-cell RNA sequencing method and use it to study Staphylococcus aureus diversity during biofilm growth and transcriptional adaptations following immune cell exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBiofilms are microbial communities nested in self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances that can provide microorganisms with strong tolerance and a favorable living environment. Deepening the understanding and research on positive effects of microbial biofilms is consequently necessary, since most researches focuses on how to control biofilms formation to reduce food safety issues. This paper highlights beneficial roles of biofilms including the formation mechanism, influencing factors, health benefits, strategies to improve its film-forming efficiency, as well as applications especially in fields of food industry, agriculture and husbandry, and environmental management. Beneficial biofilms can be affected by multiple factors such as strain characteristics, media composition, signal molecules, and carrier materials. The biofilm barrier composed of beneficial bacteria provides a more favorable microecological environment, keeping bacteria survival longer, and its derived metabolites are better conducive to health. However, in the practical application of biofilms, there are still significant challenges, especially in terms of film-forming efficiency, stability, and safety assessment. Continuous research is needed to discover innovative methods of utilizing biofilms for sustainable food development in the future, in order to fully unleash its potential and promote its application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing burden of hard-to-heal wounds requires emphasis placed on early intervention to help heal wounds and improve patient quality of life. A patient's healing potential can be optimised by applying the 'Wound Balance' holistic framework for wound assessment, care planning and quality of life considerations. This holistic management can be facilitated with appropriate dressings, such as dressings containing superabsorbent polyacrylate polymers (SAPs), including RespoSorb® Silicone Border (Hartmann). SAP-containing dressings can absorb exudate and bind and lock away wound inhibitors, such as proteases and micro-organisms, reversing the factors associated with hard-to-heal wounds to enable a healing environment similar to an acute wound. Three case studies demonstrate the positive benefits of using RespoSorb Silicone Border in clinical practice. The dressings proved easy to use and comfortable, with atraumatic changes and long wear times, providing a costeffective option for patients with both acute and hard-to-heal wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although plastic pollution is increasing worldwide, very little is known about the microbial processes that take place once plastic debris is incorporated into the soil matrix. In this study, we conducted the first metatranscriptome analysis of polyethylene (PE)-associated biofilm communities in highly polluted landfill soil and compared their gene expression to that of a forest soil community within a 53-day period. Results: Our findings indicate that the microbial population present in soil contaminated with plastic debris is predisposed to both inhabit and degrade plastic surfaces. Surprisingly, the microbial community from undisturbed forest soil contained a diverse array of plastic-associated genes (PETase, alkB, etc.), indicating the presence of an enzymatic machinery capable of plastic degradation. Plastic-degrading taxa were upregulated in the early stages of biofilm formation. During the maturation of the biofilm, the alkB1/alkM transcripts, which encode PE-degrading enzymes, and transporters such as fadL, livG, livF, livH, and livM were upregulated, along with transcripts associated with the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. Conclusions: In this study, we address the underlying patterns of gene expression during biofilm development in a PE-associated plastisphere in soil and address the pressing question of whether natural microbial communities have the potential to biodegrade petrochemical-based plastic in the soil environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of globalization, the concept of world health needs to be practiced where a significant consideration should be given to women health. Of many issues, the most common and under-rated is vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC); a superficial to invasive mucosal infection of lower reproductive tract in women, primarily caused by commensal yeast Candida. The inability of conventional drugs in triumphing the VVC has made researchers to review the potential of traditional medicines. The present review aimed to highlight the problem and concerns of women related to VVC, covering all aspects of disease development, host response, conventional drug failure, and possibilities of formulating phytomolecule based VVC therapy. The health and disease issues in women are considerably severe, especially for those living in impoverished conditions. Any dysbiosis in vaginal microbiome disturbs the harmony between residing microbes and leads to commencement of VVC. Lactobacillus is key care-taker microbe that keeps check on over growth of Candida by various means. However, Candida have evolved numerous virulence traits to overcome the governance of Lactobacillus as well as host immune system. The present review comprehensively outlined the virulence, and pathogenicity of Candida along with its interaction with host immune system. The review has also highlighted the current conventional drugs and their drawbacks, along with potential of ethnopharmacological phytoactive molecules as future therapies for defining the therapeutic management of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]