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Eel (Anguilla sp.) is one of the important commercial fish in some countries particularly in East Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, China, and Taiwan. The need of eel fry or frequently called as glass eel still relies on the natural capture. The issue of natural captured fish is the high level of bacterial infections and diseases. The dependence of glass eel from the nature provides an indication of infections of parasites and bacteria in glass eel. The existence of parasites and bacteria as microorganisms which are potential as pathogenic agents in the cycle of eel culture can be a serious obstacle, so that the glass eel handling needs a particular attention since the capturing proses from the nature. Therefore, identification of parasites and bacteria in the capture location of glass eel was necessarily conducted in Pelabuhan Ratu Bay, Sukabumi, West Java. The glass eel sampling was conducted in May-June 2019, in 3 locations of estuary with the highest capture yield namely Cimandiri River, Cikaso River and Cibuni River. The number of samples taken were 30 eels at each river location with 2 replicates, so that the total eel samples which were taken were 180 eels. Identification of parasites was conducted by examination of ectoparasite and endoparasite and dentification of bacteria was conducted by conventional method (biochemical method). Based on the result of identification, there was no parasite found in the glass eel samples, while bacteria found as many as 12 species and 3 dominant species namely Listeria sp. found in 40 eel samples with prevalence of 22.2%, Aeromonas hydrophila found in 28 eel samples with prevalence of 15.6%, and Staphylococcus spp. found in 22 eel samples with prevalence of 12.2%.Keyword : Micro-organism, Pathogen, Glass Eel, Anguilla spp.

Currently, the most popular approach for assessing the tsunami hazard on a coast is the PTHA (Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment). In this preliminary study, we develop one of the variants of the SPTHA (Seismic PTHA) method, adapted to solving local tsunami zonation problems for near-field sources. The approach is applied to assessing the tsunami hazard of the Bechevinskaya Cove located on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the northern part of Avachinsky Bay. We propose the method, algorithms and results of probabilistic assessment of the cove's tsunami hazard in order to determine the safest water areas, in which the values of the intensity measures (IMs) of tsunami will not exceed the specified threshold values with the given Average Return Periods (ARPs). The method includes analysis of seismotectonics of the region, construction of a catalog of model tsunamigenic earthquakes, determination of their statistical characteristics, scenario numerical modeling of the dynamics of tsunami waves, calculations of the values of IMs that can be exceeded with the given annual rates (ARs), namely, on average 1 time in 100, 500, 1000 years. Spatial distributions of the maximum wave heights and maximum velocities are provided for the ARs. Three configurations of the water area are considered, including the possibility of constructing protective structures, and conclusions are drawn about their influence on the tsunami hazard assessments in the cove.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between oceanographic factors and the catch of tuna (Euthynnus affinis) and to determine the potential fishing zone (ZPPI) in the waters of the Gulf of Bone. The data collection method is carried out by literature study and field observation study by taking coordinate points and measuring oceanographic parameters. The types of data collected were temperature, salinity, currents, and tuna catches. Data were analyzed using GIS software with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and ANOVA test. This research was conducted in Bone Bay Waters in October-November 2018. The results showed that the highest catch based on sea surface temperature was in the range of 32°C with a total yield of 1207.5 kg, the highest net based on salinity was in the field of 34‰, namely as much as 836.5 kg, and the highest catch is based on a current speed of 0.04 m/sec, which is as much as 334.5 kg. Based on the ANOVA table, the significance value of the effect of temperature (X1), salinity (X2), and current (X3) simultaneously on the tuna catch (Y) is 0.0425Ftabel (5.960>4,75) which means that there is a significant effect of oceanographic parameters on the tuna catch. Overlay analysis of oceanographic parameters shows potential areas for Euthynnus affinis is located most of the waters of Sinjai to the south of the Sembilan Island to the outside of Bone Bay.

Bacang mango leaves and bay leaves are plants that have been used for a long time, even bay leaves themselves are often used as cooking ingredients. Mango Bacang leaves and bay leaves contain alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, triterpenes, polyphenols as well as essential oils. So this research was conducted to develop the use of mango Bacang leaves and bay leaves as natural medicine. The sample was determined and identified in the laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Riau University. Furthermore, the mango Bacang and bay leaves were macerated using 96% ethanol and extracted until a thick extract was obtained which would then be tested for phytochemical screening on the Bacang mango leaf extract and bay leaf extract. The results obtained that the extract of mango Bacang leaf and bay leaf extract were positive for containing flavonoid compounds, saponins and tannins so that they could be developed to be used as natural remedies.

The Gulf of Mannar (GoM), located between India and Sri Lanka, has astonishing faunal richness and diversity. Two oceanographic data sets supplemented with satellite remote sensing observations are discussed here to show the unique ecological setting in the GoM sustaining a rich and diverse fauna. We tested the hypothesis that a specific stretch of a large marine environment behaves differently from the rest of the region due to its peculiar geographical position. Primarily, unlike the adjacent Indian southwestern shelf in the Southeastern Arabian Sea, oxygen deficiency associated with coastal upwelling imparting physiological stress to marine fauna does not occur in the GoM. Secondly, the GoM along the Indian coastline receives an adequate amount of primary (plankton) food from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal through the advected water associated with the seasonally reversing surface currents. Thirdly, the GoM water has high transparency, aerated sandy seafloor conducive for the growth of diverse corals and much sensitive fauna. All these indicate that an astonishingly rich and diverse aquatic fauna in the GoM is a biological manifestation of a conducive geographical setting and propose that similar other environments worldwide, protected from oxygen deficiency, might also be functioning as a refuge for marine life.

Research on whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) was conducted from September 1st to December 20th, 2020 in Kwatisore waters. Kwatisore waters are within the conservation area of the Cenderawasih Bay National Park and have specifications for the number of whale sharks and the appearance of new individuals. The appearance of whale sharks individuals takes place every day around the boat life net area that is anchored in Kwatisore waters. This study aims to assess whale shark aggregation, particularly the total appearances and number of individual appearances in eight boat life net units. The number of appearances and the number of individual whale sharks is very dependent on the catch of anchovies by each boat life net unit and the feed of anchovies given by the fishermen. The results showed that there were 499 appearances of whale sharks consisting of 15 individuals, of which 13 individuals were identified, while 2 were new individuals who had not been identified. The new individual for ID 182 is named Yan Maruanaya and ID 183 is named Bram Maruanaya. The percentage of whale sharks appears during the period of September to December 2020 is 100% male with a length of 3 to 6 m.

The article presents the results of studies physiology of nutrition of juveniles individuals of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir. histological structure, morphometric parameters of digestive system and nutrition biology were investigated. The material for work were collected during scientific research in June-July 2016–2017. The ichthyological sampling was carried out in the Samara Bay of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir. Researches of structure of digestive system were conducted using histological methods, researches of nutrition were conducted using ichthyological and hydrobiological methods The height of the intestinal epithelium of the pumpkinseed`s juveniles varies from 15.5 microns to 51.9 microns and on average is 32.59 ± 9.03 microns, the area of secretory goblet cells of the intestine reaches 198.61 ± 36.55 μm2. It was revealed that the pumkinseed’s juveniles only feed on phytoplankton. Research results can be useful for further study on the fish nutrition, especially sexual matured. Also, nutrition studies can help to find biomeliorative methods to combat the pumpkinseed, because the species is in competition with industrially valuable species of fish for fodder.

Owing to the massive tidal range, available in major hypertidal estuaries along Ungava Bay (Canada), highly predictable tidal-stream power could be an optimal and clean alternative resource for the off-grid Northern communities. However, it is important to understand how the cold and long Arctic winter affects the availability of this resource. The Koksoak hypertidal estuary was studied through instrumentation over one winter season and numerical modeling to address the knowledge gap. The coupled Delft3D-FLOW-Ice model was modified and used to model the ice-covered estuary and successfully calibrated and validated against in situ observations. Numerical simulations showed that although the tidal-prism discharge diminishes under the presence of ice, the tidal-stream power potentials still remain very high. Besides, the in situ observations demonstrated an apparent tide-dependent modulation of $$\Delta T$$ (the difference between water temperature and freezing temperature) with increased $$\Delta T$$ during flood tides. This is a major benefit for tidal-stream deployment as any accumulation of frazil ice on the blades would be very short lived.

This study aims to determine the abundance and distribution patterns of sea urchins in Botubarani Waters, Kabila Bone District, Bone Bolango Regency. This research was conducted from July to August 2020. A total of three research stations were established, namely West Tamboa, Central Tamboa and East Tamboa. The abundance of sea urchins was calculated using a quadrant transect measuring 1 × 1 m, which was laid 25 m perpendicular to the coastline using a line transect. Sea urchin species found were identified in situ and the distribution pattern of sea urchins was calculated using the morista dispersion index. The results showed that there were 5 types of sea urchins in Botubarani Beach, namely Echinometra mathaei, Diadema setosum, Echinotrix calamaris, Echinotrix diadema and Tripneustes gratilla. The sea urchin type Echinometra mathaei is the species with the highest abundance in all research stations, namely 25 ind./m2 at Tamboa Barat station, 9 ind./m2 at Tamboa Tengah station and 7 ind./m2 at Tamboa Timur station. The distribution patterns of sea urchins found in Botubarani waters include clusters for Echinometra mathaei and uniform patterns for sea urchins Diadema setosum, Echinotrix calamaris, Echinotrix diadema and Tripneustes gratilla. ANOVA analysis results show that there is no significant difference between sea urchin abundance and water quality parameters in all research stations. This indicates that there is no difference in environmental conditions at the three sampling locations.

In the San Francisco Bay Area Writing Community the addition of more writers provided an advantage: more venues and their services could be organized with additional people involved. The importance...

Pineapple farming is among the fastest-growing agricultural sub-sectors in Homa Bay County, Kenya specifically Rangwe sub-county. However, limited attention has been given to the market access of this produce. Evidenced by vast quantities of pineapples harvested from the farms and stacked along main highways without targeting a specific market. This result to a small portion being sold and the rest deteriorating, consequently reducing returns for pineapple agripreneurs. Therefore, this paper sought to determine those factors that influences access to formal market by pineapple agripreneurs and as well as find out challenges of and opportunities for accessing formal markets by the Rangwe pineapple agripreneurs. The survey was undertaken in Rangwe Sub-county, and multisampling method was used to select a sample of 183 pineapple agripreneurs from the study area, primary data was collected using a semi-structured survey tool. Data was analyzed by descriptive analysis and Logistic regression model. Results indicated that pineapple agripreneurs were faced with numerous challenges in accessing pineapple market, also there existed several market access opportunities for pineapple agripreneurs. The results of logistic regression analysis revealed extension contacts, education level and price of pineapple as factors that were positively and statistically significant in influencing access to formal markets. While those that were statistically and negatively influencing access to formal market comprised of; age of household head, household size, and type of road. The study recommends; improvement of road infrastructure in pineapple producing areas so as to improve on their market access; development of policies that encourages capacity building of pineapple agripreneurs in Rangwe sub-county

In this study we present the seasonal chemical characteristics and potential sources of PM10 at an urban location of Delhi, India during 2010˗2019. The concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols [organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water insoluble organic carbon (WIOC)] and elements (Al, Fe, Ti, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr, F, Cl, Br, P, S, K, As, Na, Mg, Ca, B, Ni, Mo, V, Sr, Zr and Rb) in PM10 were estimated to explore their possible sources. The annual average concentration (2010–2019) of PM10 was computed as 227 ± 97 µg m−3 with a range of 34˗734 µg m−3. The total carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 was accounted for 22.5% of PM10 mass concentration, whereas elements contribution to PM10 was estimated to be 17% of PM10. The statistical analysis of OC vs. EC and OC vs. WSOC of PM10 reveals their common sources (biomass burning and/or fossil fuel combustion) during all the seasons. Enrichment factors (EFs) of the elements and the relationship of Al with other crustal metals (Fe, Ca, Mg and Ti) of PM10 indicates the abundance of mineral dust over Delhi. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted the five major sources [industrial emission (IE), biomass burning + fossil fuel combustion (BB + FFC), soil dust, vehicular emissions (VE) and sodium and magnesium salts (SMS)] of PM10 in Delhi, India. Back trajectory and cluster analysis of airmass parcel indicate that the pollutants approaching to Delhi are mainly from Pakistan, IGP region, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Recent observations and numerical simulations have profoundly established that the C:N:P ratios in the ocean deviate from the canonical Redfield Ratio (106:16:1). Physical and biogeochemical processes have been hypothesized to be responsible for this deviation. However, a paucity of concurrent observations on biogeochemical and physical parameters have barred us to understand their exact role on the C:N:P ratios. For this purpose, we have sampled the Bay of Bengal for its C, N, and P contents in the organic and inorganic pools from 5 to 2000 m depth at eight stations (five coastal and three open ocean) during boreal spring 2019. Mesoscale anticyclonic eddies were identified at two of the sampling stations, where nutrient concentrations were lower in the top layer (5 m to the depth of chlorophyll maximum) compared to those at the non-eddy stations. Mean (NO3−+NO2−):PO43− ratio was lower at the anticyclonic eddy stations compared to that at the non-eddy stations in the top layer. Yet C:N:P ratios in the particulate and dissolved organic matter in the top layer were the same at anticyclonic eddy and non-eddy stations. Overall the mean C:N:P ratios were 249:39:1 in particulate organic matter and 2338:146:1 in dissolved organic matter in the top layer. Biological N2 fixation was not a driver in controlling the N:P ratio of the export flux and the subsurface water nutrient ratios during spring. Although the Bay of Bengal receives large riverine influx, its influence in changing the C:N:P ratios was small during this study.

Fenomena terjadinya blooming fitoplankton sering terjadi di perairan Kepulauan Seribu (Teluk Jakarta). Pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2020, terjadi kembali blooming tersebut Oleh karena itu, dilakukan kajian ini untuk mengetahui jenis fitoplankton yang mengalami blooming di Teluk Jakarta. Real time sampling terhadap fitoplankton yang mengalami blooming dilakukan. Selanjutnya sampel langsung dianalisis di Laboratorium Produktivitas dan Lingkungan Perairan, IPB University. Parameter yang dianalisis adalah komposisi jenis fitoplankton dan kualitas air. Fitoplankton yang blooming adalah Trichodesmium. Blooming telah terjadi sejak lama dan berulang di perairan Kepulauan Seribu. Hal ini berkaitan erat dengan perubahan musim dan peningkatan kandungan unsur hara di perairan, khususnya nitrat dan ortofosfat, yang mendukung terjadinya pertumbuhan fitoplankton secara pesat (blooming).

The vascular flora identified in 1968–1969 in three rice fields of the Winyah Bay Estuary at the Bell W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, Georgetown County, South Carolina, abandoned in 1915, was compared with the vascular flora present in 1987–1991 and 2013–2015. Twenty vascular plant species were identified in 1968–1969 and 22 in 2013–2015 at the most saline marsh, Thousand Acre Rice Field. Forty-seven taxa were reported at Airport Marsh in 1968–1969 and 27 in 2013–2015. Fifty-six taxa were reported at Alderly in 1968–1969 with 41 identified there in 2013–2015. A parsimony algorithm was used to evaluate the distribution and co-occurrence of vascular brackish marsh species in these fields sampled at the three intervals. There was a reduction in flora at the two least saline sites, Alderly and Airport Marsh, from 1968–69 to 1987–91 and 2013–2015. Three factors—rising sea level, an increase in water salinity, and invasion by Phragmites australis—may explain this shift. There was also a shift in the flora at Thousand Acre Rice Field from 1967–1969 to 1987–1991 and 2013–2015 after the marsh was savaged by Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Invasion by non-native Phragmites australis at all sites and increase in water salinity at all sites best explain the reduction in vascular plant species at Airport Marsh and Alderly over the 47-year collection period.

Not far from the exceptionally rich ‘Coral Triangle’ on the one hand but, on the other hand, exposed to strongly varying degree of anthropogenic environmental stresses, the reef-associated fish assemblages all along ‘Seribu Islands’ (off Jakarta Bay) are, thus, confronted to both positive and negative ecological influences. As such, these fish assemblages offer especially interesting opportunities to analyze these opposite ecological influences, at both the descriptive and the functional points of views. The least-biased numerical extrapolation of a series of recently reported – yet incomplete – samplings has allowed a sub-exhaustive account of both the estimated total species-richness and the completed distribution of species abundances – including the set of those rarer species which had remained unrecorded. Thanks to this numerically completed information, it became possible to tackle some important issues – which otherwise would have remained difficult to address properly. First, a remarkably good correlation was highlighted between the distance of fish assemblages to Jakarta Bay (distance considered as a reliable surrogate to the improvement of environmental conditions for fish assemblages) and a theoretically derived index characterizing the accommodation capacity of sites for fish assemblages. This good correlation suggests that this index offer a way to reliably accounts for the “environmental quality” of marine waters, as appreciated by fish communities. In quite another respect, comparing primary and secondary-feeding guilds, provides still further empirical support to a seemingly common trend according to which the guild of secondary-feeders features usually more species-rich, while exhibiting less interspecific competition intensity at niche overlaps, than does the primary-feeders guild.

Horse mussels Modiolus modiolus can occur in dense aggregations and form areas of ecological and biological significance. In the Bay of Fundy, Canada, aggregations of horse mussels are associated with flow parallel bedforms, and this area is under consideration for designation as a sensitive benthic area which would provide protective measures. Basic demographic information is required to inform the development of effective conservation and management strategies and although general life-history characteristics of M. modiolus are known, detailed quantitative demographic information on this population is limited. The objective of this study was to characterize the population structure of horse mussels in the Bay of Fundy and assess change in key demographic characteristics since the last study in this area in 1997/1998. There have been significant changes in the population since 1998: the 2017 population contains larger, older, mature individuals, with significantly more females; 35% of the current population is over 20 yr of age. Direct evidence that this population has been impacted by bottom-contact fishing gear was also observed. Consistent with M. modiolus populations worldwide, this population demonstrates life-history traits (e.g. slow growth rates, late age of maturity, long lifespan) that make it sensitive and susceptible to disturbance. Coupled with the knowledge that this population overlaps with significant fishing activity, this study supports the assumption that this population is vulnerable to bottom-contact fishing and that recovery from adverse impacts would be slow and uncertain.

Corals are key ecosystem engineers, supporting marine biodiversity by providing nursery ground and living habitat. Among corals, octocorals are a diverse group of soft corals that are an integral part of reef ecosystems. In the present study, the association between two octocoral corals Pseudopterogorgia sp. Kukenthal, 1919 and Menella sp. Gray, 1870, and the cuttlefish Sepiella inermis were described from the intertidal region of the highly urbanized seascape of Mumbai, India. S. inermis used the octocorals as spawning substratum during their spawning season in October–November, 2020. Out of 92 octocoral colonies from two sites, 48.9% were found with cuttlefish egg capsules attached. 36 (57.14%) out of 63 colonies and 9 (31.03%) out of 29 colonies were hosted with cuttlefish eggs capsules at Marine Drive (a protected bay) and Worli (a site exposed to wave action). This suggests that cuttlefish prefer to lay their eggs in protected areas irrespective of the octocoral species. The presence of cuttlefish eggs on octocorals and absence on other possible structures highlights the ecological importance of octocorals, the necessity of proactive conservation measures, and comprehensive studies to protect this crucial intertidal habitat in urban coastlines.

This paper deals with the mapping of shorelines through existing maps. Its main purpose is not to give an accurate change of sea level and shoreline in general, but to give guidelines to a more general mapping of shorelines. Geographic Information System (GIS) and paleoenvironmental analysis are powerful tools for archaeology and environmental researches and contributes in such a direction. Furthermore, this essay will present an analysis of the shoreline changes and the resultant geomorphologies during the prehistoric eras, especially the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and the Helladic eras of the area. The study area which was selected concerns the west part of Messenia Prefecture in Greece. More specifically it concerns the wider area of Pylos and the Navarino bay. The Navarino bay is located near the ancient city of Pylos and the kingdom and palace of Nestor during the Mycenaean period

Intrusion of sediment-derived hydrogen sulfide into above-ground tissues of seagrasses is correlated with reduced growth and has been linked to large-scale die-offs of Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay, USA. In May of 2019, leaves from T. testudinum short shoots at 350 sites within 13 basins across Florida Bay were collected to investigate bay-wide variation in a novel, stable sulfur isotope-based indicator of hydrogen sulfide intrusion [(δ34Sleaf + 30)/total sulfur content]. The components of this sediment stress indicator (SSI), total sulfur content (% dry weight) and δ34S, were negatively correlated (R2 = -0.24), indicating greater sediment sulfide exposure in plants with higher sulfur content. Generalized additive model selection revealed that SSI was best predicted by a model which included T. testudinum cover, sediment depth, and Halodule wrightii cover (R2 = 0.24, weight = 0.48). Macrophyte communities dominated by dense T. testudinum climax communities and with deep sediments, which are characteristics associated with die-off, had the lowest SSI values, indicating greatest sulfide intrusion. Sites within the area of a recent (2015) seagrass die-off had significantly higher SSI values than nearby, non-die-off-affected sites (mean ± SE: 44.1 ± 1.5 vs. 40.2 ± 1.6, Wilcoxon p < 0.05). The recent die-off sites also had lower T. testudinum cover and higher H. wrightii cover than the non-die-off sites, indicating they were in the midst of recovery and at an early successional stage. Our findings indicate that SSI may provide a minimally destructive indicator of chronic sulfide intrusion in T. testudinum in Florida Bay.

In the coastal zone of the oceans, there are various coastal systems, among which the most specific are “winged forelands”. Within the Black Sea coast there are four “winged forelands”: Tendra–Dzharylgach, Kinburnska–Pokrovska–Dovgiy, Burnaska–Budatska and Lebedyna–Ustrychna, which named by same structural ones. The purpose of the publication is to systematize the primary information about the morphological features of the coastal zone of the barrier system type ‘winged foreland” Kinburnska–Pokrovska–Dovgy which was obtained during field research.During the natural research in 2019, within the most typical areas of the coastal zone, reference benchmarks and morphological profiles were laid and recorded by a GPS. The total length of the coastal system is about 35 km, within its boundaries there are 7 benchmarks, which contains for 1 benchmark per 5 km, and a systematic geomorphological survey of 20 profiles (1 profile per 1.75 km) is carried out. Relevant indicators suggest that the results of the research are reliable.Morphologically, the studied system is a “winged foreland”, within which there are four structural and morphological elements: Kinburnska Spit, Frontal Coast or “headland”, Pokrovska Spit with the islands of Kruglyi and Dovhyi. Kinburnska Spit is a free accumulative coastal form located in the northwestern part of the Kinburn Peninsula. Morphogenetically, it is an arrow that develops in the conditions of bilateral feeding by beach sediments. The Frontal Coast or “headland” is the central component, within which the sand massifs of the Kinburn Peninsula go directly to the coastal zone. Pokrovska spit with the islands of Krugliy and Dovhiy is a relict generation, which is genetically an ancient accumulative form divided into three components. All these components are located on the surface of the base of the ancient coastal form, and their development occurs in conditions of limited supply of beach sediments. The front of the Pokrovsky Peninsula with the Sukha Spit and the Island Bar “Zagreba” is a modern accumulative generation that is actively increasing in size and advancing towards the waters of Tendra Bay.Key words: coastal systems, “winged foreland”, coastal zone, underwater slope, shore, coastal systems, foredunes У береговій зоні Світового океану існують різноманітні берегові системи, серед яких найбільш специфічні «крилаті миси». У межах узбережжя Чорного моря виділяються чотири «крилаті миси»: Тендра–Джарилгач, Кінбурнська–Покровська–Довгий, Бурнаська–Будацька та Лебедина–Устрична. Мета публікації полягає у систематизації та оприлюдненні первинної інформації про морфологічні особливості берегової зони бар’єрної системи типу «крилатий мис» Кінбурнська–Покровська–Довгий, отриманої під час польових досліджень 2018–2021 рр. Загальна довжина дослідженої берегової системи близько 35 км, в її межах закладено 7 репер-них стаціонарних ділянок та проводиться систематична геоморфологічна зйомка на 20 профілях, положення яких зафіксовано за допомогою GPS-приймача. Розроблена система стаціонарних ділянок і геоморфологічних профілів дозволяє надійно проводити довготермінові спостереження в масштабі 1:10000. Відповідні показники дозволяють вважати, що результати проведених досліджень є достовірними.У морфологічному відношенні досліджувана система є «крилатим мисом», в її межах виділяються чотири структурно-морфологічні елементи: Кінбурнська коса, Фронтальний берег, Покровська коса з островами Круглий та Довгий, Фронт Покровського півострова із Сухою косою та острівним баром «Загреба».Кінбурнська коса – це вільна акумулятивна берегова форма, розташована у північно-західній частині Кінбурнського півострова. В морфогенетичному відношенні це стрілка, яка розвивається в умовах двостороннього живлення прибережно-морськими наносами. Фронтальний берег, або «лобище», є центральним складовим елементом, у межах якого безпосередньо до берегової зони виходять піщані масиви Кінбурнського півострова. Покровська коса з островами Круглий та Довгий є реліктовою генерацією, яка в генетичному відношенні є давньою акумулятивною формою, поділеною на три складники. Всі перелічені складники розташовані на поверхні цоколю давньої берегової форми, а їх розвиток відбувається в умовах обмеженого живлення прибережно-морськими наносами. Фронт Покровського півострова із Сухою косою та острівним баром «Загреба» являє собою нову акумулятивну генерацію, яка активно збільшується у розмірах та висувається в бік акваторії заток.Ключові слова: берегові системи, «крилатий мис», підводний схил, берег, підводний вал, авандюна.

The structure dynamics of Mya arenaria beds in the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea was observed for 7–35 years. We aimed to identify the patterns of the spatial–temporal organization of the clam beds by studying recruitment, growth, and mortality. Gaps between successful bed recruitment could exceed 10 years. The results of our investigations mostly support the hypothesis that the fluctuations in the recruitment level were determined both by the intensity of intraspecific relations and by the spat survival during the first year of life. Group growth rate and average annual mortality rate of soft-shell clams were sensitive to environmental conditions, which means they can be used as an indicator of their changes. M. arenaria in the most silted biotopes was characterized by the slowest growth and the highest mortality. However, the internal heterogeneity of the beds in terms of the ecological properties of individuals was high. The variation of the individual growth rate within the beds was comparable with that of the group growth rate between the studied locations. M. arenaria mortality rate varied with age. It is assumed the clam survival depends mostly on the degree of protection, intraspecific relationships, and aging.

Eutrophication is threatening coastal ecosystems globally. Using 15 mesocosms, we explored how nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment affects the dynamics of plankton communities over 15-day (winter) and 10-day (summer) experimental enrichments in Daya Bay, a mesotrophic bay in the northern South China Sea. P enrichment had no obvious effect on the plankton community, whereas N or N+P enrichment stimulated two phytoplankton blooms, with the dominant species shifting from diatoms to dinoflagellates across enrichment periods in both winter and summer. Coinciding with increases in phytoplankton (i.e. chlorophyll-a concentrations and cell abundance), the N+P enrichment enhanced primary productivity on Experimental Day 6 by a maximum of ~8.0-fold (i.e. from a mean ± s.d., 4.49 ± 0.31 to 36.5 ± 8.4 μg C L–1 h–1) in winter and ~7.5-fold (i.e. from 8.16 ± 0.22 to 60.6 ± 10.1 μg C L–1 h–1) in summer. The N+P enrichment increased the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in both seasons, as well as bacterial productivity. Moreover, the N+P enrichment increased both community respiration and the variation in net community production in both winter and summer, indicating that the marine ecosystems in Daya Bay may become more fragile in the future with continuing inputs of land-derived nutrients.

Recent studies emphasize the significance of precipitation characteristics at intraseasonal time scales for better predicting the monsoonal rainfall. In this connection, to understand the differences in characteristics of the vertical structure of precipitation during wet and dry spells over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BOB) from the southwest monsoon (SWM) to northeast monsoon (NEM) using 16 years of tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) version#7 datasets. On average, the wet and dry spells durations are more during NEM (> 5 days) than SWM (4 days) over BOB, while the durations are identical (5 days) in all spells over AS. Irrespective of the season, shallow systems' occurrence and rain fraction are more in dry spells than the respective wet spells over AS and BOB. During the dry spells of BOB, both rain fraction and occurrence of stratiform and convective rain decreases while shallow rain increases from SWM to NEM. The increase in shallow systems occurrence results bimodal distribution (3 and 5.5 km) in storm height and reflectivity distributions. During wet spells, for different rain types, the occurrence and rain fraction changes are minimal in both seasons and seas. The prevalence of deeper systems than shallow systems is due to changes in atmospheric background conditions from dry to wet spells. The latent heating distributions are broader during SWM than NEM in both spells of two seas. The observed bimodal distribution of latent heating profiles in the dry spells during SWM and NEM over AS, and only during NEM over BOB results from a higher occurrence of shallow rain in these spells.

This study assessed two different vortex initialization (VI) and relocation methods for improved prediction of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) using the triply nested (27/9/3 km) state-of-the-art Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model. The first VI method, “cold-start,” obtained the initial TC vortex from the global analysis. The second one, “cyclic-start,” received the initial vortex from the 6-h forecast of the previous forecast cycle of the same model. In both the strategies, the vortex was corrected to the position, strength, and structure defined by the India Meteorological Department. A total of 32 forecast cases (from five cyclones) over the BoB were considered. The cyclic-start experiments yielded better initial structure and asymmetry as compared to the cold-start experiments. The average statistics indicated that the cyclic initialization improved the 24-h track prediction (by 29%), while the cold initialization was better for the 72-h prediction (by ~ 28%). The intensity was consistently improved in the cyclic-start experiment by up to 68%. The number of cyclic initializations depended on the TC duration. On average, the cyclic initialization improved the representation (strength and size) of the initial vortex up to nine cycles after the first cold start and exhibited an improved skill of 25%; beyond nine cycles, the skill improvement was only 12%. Diagnostic analyses of very severe cyclonic storm (VSCS) Phailin (rapidly intensified) and VSCS Lehar (rapidly weakening) revealed that the cyclic initialization realistically represented equivalent potential temperature, upper-level cloud condensate, and moisture intrusion, which improved the model performance. This study brought out the benefit of the (cyclic) VI for improved TC prediction capabilities in the BoB basin.

Climatologically, the frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is higher relative to that over the Arabian Sea (ARB). However, recent years exhibit a greater number of TCs forming in the ARB than in the BoB. During the study period (1982–2019), a significant increasing trend in the intensity, frequency, and duration of cyclonic storms (CS) and very severe CS (VSCS) is observed over the ARB. There is a 52% increase in the frequency of CS during the recent epoch (2001–2019) in the ARB, while there is a decrease of 8% in the BoB. Over the ARB, increment in CS duration is 80% and VSCS is almost threefold in the recent epoch as compared to the past epoch (1982–2000). Also, lifetime maximum intensity and accumulated cyclone energy have increased over the ARB implying an increase in the strength of TCs. The increase in TC duration over the ARB is prominent during May, June, and October and a decrease over the BoB is noted during November. The increase in the duration of TCs in the ARB is associated with an increase in mid-level relative humidity and column averaged (950-150 hPa) moist static energy, which is significantly correlated to an increase in sea surface temperatures and tropical cyclone heat potential in the basin. In the recent epoch, TC genesis is observed at lower latitudes (

One of the marine areas in Central Sulawesi is Palu Bay. Research on the Density and Diversity of Zooplankton Species in the Palu Bay area of Central Sulawesi after the Tsunami Disaster 28 September 2018. This study aims to determine: Density and Diversity Index of Zooplankton Species. Sampling is carried out at the beginning of the month by considering the state of the neighbours, namely the transition between the first and second full tides when the tidal currents are weak. The research design used a completely randomized design model with seasons, stations, and depths as treatments. Community analysis based on species identification, number of individuals, density, diversity index,. The results showed that the composition of the zooplankton community in the Palu bay area after the Tsunami Disaster of 28 September 2018 consisted of 23 types of zooplankton, which were dominated by: the Copepoda group. The values of the Density and Diversity Index are influenced by habitat, time, and sea depth. The conclusion is that habitat or station, season, and depth are the 3 main factors that affect the density and diversity of zooplankton taxon species in the Palu Bay area.

The objective of the present study was to explore the phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of 50% ethanolic extract of Rosenvingea sp. found in the Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh. Seven phytochemicals were tested from the ethanolic extract of Rosenvingea, where four phytochemicals, namely steroid, glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins were present. However, ethanol extract exhibited low antioxidant activity compared to standard ascorbic acid as measured by DPPH-Free radical scavenging assay. In Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay, 50% ethanolic extract showed an LC50 value of 10.88 mg/mL, whereas positive control (K2Cr2O7) showed LC50 59.97 µg/mL suggesting the less toxic property of the ethanolic extract. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Rosenvingea sp. was investigated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria species (Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Klebsiella) by agar disc diffusion method. The highest antibacterial activity was noticed against Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus hominis with a zone of inhibition of 5.00±1.00 mm, 3.66±0.57 mm, and 3.33±0.57 mm, respectively. This is the first study on Rosenvingea sp. from the Bay of Bengal, reporting its phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potentiality. However, more study is required to elucidate its commercial viability in the food and medicine industries. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 45(1); 59-71: June 2021

Paleosalinity is vital for the paleoenvironmental reconstruction and affects the formation of source rock. The lower-middle sections of the third member of Eocene Shahejie formation (Es3M-L) constitute the most important source rock layer in Laizhou Bay Sag. However, the paleosalinity of the depositional water in which Es3M-L submembers are deposited remains unclear. A series of integrated experiments, including major and trace elements, X-ray diffraction, total organic carbon, and Rock-Eval, was performed to reveal the paleosalinity and its relationship with organic matter (OM). Various inorganic proxies (Sr/Ba, Rb/K, B/Ga, Walker’s paleosalimeter, Adam’s paleosalimeter, and Couch’s paleosalimeter) were employed to determine the paleosalinity of samples. Prominent differences existed in the proxies. Couch’s paleosalimeter is the most reliable and qualitative approach for Laizhou Bay Sag. Samples from the lake center (depocenter) and margin showed paleosalinities from 4.92 wt‰ to 9.73 wt‰, suggesting a ubiquitous brackish (oligohaline-mesohaline) water body in the paleolake. Molybdenum enrichment in samples indicates an oxygen-depleted (suboxic or anoxic) condition. The increase in salinity has a certain but non-significant positive correlation with oxygen reduction. This condition may be attributed to the weak stratification of the water column in brackish water bodies. Moreover, paleosalinity has a weak and indirect relationship with OM accumulation during the deposition of Es3M-L submembers in Laizhou Bay Sag.

The predominance of swells or wind-seas at a location can be inferred from the spectral peak wave period (Tp). The present study examines the climatology of Tp and its variability in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during the last 40 years based on reanalysis data. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Sri Lanka significantly alter the spatial distribution of Tp in the BoB. Spatial variation in Tp was less than 10% for 1° latitude, except for regions blocked by the landmass. Inter-annual changes in the annual average Tp were 8–18% at different locations. In most areas, climatological monthly Tp was largest in March, April, and October, when the winds were weak. The high Tp tongue extends to the BoB through the eastern side of the bay. The study also examines the relationship between three major natural climate variabilities; El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) with Tp anomalies in the BoB. We observed that negative ENSO and SAM events enhance the long-period waves in the BoB, while a negative IOD event generates more short-period waves in the BoB.

To study the effects of a typhoon on a temperate, coastal bay community, the species composition, catch amount, and diversity of epipelagic fish assemblages were investigated. Fish samples were taken from catches of a purse seine fishery in Tachibana Bay, Japan between May and July 2011, covering before and after the passage of a typhoon in the area. Although major changes in total catch amount were not observed before and after the passage of the typhoon, the abundance of the Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus Temminck et Schlegel, 1846, markedly decreased and bycatch of species increased, accompanied by increasing levels of diversity of the fish assemblage. Multivariate analysis showed that community differences before and after the passage were quantitative rather than qualitative. Comparisons in total length frequencies between the two periods indicated that specimens of the species compared were bigger in size for Trachurus japonicus (Temminck et Schlegel, 1844) and smaller for E. japonicus in the “after” period. These results suggest that the passage of the typhoon triggered not only interspecific faunal change but also intraspecific recruitment shifts in and around the bay., Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 51(2), pp. 175-183; 2021

We mention a value chain approach in analyzing activities of cultural tourism and folk festivals management in the North of Vietnam, Esp. In cases of Thai Nguyen city, ha Long Bay - Quang Ninh and Ha noi Vietnam.Authors use scientific methods including: studying the relationship between legends and folk festivals as an interdisciplinary study, then use combination of methods of related sciences such as history, culture... is necessary to identify and solve research problems. We also use combination of methods: systematic approach, statistics, analysis, comparison... to have research results that are both general, qualitative and valuable and specific, quantitative.Folkfore festivals in Ha Long, Thai Nguyen and Hanoi have played vital role in cultural life and ind of the people in local community and we need systematic solution approach to develop and connect with cultural tourism.

Human interaction (HI) is known to disturb cetaceans. Regional wildlife interaction guidelines exist to mitigate harmful impacts, but the efficacy of these guidelines is understudied. HI with bottl...

For the first time, intraspecific relationships between the macroecological metrics patchiness (P) and both abundance (A) and occupancy (O) were investigated in a faunal assemblage. As a companion study to recent work on interspecific P, A and O patterns at the same localities, intraspecific patterns were documented within each of the more dominant invertebrates forming the seagrass macrobenthos of warm–temperate Knysna estuarine bay (South Africa) and of sub-tropical Moreton Bay (Australia). As displayed interspecifically, individual species showed strong A–O patterns (mean scaling coefficient − 0.76 and mean R2 > 0.8). All P–O relations were negative and most (67%) were statistically significant, although weaker (mean R2 0.5) than A–O ones; most P–A ones were also negative but fewer (43%) achieved significance, and were even weaker (mean R2 0.4); 33% of species showed no significant interrelations of either O or A with P. No species showed only a significant P–A relationship. Compared with interspecific P–A–O data from the same assemblages, power–law scaling exponents were equivalent, but R2 values were larger. Larviparous species comprised 70% of the total studied, but 94% of those displaying significant patchiness interrelationships; 5 of the 9 showing no P–A or P–O relationships, however, were also larviparous. At Knysna, though not in Moreton Bay, larviparous species also showed higher levels of occupancy than non-larviparous ones, whilst non-larviparous species showed higher levels of patchiness. Dominant Moreton Bay species, but not those at Knysna, exhibited homogeneously sloped P–O relationships.

The paper develops models for modeling the availability of bikes in the San Francisco Bay Area Bike Share System applying machine learning at two levels: network and station. Investigating BSSs at the station-level is the full problem that would provide policymakers, planners, and operators with the needed level of details to make important choices and conclusions. We used Random Forest and Least-Squares Boosting as univariate regression algorithms to model the number of available bikes at the station-level. For the multivariate regression, we applied Partial Least-Squares Regression (PLSR) to reduce the needed prediction models and reproduce the spatiotemporal interactions in different stations in the system at the network-level. Although prediction errors were slightly lower in the case of univariate models, we found that the multivariate model results were promising for the network-level prediction, especially in systems where there is a relatively large number of stations that are spatially correlated. Moreover, results of the station-level analysis suggested that demographic information and other environmental variables were significant factors to model bikes in BSSs. We also demonstrated that the available bikes modeled at the station-level at time 𝑡 had a notable influence on the bike count models. Station neighbors and prediction horizon times were found to be significant predictors, with 15 minutes being the most effective prediction horizon time.

Aims. To record demographics, symptoms, signs, and laboratory features of confirmed leptospirosis cases in the Hawke’s Bay area of New Zealand to aid clinicians in diagnosis and recognition of severity. Methods. Review of suspected leptospirosis cases referred to the reference laboratory from hospitals in the Hawke’s Bay region between March 2003 and March 2012. Inclusion criteria were IgM positivity and diagnosis confirmed with either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or microscopic agglutination test (MAT). A retrospective systematic review of case notes was completed for demographic and laboratory data. Results. Forty-three cases were included. Most common presenting symptoms were pyrexia (93%), myalgia, and headache (both 86%). 93% of patients worked in the farming or meat industries. The most common biochemical abnormalities were elevated CRP (100%) and abnormal urinalysis (93%). There was no difference in disease severity between icteric and anicteric patients. Compared to other studies, patients in New Zealand have less severe disease. Conclusion. Contrary to popular understanding, this study has not found icteric leptospirosis to be related to more severe disease. Anicteric leptospirosis should be a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with pyrexia, myalgia, and headache who have elevated CRP and abnormal urinalysis.

Mangroves can not only provide multiple ecosystem service functions, but are also efficient carbon producers, capturers, and sinks. The estimation of the organic carbon accumulation rate (OCAR) in mangrove sediments is fundamental for elucidating the role of mangroves in the global carbon budget. In particular, understanding the past changes in the OCAR in mangrove sediments is vital for predicting the future role of mangroves in the rapidly changing environment. In this study, three dated sediment cores from interior and fringe of mangroves in the Yingluo Bay, China, were used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal variations of the calculated OCAR since 1900 in this area. The increasing OCAR in the mangrove interior was attributed to mangrove flourishment induced by climate change characterized by the rising temperature. However, in the mangrove fringe, the strengthening hydrodynamic conditions under the sea level rise were responsible for the decreasing OCAR, particularly after the 1940s. Furthermore, the duration of inundation by seawater was the primary factors controlling the spatial variability of the OCAR from the mangrove fringe to interior, while the strengthened hydrodynamic conditions after the 1940s broke this original pattern.

Background: Biofortified staples have been promoted widely in sub-Saharan Africa to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Contemporary projects are increasingly using elementary schools to target households with these foods. Objective: This study assessed the effects of integrated nutrition education approaches, targeting preschoolers and their caregivers, on retention of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) on farms in the second season after lapse of free vine dissemination initiatives. Methods: Rural farming households, with preschoolers and no prior engagement with OFSP, were targeted. A multistage sample of 431 preschooler–caregiver pairs was recruited for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. After issuing routine OFSP promotion activities, 15 village-level clusters of the pairs were randomized into 1 control group (3 villages) and 3 treatment arms (4 villages each) for the interventions. Baseline and follow-up household-level survey data were collected from the caregivers. The interventions included: (1) OFSP-branded exercise books, posters, and a poem to preschoolers only; (2) OFSP-oriented mobile phone mediated text messages to caregivers only; and (3) both 1 and 2 provided to individual households concurrently. Interventions 1 and 2 were single-channeled, while 3 was multichanneled. We estimated the intention-to-treat (ITT) and treatment-on-the-treated (TOT) effects using a binary logit model and a special regressor method, respectively. Results: Only the multi-channeled nutrition education approach had significant effects (ITT = 0.167, P = .001; TOT = .243, P = .007) on the caregivers’ likelihood to retain OFSP on their farms. Conclusions: The finding implies that multi-channeled agriculture nutrition education interventions through Early Childhood Development institutions can be effective in ensuring sustainable adoption of OFSP.

The Milne Bay Region of southeasternmost Papua New Guinea comprises a small portion of mainland New Guinea and several offshore islands, totaling 15,000 km2 in land area. I numerically summarize the literature and findings from my field surveys of the region's herpetofauna and show that it contains the greatest known assemblage of range-restricted endemic herpetofauna globally for such a small area. Further, most of these species occupy only one or two of 11 small areas of local endemism within the region. I compare the number and density of endemic herpetofauna in the Milne Bay Region to other regions of notable endemic biodiversity and find it to be far larger than that in the large majority of these other "hotspots", despite the much larger sizes of those areas. Herpetofaunal surveys within the Milne Bay Region are more complete than for other taxa, but it is clear that this region holds a large trove of range-restricted endemic species within less well-studied groups too. The driver of this endemic diversity is the ongoing geological dismemberment and uplift of the region resulting from the opening of the Woodlark Rift. Prior ignorance of the biodiversity importance of this region stems from decades of classifying New Guinea as a "tropical wilderness area", which has deprived that region of the conservation focus accorded the more famous "hotspots". One effect of this is that some of the areas of local endemism identified here are under immediate pressure for habitat conversion, especially Woodlark Island, which is threatened by both mining and virtually complete conversion to oil palm, posing a high extinction risk for scores of endemic species.

The spatial and seasonal dynamics of shallow water fish assemblages and their relationship with physical-chemical variables were investigated on Guanabara Bay, one of the largest coastal bays in Brazil, southwestern Atlantic. Fishes were collected monthly between June 2016 and May 2018, in the shallow waters of six beaches distributed in four sectors along the major axis of the bay (adjacent and entrance - one site each, middle and inner - two sites each), using a beach seine net. A total of 79 fish species was recorded, mostly juveniles. Marine estuarine dependent, marine estuarine opportunist, solely estuarine and marine straggler were the most representative ecological guilds in the bay during the sampling period. Following the index of relative importance (IRI) categories, top dominant species (IRI ≥ 10%) within sector beaches were: the solely estuarine Atherinella brasiliensis from the inner to the entrance; marine estuarine dependent Eucinostomus argenteus in the middle; marine estuarine dependent Harengula clupeola and marine straggler Diplodus argenteus at the entrance, and marine stragglers Umbrina coroides, D. argenteus, and marine estuarine dependent Dactylopterus volitans in the adjacent sector beach. All analyses identified distinct fish assemblages that were distributed in two main areas: adjacent/entrance and middle/inner. Transparency and chlorophyll a were responsible for most of the spatial variability and played an important role in structuring fish assemblages. Water temperature was responsible for seasonal fluctuations indicating the distinct habitat use from different life cycle stages of fish species. This investigation suggests the importance of all sector beaches as nursery and growth areas due to the high representation of juvenile individuals.

Phelodinium fensomei is a new species of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst described from the Appian Way section of the Oyster Bay Formation, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Phelodiniu...

The 250th anniversary of the Endeavour voyage beginning in 2019 renewed both public and scholarly interest in reexamining early European contact and colonial expansion in Oceania. These two titles ...

The three contiguous National Estuary Programs of southwest Florida, along with partners from six coastal counties, have developed a tidal creek water quality assessment framework to help prioritize natural resource investigations across a large population of tidal creeks between Tampa Bay and Estero Bay, Florida. The assessment framework is based on outcomes of a multidisciplinary study and includes a nutrient based report card that characterizes nutrient conditions relative to regional numeric nutrient criteria developed for contributing freshwater streams, identification of site-specific water quality indicators of tidal creek condition, and an online open science dashboard to display the assessment framework and provide access to all information relevant to its implementation. Application of the assessment framework has provided an actionable list of southwest Florida tidal creeks prioritized for further research and potential management action along with a host of site-specific indicator results that provide insights into drivers of tidal creek condition. The open science dashboard provides a platform for dissemination of this information in a readily accessible and reproducible format and a means to incorporate new data and indicators as they become available. Local resource managers are in need of tools to help prioritize natural resource investigations and management actions that achieve the greatest resource benefit with limited available resources. This assessment framework informs these efforts and builds capacity for future research to identify and refine management tools for these creeks where management resources, data, and sentinel biological response endpoints are limited.

We provide a histology-free description of the eumonostiliferous hoplonemertean Tetrastemma cupido sp. nov. based on specimens collected subtidally at a depth of 100 m in Sagami Bay, Japan. In T. c...

The gentle descent from Puerto Rico’s central mountains into the southern coastal plain offers a spectacular seaside vista. It is a panoramic view of a seemingly vast Caribbean Sea in varying hues ...