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Bovine borreliosis, caused by Borrelia theileri which is transmitted via hard tick bites, is associated with mild clinical symptoms, such as fever, lethargy, hemoglobinuria, anorexia, and anemia. Borrelia theileri infects various animals, such as cattle, deer, horses, goats, sheep, and wild ruminants, in Africa, Australia, and South America. Notably, no case of B. theileri infection has been reported in Korean cattle to date. In this study, 101 blood samples were collected from a Korean indigenous cattle breed, among which 1.98% tested positive for B. theileri via nested PCR. The obtained sequences exhibited high homology with B. theileri strains identified in other regions. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA confirmed the B. theileri group affiliation; however, flagellin B sequences exhibited divergence, potentially due to regional evolutionary differences. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of B. theileri infection in Korean livestock. Further isolation and nucleotide sequence analyses are necessary to better understand the presence of B. theileri strains in cows in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low levels of α‐mangostin (AM) in biological fluids require adequate sample preparation to be analyzed. Molecularly imprinted polymers can serve as sorbents in solid phase extraction, enabling concentration and extraction of α‐mangostin from complex matrices, such as biological fluids. To date, there are no molecular imprinted polymers for the analysis of α‐mangostin in biological fluids. In this study, AM molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was designed using molecular modeling, molecular dynamic simulations, and prepared by bulk polymerization and suspension polymerization methods. The geometry optimization results showed that acrylamide (AAM) monomer forms the most stable complex with AM at the pre‐polymerization with the most negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of −6.91818 Kcal/mol. Radial distribution function (RDF) in molecular dynamics simulation of AM:AAM:ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) with mol ratio 1:4:20 shows the complex with the best composition through the formation of four stable hydrogen bonds. Based on the experimental results, molecularly imprinted polymers in suspension exhibit better characteristics, selectivity, and adsorption capacity than in bulk. The suspension polymerization method showed a high recovery (85.88% ± 2.5), which was higher than C18 SPE cartridge (24.19% ± 1.47). Hence, it can be concluded that the MIPs from MD simulations were accessible and could be used in practice, such as in the separation and detection of AM in blood serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest challenges to the use of molecular methods for diagnostic purposes is the detection of target DNA that is present only in low concentrations. One major factor that negatively impacts accuracy, diagnostic sensitivity, and specificity is the sample matrix, which hinders the attainment of the required detection limit due to the presence of residual background DNA. To address this issue, various methods have been developed to enhance sensitivity through targeted pre-amplification of marker sequences. Diagnostic sensitivity to the single molecular level is critical, particularly when identifying bloodstream infections. In cases of clinically manifest sepsis, the concentration of bacteria in the blood may reach as low as one bacterial cell/CFU per mL of blood. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve the highest level of sensitivity for accurate detection. In the present study, we have established a method that fills the analytical gap between low concentrations of molecular markers and the minimum requirements for molecular testing. For this purpose, a sample preparation of whole blood samples with a directly downstream pre-amplification was developed, which amplifies specific species and resistance markers in a multiplex procedure. When applying pre-amplification techniques, the sensitivity of the pathogen detection in whole blood samples was up to 100 times higher than in non-pre-amplified samples. The method was tested with blood samples that were spiked with several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. By applying this method to artificial spiked blood samples, it was possible to demonstrate a sensitivity of 1 colony-forming unit (CFU) per millilitre of blood for S. aureus and E. faecium. A detection limit of 28 and 383 CFU per ml of blood was achieved for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. If the sensitivity is also confirmed for real clinical blood samples from septic patients, the novel technique can be used for pathogen detection without cultivation, which might help to accelerate diagnostics and, thus, to decrease sepsis mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate positron emission tomography (PET) data quantification relies on high-quality input plasma curves, but venous blood sampling may yield poor-quality data, jeopardizing modeling outcomes. In this study, we aimed to recover sub-optimal input functions by using information from the tail (5th–100th min) of curves obtained through the frequent sampling protocol and an input recovery (IR) model trained with reference curves of optimal shape. Initially, we included 170 plasma input curves from eight published studies with clamp [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET exams. Model validation involved 78 brain PET studies for which compartmental model (CM) analysis was feasible (reference (ref) + training sets). Recovered curves were compared with original curves using area under curve (AUC), max peak standardized uptake value (maxSUV). CM parameters (ref + training sets) and fractional uptake rate (FUR) (all sets) were computed. Original and recovered curves from the ref set had comparable AUC (d = 0.02, not significant (NS)), maxSUV (d = 0.05, NS) and comparable brain CM results (NS). Recovered curves from the training set were different from the original according to maxSUV (d = 3) and biologically plausible according to the max theoretical K1 (53//56). Brain CM results were different in the training set (p < 0.05 for all CM parameters and brain regions) but not in the ref set. FUR showed reductions similarly in the recovered curves of the training and test sets compared to the original curves (p < 0.05 for all regions for both sets). The IR method successfully recovered the plasma inputs of poor quality, rescuing cases otherwise excluded from the kinetic modeling results. The validation approach proved useful and can be applied to different tracers and metabolic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have suggested benefits for time-dependent dialysate bicarbonate concentrations (Dbic) during hemodialysis (HD). In this clinical trial, we compared for the first time in the same HD patients the effects of time-dependent changes with constant Dbic on acid–base and uremic solute kinetics. Blood acid–base and uremic solute concentration were measured in twenty chronic HD patients during 4-h treatments with A) constant Dbic of 35 mmol/L; B) Dbic of 35 mmol/L then 30 mmol/L; and C) Dbic of 30 mmol/L then 35 mmol/L (change of Dbic after two hours during Treatments B and C). Arterial blood samples were obtained predialysis, every hour during HD and one hour after HD, during second and third treatments of the week with each Dbic concentration profile. Blood bicarbonate concentration (blood [HCO3]) during Treatment C was lower only during the first three HD hours than in Treatment A. Overall blood [HCO3] was reduced during Treatment B in comparison to Treatment A at each time points. We conclude that a single change Dbic in the middle of HD can alter the rate of change in blood [HCO3] and pH during HD; time-dependent Dbic had no influence on uremic solute kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The prevalence of G6PD deficiency has not been reported in Yangjiang, a western city in Guangdong province. This study aims to investigate the molecular characteristics of G6PD deficiency in this region. Methods: Blood samples were collected from adults at a local hospital to screen for G6PD deficiency. The deficient samples were subjected to further analysis using PCR and reverse dot blot to determine the specific G6PD variants. Results: Among the 3314 male subjects, 250 cases of G6PD deficiency were found using the G6PD enzyme quantitative assay, resulting in a prevalence of 7.54% (250/3314) in the Yangjiang region. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency in females was 3.42% (176/5145). Out of the 268 cases of G6PD deficiency tested for G6PD mutations, reverse dot blot identified 20 different G6PD variants. The most common G6PD variant was c.1388G>A (81/268), followed by c.1376G>T (48/268), c.95A>G (32/268), c.1024C>T (9/268), c.392G>T (7/268), and c.871G>A/c.1311C>T (6/268). It was observed that c.871G>A was always linked to the polymorphism of c.1311C>T in this population. Conclusion: This investigation into G6PD deficiency in this area is expected to significantly improve our understanding of the prevalence and molecular characterization of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant epidemiological evidence links circadian rhythms to human health, from heart disease to neurodegeneration. Accurate determination of an individual's circadian phase is critical for precision diagnostics and personalized timing of therapeutic interventions. To date, however, we still lack an assay for physiological time that is accurate, minimally burdensome to the patient, and readily generalizable to new data. Here, we present TimeMachine, an algorithm to predict the human circadian phase using gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a single blood draw. Once trained on data from a single study, we validated the trained predictor against four independent datasets with distinct experimental protocols and assay platforms, demonstrating that it can be applied generalizably. Importantly, TimeMachine predicted circadian time with a median absolute error ranging from 1.65 to 2.7 h, regardless of systematic differences in experimental protocol and assay platform, without renormalizing the data or retraining the predictor. This feature enables it to be flexibly applied to both new samples and existing data without limitations on the transcriptomic profiling technology (microarray, RNAseq). We benchmark TimeMachine against competing approaches and identify the algorithmic features that contribute to its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications during the perinatal period. Thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, and prolonged standard coagulation tests are observed in this population. The aim of this study is to examine the hemostatic profile of IUGR neonates with the use of a non-activated assay (NATEM) in cord blood samples. Methods: During an 18 month period, a NATEM ROTEM assay was performed on cord blood samples of 101 IUGR neonates. A total of 189 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates were used as a control group. The NATEM variables recorded include the following: clotting time (CT); clot formation time (CFT); clot amplitude at 5, 10, and 20 min (A5, A10, A20); α-angle (a°); maximum clot firmness (MCF); lysis index at 30 and 60 min (LI30, LI60); and maximum clot elasticity (MCE). Results: IUGR neonates demonstrate a hypocoagulable state, with lower A5, A10, A2, MCF, and MCE values when compared to AGA. Using multiple linear regression, we determined IUGR as an independent factor influencing all NATEM parameters (except CT and LI30) exhibiting a hypocoagulable and hypofibrinolytic profile. Platelet count was positively correlated with A5, A10, A20, MCF, alpha angle, and MCE, and negatively correlated with CFT. Conclusion: IUGR neonates appear with lower clot strength and elasticity and prolonged clot kinetics, as illustrated by ROTEM variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separation and identification of molecules and biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides from complex fluids are known to be important due to unmet needs in various applications. Generally, many different separation techniques, including chromatography, electrophoresis, and magnetophoresis, have been developed to identify the target molecules precisely. However, these techniques are expensive and time consuming. "Lab‐on‐a‐chip" systems with low cost per device, quick analysis capabilities, and minimal sample consumption seem to be ideal candidates for separating particles, cells, blood samples, and molecules. From this perspective, different microfluidic‐based techniques have been extensively developed in the past two decades to separate samples with different origins. In this review, "lab‐on‐a‐chip" methods by passive, active, and hybrid approaches for the separation of biomolecules developed in the past decade are comprehensively discussed. Due to the wide variety in the field, it will be impossible to cover every facet of the subject. Therefore, this review paper covers passive and active methods generally used for biomolecule separation. Then, an investigation of the combined sophisticated methods is highlighted. The spotlight also will be shined on the elegance of separation successes in recent years, and the remainder of the article explores how these permit the development of novel techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a human-based computation approach for the analysis of peripheral blood smear (PBS) images images in patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). We used the Mechanical Turk microtask market to crowdsource the labeling of PBS images. We then use the expert-tagged erythrocytesIDB dataset to assess the accuracy and reliability of our proposal. Our results showed that when a robust consensus is achieved among the Mechanical Turk workers, probability of error is very low, based on comparison with expert analysis. This suggests that our proposed approach can be used to annotate datasets of PBS images, which can then be used to train automated methods for the diagnosis of SCD. In future work, we plan to explore the potential integration of our findings with outcomes obtained through automated methodologies. This could lead to the development of more accurate and reliable methods for the diagnosis of SCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The main objective of the study is to carry out comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study of novel formulation with marketed formulation of lafutidine using HPLC method. Materials and Methods: The animals were selected according to the study protocol and divided in to three groups. The animals were given lafutidine marketed and novel formulation orally; at predetermined time blood samples were collected and subjected to the protein precipitation to collect blood plasma. The plasma samples were analysed using validated RP-HPLC method. Analysis of plasma was done at 215 nm using Hypersil silica, C18 250×4.6 mm. 5µ 0.02 M phosphate buffer and acetonitrile at 30:70 v/v was selected as mobile phase and passed at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Results: The established method was specific and sensitive for plasma sample. Calibration curve was developed using concentration range of 50-200 ng/mL with correlation coefficient 0.9993. The accuracy the intra and inter day precision was found 100.26 and 98.02% with percent accuracy 98.41% to 100.77% and 98.23% and 99.67%. Conclusion: The developed method is able to meet all specifications and reproducible to identify and quantify the lafutidine in rabbit plasma and can applied to study pharmacokinetic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to measure blood and blood mimicking fluids viscosity at different shear rates (on the interval of 0.1-5000 1/s and 0.1-10000 1/s) while taking into consideration the measuring device's capability and blood's characteristics. We also provided the measurement results of the most accurate measuring program. Methods: We measured blood samples from five donors, and four different blood mimicking fluid compositions. The measurements were done on an Anton Paar Physica MCR301 rotational rheometer with two measuring programs varying in the shear rate intervals, the number of measuring points and the measuring point durations. Results: The results confirmed the significant shear thinning and thixotropic effects of blood. Blood mimicking fluids also had these characteristics. The measured blood viscosity values are in agreement with those of the literature. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the step test program was able to give more stable results as the measured torque was over the nominal limit of 0.05 µNm over 0.1 1/s and over the selected torque limit of 0.5 µNm over 31.6 1/s. Blood mimicking fluid measurement results were different from that of the literature due to different measuring conditions. The sample consisting of water, glycerol and starch mimicked well blood's behaviour and viscosity values at 37 degrees Celsius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a widely utilized nonpsychoactive cannabinoid available as a prescriptive drug treatment and over-the-counter supplement. In humans, CBD is metabolized and forms the major active metabolite 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD), which is further metabolized to 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD). In the current study, plasma concentrations of CBD, 7-OH-CBD, and 7-COOH-CBD were measured, and the potential influences of sex, race, and body mass index (BMI) on the pharmacokinetic variability were assessed. Methods: Blood samples from a previously conducted CBD drug interaction study in healthy volunteers (n = 12) were utilized. The subjects received orally administered CBD (Epiodiolex®), 750 mg twice daily for 3 days and a single dose on the 4th day. Nine plasma samples were collected, and plasma concentrations of CBD, 7-OH-CBD, and 7-COOH-CBD were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC), and metabolite‐to‐parent drug exposure ratios (MPR) were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the correlations of Cmax, AUC, and MPR of CBD, 7-OH-CBD, and 7-COOH-CBD in different sex, race, BMI, and body weight. Results: For CBD, the mean Cmax was 389.17 ± 153.23 ng/mL, and the mean AUC was 1,542.19 ± 488.04 ng/mL*h. For 7-OH-CBD, the mean Cmax was 81.35 ± 36.64 ng/mL, the mean AUC was 364.70 ± 105.59 ng/mL*h, and the mean MPR was 0.25 ± 0.07. For 7-COOH-CBD, the mean Cmax was 1,717.33 ± 769.22 ng/mL, the mean AUC was 9,888.42 ± 3,961.47 ng/mL*h, and the mean MPR was 7.11 ± 3.48. For 7-COOH-CBD, a 2.25-fold higher Cmax was observed in female subjects (p = 0.0155) and a 1.97-fold higher AUC for female subjects (p = 0.0285) with the normalization of body weight. A significant linearity (p = 0.0135) of 7-OH-CBD AUC with body weight in females was observed. No significant differences were identified in Cmax, AUC, and PMR with race and BMI. Conclusion: Observed differences in sex were in agreement with previously reported findings. A larger population pharmacokinetics study is warranted to validate the observed higher Cmax and AUC in females and significant linearity with body weight in females from the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Sublingual buprenorphine has demonstrated efficacy for treatment of the neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS), but the current formulation used in clinical practice contains 30% ethanol. Ethanol as a pharmacologically active excipient ideally should be removed from neonatal formulations. The objective of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of a novel ethanol-free formulation (CHF6563) compared with the commonly used ethanolic solution in a phase I, open-label, 2-period, single-dose, crossover study in healthy adults. METHODS: Eighteen adult opioid-naïve volunteers were administered one of the formulations in a randomized crossover treatment. After a 10-day washout period, subjects received the other formulation. Serial blood samples were drawn for pharmacokinetic analysis over 48 hours. RESULTS: The geometric mean ratio (90% CIs) of the ethanol-free buprenorphine solution AUC0-last was 0.80 (0.65-0.99) and Cmax was 0.81 (0.66-0.99) compared with reference ethanolic formulation. The ethanol-free formulation had a greater degree of intersubject variability than the ethanol-containing reference formulation (coefficient of variation of 59% vs 31.5%, respectively, for AUC0-last). CONCLUSIONS: In an adult population, a novel ethanol-free formulation of buprenorphine containing widely used excipients demonstrated a slight decrease in bioavailability when compared with an ethanolic solution. These RESULTS: will inform those seeking to develop ethanol-free pediatric drug formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin widely used in cattle and swine farming to treat respiratory and reproductive conditions. The veterinary pharma industry consistently develops new formulations with this molecule to bring highly effective products to market with short withdrawal periods, ensuring consumer safety for products derived from treated animals. The study aimed to evaluate the plasma concentration profile of Vilocci, a new formulation of ceftiofur, in comparison to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various pathogens commonly found in bovine and swine farming. Ten animals from each species were used, and a single dose of 1 mg/kg was given to bovines and 5 mg/kg to swine. Blood samples were collected at 12 time points to construct the pharmacokinetic profile. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of growth for the pathogens of interest isolated from the target species was determined and the effectiveness of the for; mulation was assessed for each one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the role of genetics in human infertility. Materials and methods: We collected 60 male and 41 female blood samples from infertile couples and carried out a cytogenetic study in both males and females, whereas molecular study was done in only male subjects. Standard Giemsa banding karyotyping protocol was followed for the cytogenetic study. For azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletion studies, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation was followed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using AZF-specific sequence tagged site (STS) markers. Results: In the female cytogenetic study, no structural or chromosomal abnormalities were found; three (7.31%) had polymorphic variants. In males, one (1.6%) had autosomal structural 46, XY, t (3; 17) (p25; q22), one (1.6%) had sex chromosomal numerical abnormalities 47, XXY (12)/46, XX (8) and four (6.66%) had the polymorphic variant. Two males and two females had 9qh+ with other normal chromosomal constitutions. In the same way, two other types of polymorphism were also observed, that is, 21pS+ in one male and one female, whereas 22pS+ was observed in one male subject. The translocation 46, XY, t (3; 17) (p25; q22) we have found is unique. In male blood samples, we studied six gene mutations named AZFa (sy84), AZFa (sy86), AZFb (sy127), AZFb (sy134), AZFc (sy254), and AZFc (sy255). We have observed deletions in eight subjects with a microdeletion frequency of 13.33%, where seven (87.5%) were azoospermic, and one (12.5%) was oligozoospermic. Most found microdeletions were AZFb (sy127) in three males and AZFb (sy134) in three males. AZFa (sy86) and AZFa (sy254) deletions were found in one male. Conclusion: As per our knowledge, there is one novel translocation 46, XY, t (3; 17) (p25; q22) in one male patient from our research. We have also found AZF microdeletions in oligozoospermic and azoospermic patients. The results indicate the importance of karyotyping and microdeletion screening in chromosome Y for infertile couples before advising them of costlier treatments. Clinical significance: The present investigation is a valuable consideration for prognosis, which can be helpful for counseling couples and minimizing the potential risk of transmission of genetic abnormalities to future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared the accuracy of PAG-ELISA in blood and milk samples from water buffaloes. Fifty-three lactating buffaloes were subjected to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). The PAG level in blood was determined on days 25 and 30, while in milk it was determined on days 26 and 30 postFTAI. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), the gold standard for pregnancy diagnosis, was done on day 40 post-FTAI. Out of 53 cows inseminated, 30 were confirmed pregnant by TRUS. In these pregnant animals, 93% and 100% sensitivity were achieved in blood at days 25 and 30, respectively, while 40% and 93% were achieved in milk at days 26 and 30, respectively. In terms of specificity, 100% of the assay was achieved in both blood and milk samples on all days of collection. On day 30, 100% overall accuracy for blood was achieved, while it was only 96% for milk. Blood PAG-ELISA is more accurate and can detect pregnancy earlier than its milk counterpart. Milk PAG-ELISA, however, can serve as an alternative for being a non-invasive and stress-free method. In conclusion, PAG-ELISA provides a highly efficient and reliable means to detect early pregnancy and facilitate rebreeding program in water buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the study is to investigate the response of nutritional supplement (LNS-PLW) on appetite score, energy intake, insulin and glucose levels in preeclamptic women. Design and participiants: Sixty under-weight preeclamptic primigravida were divided into two groups randomly and provided LNS-PLW/placebo in the fasted state. Blood samples were collected at fasting state, after 30 min of supplementation, 'ad libitum buffet' breakfast and lunch for glucose and insulin levels. Results: Total energy intake was higher significantly in the LNS-PLW group, although during breakfast it was significantly reduced. The insulin and glucose concentration was significantly increased after 30 min of supplementation in the LNS-PLW group. Conclusion: Intake of the LNS-PLWby preeclamptic women had short-term suppression on subsequent meal but improved total energy intake during trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the plasma concentrations and determine pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin and its primary active metabolites (para- and ortho-hydroxyatorvastatin) after administration of a single oral dose in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). ANIMALS: 8 adult orange-winged Amazon parrots (4 male, 4 female) of varying ages. METHODS: A compounded oral suspension of atorvastatin 10 mg/mL was administered via oral gavage at 20 mg/kg to each bird. Blood samples were collected at 10 different time points from 0 to 30 hours postadministration to evaluate plasma levels of atorvastatin, para-hydroxyatorvastatin, and ortho-hydroxyatorvastatin. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental analysis and commercially available software. RESULTS: Mean ± SD atorvastatin half-life, tmax, and Cmax were 5.96 ± 11.50 hours, 1.60 ± 0.80 hours, and 82.60 ± 58.30 ng/mL, respectively. For para-hydroxyatorvastatin, the half-life, tmax, and Cmax were 6.46 ± 54.20 hours, 5.00 ± 2.51 hours, and 34.10 ± 16.00 ng/mL, respectively, and 5.58 ± 9.92 hours, 3.38 ± 2.10 hours, and 7.35 ± 3.96 ng/mL for ortho-hydroxyatorvastatin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic profile shown support the therapeutic use of atorvastatin at the dose evaluated in this species based on human pharmacokinetic data. While 20 mg/kg PO q24 hours could be used as a starting dosage until further studies evaluating multiple dose administration and efficacy in this species become available, the high interindividual variability results warrant monitoring of the treatment response to make dosing adjustments if needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNAs are promising biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. However, their stability is a crucial concern affecting reliability and accuracy. Factors such as sample collection, processing, storage conditions, and experimental procedures impact EV miRNA stability. Studying EV miRNA stability aims to find optimal handling and storage methods, ensuring integrity and functionality throughout research. In this study, we used RT-qPCR and GlyExo-Capture technology, which can specifically capture glycosylated EVs by lectin, to assess the stability of glycosylated EV miRNAs. We found that slow acceleration centrifugation and two-step centrifugation methods were suitable for subsequent experiments. To ensure uniformity, we recommend using the two-step centrifugation method. We also studied blood storage before serum separation and recommend separation within 2 h at 4 °C or 25 °C. For separated serum samples, higher temperatures accelerated miRNA degradation, and the storage duration should be adjusted based on laboratory conditions. Short-term storage at −20 °C is acceptable for up to 3 months while avoiding repeated freeze–thaw cycles. We developed protective agents to extend the storage time at 25 °C, meeting clinical requirements. Additionally, Lakebio's cfRNA storage tubes effectively preserved the stability of miRNAs in plasma glycosylated EVs. Understanding EV miRNA stability provides insights into optimizing sample handling, storage strategies, and enhancing reliability in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to verify if the urea serum concentrations in prepartum dairy cows influence the mineral metabolism of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Twenty-seven multiparous Holstein cows were selected from two properties. Urinary pH measurement was performed, and blood samples were collected 7 days before the expected calving date, and in the immediate postpartum period, blood samples were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours. In the blood, serum urea, Ca and Mg concentrations were determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and correlation and categorized according to the median prepartum urea concentration into high urea group (HUG) and low urea group (LUG). There was positive correlation between prepartum Ca and Mg (r= 0.85; P<0.05), 24 hours postpartum Ca and Mg (r= 0.74; P<0.05) and prepartum Ca and 48 hours Ca (r= 0.62; P<0.05). HUG animals (46.01 mg/dL) showed subclinical hypomagnesemia at 72 hours postpartum (P<0.05). Higher serum urea concentrations in the prepartum, influenced the mineral metabolism of dairy cows in the immediate postpartum, being detected subclinical hypomagnesemia 72 hours after calving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutylone is a cathinone-derived synthetic amphetamine scheduled by the World Health Organization and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction since 2022 due to its growing consumption. We report here an eutylone intoxication involving a 38-year-old man and a 29-year-old woman in a chemsex context. A bag containing a white crystalline powder labelled as a research product was found in their vehicle. Nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analyses identified the powder as eutylone and confirmed purity superior to 99%. LC-HRMS data analysis using molecular networking allowed to propose new eutylone metabolites in blood samples in a graphical manner. We described 16 phase I (e.g. hydroxylated or demethylated) and phase II metabolites (glucuroconjugates and sulfoconjugates). The same metabolites were found both in male and female blood samples. Toxicological analyses measured eutylone concentration in blood samples at 1374 ng/mL and 1536 ng/mL for the man and the woman, respectively. A keto-reduced metabolite (m/z 238.144) was synthesized to permit its quantification at 67 ng/mL and 54 ng/mL in male and female blood samples, respectively. Overall, the identification of these metabolites will increase the knowledge of potential drug consumption markers and allow to implement mass spectrometry databases to better monitor future drug abuse or consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an evident respiratory and reproductive pathogen in bovines. It causes infectious bovine rhinotracitis (IBR) and reproductive disorders. Present study evaluated the prevalence of BoHV-1 among the healthy and sick cattle and buffaloes. Two hundred blood samples were randomly collected from the animals of district Okara, Pakistan. To detect BoHV-1 antibodies, indirect ELISA was performed. Out of 200 samples from both species (cattle and buffalo), an overall prevalence of BoHV-1 of 124/200 (62%) was obtained. Samples from buffalo had higher species-specific prevalence 64/98 (65%) than samples from cattle 60/102 (58.8%). Overall, BoHV-1 was more prevalent in female (73.35%) animals as compared to male animals (48.5%). Present study depicted that 84/124 (67.70%) animals from positive results were apparently healthy and 40/124 (32.25%) animals from seropositive results were sick. Identification and molecular characterization was performed on sixty seropositive blood samples, PCR was performed by using glycoprotein E gene primers on isolated DNA from these samples, six were positive 6/60 (10%), and gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis had shown close similarities with other BoHV-1 gE gene sequences world widely. The accession number assigned to these samples in GenBank were OQ656376.1 and OQ656377.1. Subtyping of BoHV-1 was conducted by multiplex PCR following HindIII enzyme activity, three samples were identified as BoHV-1.1 that indicated BoHV1.1 prevalence in study area. In this study, Multiplex PCR proven as efficient, economical and rapid technique for diagnosis and subtyping. This study will be helpful in vaccine development and in devising measures to control the spread of BoHV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 65 blood samples (25 culture positive sepsis and 40 culture negative sepsis) from patients with sepsis symptoms who resided in the ICU of Hilla city hospitals, were collected, as well as 25 samples as a control (healthy persons) during a period from January to June 2022. Data was documented at the time of admission to the ICU. Regarding PSN and PCT concentration (P value= 0.001), the control group had a significant difference from both the two patients’ groups (culture positive and negative groups of sepsis). Whereas the difference was not significant for the PTX3 concentration among patients and control (P value = 0.56). Furthermore, PSN and PCT concentrations did not significantly differ between the culture positive and culture negative groups of sepsis (P value > 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant strong positive correlation between PSN and PCT (r = 0.500; P <0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene expression (GE) analysis of a radio-sensitive gene set (FDXR, DDB2, WNT3, POU2AF1) has been introduced in the last decade as an early and high-throughput prediction tool of later developing acute hematologic radiation syndrome (H-ARS) severity. The use of special tubes for RNA extraction from peripheral whole blood (PAXgene) represent an established standard in GE studies, although uncommonly used in clinics and not immediately available in the quantities needed in radiological/nuclear (R/N) incidents. On the other hand, EDTA blood tubes are widely utilized in clinical practice. Using blood samples from eleven healthy donors, we investigated GE changes associated with delayed processing of EDTA tubes up to 4 h at room temperature (RT) after venipuncture (simulating delays caused by daily clinical routine), followed by a subsequent transport time of 24 h at RT, 4 °C, and −20 °C. Differential gene expression (DGE) of the target genes was further examined after X-irradiation with 0 Gy and 4 Gy under optimal transport conditions. No significant changes in DGE were observed when storing EDTA whole blood samples up to 4 h at RT and subsequently kept at 4 °C for 24 h which is in line with expected DGE. However, other storage conditions, such as −20 °C or RT, decreased RNA quality and/or (significantly) caused changes in DGE exceeding the known methodological variance of the qRT-PCR. Our data indicate that the use of EDTA whole blood tubes for GE-based H-ARS severity prediction is comparable to the quality of PAXgene tubes, when processed ≤ 4 h after venipuncture and the sample is transported within 24 hours at 4 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of chronic Anaplasma marginale infection in beef bulls from eastern Kansas and compare breeding soundness parameters between A marginale-infected and uninfected bulls. We hypothesized that bulls with chronic anaplasmosis would have inferior breeding soundness exam (BSE) outcomes as a result of persistent A margina/e infection or the consequence of initial clinical disease compared to uninfected bulls. ANIMALS 535 client-owned beef bulls from eastern Kansas undergoing routine BSE. METHODS Complete BSEs were conducted by participating veterinarians according to the second edition of the Society for Theriogenology Manual for Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls . Blood samples were collected for PCV determination and analysis of A marginale infection status via quantitative PCR and cELISA. Logistic and linear regression methods were used to evaluate factors associated with A marginaje infection status and BSE parameters. RESULTS Prevalence of chronic A marginale infection was 46 % (245 / 535) among bulls. Unsatisfactory BSE outcome was not statistically associated with chronic anaplasmosis in this study population, although more bulls with chronic anaplasmosis had unsatisfactory BSE outcomes (15.0 ± 2.4% vs 12.0 ± 2.2%) CLINICAL RELEVANCE Chronic anaplasmosis is prevalent among eastern Kansas breeding bulls; however, no negative association between chronic anaplasmosis and breeding soundness at time of BSE was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystem processes, encompassing diverse biological species, genetic types and the intricacies of ecosystem composition. However, the precise definition of biodiversity at the individual level remains a challenging endeavour. Hill numbers, derived from Rényi's entropy, have emerged as a popular measure of diversity, with a recent unified framework extending their application across various levels, from genetics to ecosystems. In this study, we employ a computational approach to exploring the diversity of mitochondrial heteroplasmy using real‐world data. By adopting Hill numbers with q = 2, we demonstrate the feasibility of quantifying mitochondrial heteroplasmy diversity within and between individuals and populations. Furthermore, we investigate the alpha diversity of mitochondrial heteroplasmy among different species, revealing heterogeneity at multiple levels, including mitogenome components and protein‐coding genes (PCGs). Our analysis explores large‐scale mitochondrial heteroplasmy data in humans, examining the relationship between alpha diversity at the mitogenome components and PCGs level. Notably, we do not find a significant correlation between these two levels. Additionally, we observe significant correlations in alpha diversity between mothers and children in blood samples, exceeding the reported R2 value for allele frequency correlations. Moreover, our investigation of beta diversity and local overlay similarity demonstrates that heteroplasmy variant distributions in different tissues of children more closely resemble those of their mothers. Through systematic quantification and analysis of mitochondrial heteroplasmy diversity, this study enhances our understanding of heterogeneity at multiple levels, from individuals to populations, providing new insights into this fundamental dimension of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new aptamer-based method has been developed for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) detection by utilizing interface reactivity-modulated fluorescent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Specifically, the binding of IFN-γ to its aptamer decreases the interface reactivity between the biotin-labeled aptamer and the streptavidin-functionalized magnetic beads by generating significant steric effects. As a result, several biotin-labeled aptamers escape from the enrichment of magnetic beads and remain in the supernatant, which subsequently undergo the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-catalyzed polymerization elongation. Along with the elongation, pyrophosphate is continuously produced as the by-product, triggering the decomposition of fluorescent MOFs to generate a remarkable fluorescent response with the excitation/emission wavelength of 610 nm/685 nm. Experimental results show that the method enables the detection of IFN-γ in the range 0.06 fM to 6 pM with a detection limit of 0.057 fM. The method also displays high specificity and repeatability with an average relative standard deviation of 2.04%. Moreover, the method demonstrates satisfactory recoveries from 96.3 to 105.5% in serum samples and excellent utility in clinical blood samples. Therefore, this work may provide a valuable tool for IFN-γ detection and is expected to be of high potential in tuberculosis diagnosis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research has suggested that having low Vitamin D levels is associated with a higher likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. Specifically, several observational studies have found that Vitamin D is linked to a decreased risk of coronary artery disease. Our study aimed to determine how prevalent Vitamin D deficiency is in Palestinian patients with acute coronary syndrome, a type of cardiovascular disease. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design, which involved collecting 84 blood samples from patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome at two hospitals in Palestine. The blood samples were collected over approximately two months, from late January to late March 2021. They were analyzed to determine the patients' levels of vitamin 25(OH) D. The study also collected information on the patient's medical history, including any co-morbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, BMI, LDL, and TIA. The data was analyzed using point estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and frequency and proportion calculations for binary data. In addition, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the factors associated with vitamin D status, including crude odd ratios and adjusted odd ratios for the relevant covariates. Results: In this study, it was found that 95% of the patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome had a deficiency in vitamin D. Of these patients, 50% had a severe deficiency, 32.14% had a moderate deficiency, and 8.33% had a mild deficiency. The study also found a significant relationship between male gender and vitamin D levels, with males having higher odds (OR: 7.07, 95% CI: 1.18-42.30, P = 0.03) of being deficient in vitamin D compared to females. Additionally, patients with a history of TIA (transient ischemic attack) were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency (OR, 0.06, 95% CI, 0.-0.72). The study also showed that non-diabetic patients had higher levels of vitamin D compared to diabetic patients, and patients with hypertension (13.21±11.91 ng/ml) had slightly higher levels of vitamin D compared to those without hypertension (12.69±10.20 ng/ml). Non-smokers (14.36±13.97 ng/ml) and patients with low LDL (14.80±11 ng/ml) also had higher levels of vitamin D. Finally, patients who had suffered from TIA (24.40±25.03 ng/ml) had significantly higher levels of vitamin D compared to those who had not experienced a TIA (12.17±9.36 ng/ml). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that individuals diagnosed with ACS demonstrated a notable insufficiency of vitamin D. Although the number of studies on this topic is restricted, the outcomes of this research are largely consistent with prior investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study included 40 blood samples, 30 blood samples from infected people withG. lamblia parasite and 10 samples from healthy people, taken from people visiting external laboratories who suffer infection with G. lamblia, after confirming their infection through microscopic examination of the stool and finding trophozoite and cyst phases. It was observed by measuring the levels of electrolytes (calcium, sodium and potassium) and lipasesignificant differences between the healthy and the patients for each of sodium, calcium and lipase, In patients infected with G. lamblia, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of lipase when compared with healthy controls (table 1), at the same time that there was a significant decrease in the concentration of calcium and a significant increase in the concentration of sodium when compared with the healthy ones (table 2). while there was no significant difference in the concentration of potassium, from here we notice a relationship between infection with G. lamblia parasiteand changes in the levels of both electrolytes and lipase enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To update traditional "wet" matrices to dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, based on the liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique, and develop a method for simultaneous analyzing caffeine and its three primary metabolites (theobromine, paraxanthine, and theophylline), supporting routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for preterm infants. DBS samples were prepared by a two-step quantitative sampling method, i.e., volumetric sampling of a quantitative 10 μL volume of peripheral blood and an 8 mm diameter whole punch extraction by a methanol/water (80/20, v/v) mixture containing 125 mM formic acid. Four paired stable isotope labeled internal standards and a collision energy defect strategy were applied for the method optimization. The method was fully validated following international guidelines and industrial recommendations on DBS analysis. Cross validation with previously developed plasma method was also proceeded. The validated method was then implemented on the TDM for preterm infants. The two-step quantitative sampling strategy and a high recovery extraction method were developed and optimized. The method validation results were all within the acceptable criteria. Satisfactory parallelism, concordance, and correlation were observed between DBS and plasma concentrations of the four analytes. The method was applied to provide routine TDM services to 20 preterm infants. A versatile LC-MS/MS platform for simultaneous monitoring caffeine and its three primary metabolites was developed, fully validated, and successfully applied into the routine clinical TDM practices. Sampling method switching from "wet" matrices to "dry" DBS will facilitate and support the precision dosing of caffeine for preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For maximum productivity in a dairy farm, the earliest and the most accurate detection of pregnancy is essential. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of expression patterns of miR‐26a, and serum Preimplantation Factor (PIF) levels for pregnancy diagnosis during the early pregnancy in nulliparous and multiparous cows. A total of 60 cows (30 nulliparous and 30 multiparous Holstein cows) were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected for miR‐26a on days 8 and 16 (D8 and D16), and for the PIF on days 10 and 20 (D10 and D20) following insemination (D0). Pregnancies were determined by ultrasonography on the 28th day after insemination. Expression levels of miR‐26a determined by qPCR. PIF levels were assessed by using commercial ELISA kits. All data were analyzed by using the MIXED procedure of SPSS. The expression levels of miR‐26a were 6.64 folds higher on D16 in pregnant compared to non‐pregnant multiparous cows (p <.05). On D8 and D16, miR‐26a expression levels were found higher 13 folds in pregnant compared to non‐pregnant nulliparous cows (p <.05). Additionally, miR‐26a expressions were higher 5.42 folds (p <.05) on D8, 7.19 folds higher (p <.01) on D16 in pregnant nulliparous and multiparous cows, and were 6.30 folds higher (p <.001) on D8 and D16 according to non‐pregnant animals. PIF levels were greater in pregnant animals (p <.05). Analyzing miR‐26a on D8 might be considered as sufficient in nulliparous cows. Pregnancy detection in multiparous cows can be made on the 16th day with this method. Furthermore, PIF evaluations may be sufficient on D10 in multiparous cows. Besides, PIF levels and miR‐26a expression levels might be used safely in field conditions and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the diagnostic efficacy of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay targeting a 1412 bp segment of the 16S rRNA sequence of Brucella melitensis in suspected cases of brucellosis in goats. The research investigates the assay's performance with both serum and whole blood samples in 42 suspected brucellosis cases. Results indicate a significant difference in sensitivity between serum and whole blood samples, with the PCR assay demonstrating higher sensitivity (90%) in serum compared to whole blood (80%). The specificity of the serum PCR assay is determined to be 100%, emphasizing its precision in identifying negative cases. The study strongly recommends the preferential use of serum samples over whole blood for brucellosis diagnosis in goats using the 16S rRNA-based PCR assay, emphasizing the enhanced sensitivity observed in serum samples. These findings contribute to optimizing diagnostic protocols for brucellosis detection in goat populations, with potential implications for veterinary practice and research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera plant extract (MPE) on the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the hematology of carp fish Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758). For this the fish were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of CdCl² (specifically, 1.4 ppm and 2.8 ppm of LC50 value for a 96h), both in isolation and in combination with MPE (8 ml/L). Additionally, MPE (8 ml/L) was also administered independently during two exposure periods lasting 10 days and 20 days. Following the stipulated exposure period, blood samples were collected and assessed for alterations in hematological parameters, including the RBC and WBC counts, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) levels and erythrocyte indices, which encompass the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The results of the study revealed that the groups exposed solely to CdCl2 displayed a concentration and time-dependent deterioration in the hematological profile of the fish. Conversely, the experimental group that received MPE (8ml/L) in conjunction with CdCl2 exhibited effective protection against CdCl2-induced toxicity thereby ameliorates the hematological alteration in the exposed fish. Moreover, the group exposed solely to MPE (8 ml/L) did not exhibit any notable variations in the hematological parameters when compared to the control group. Most of the hematological parameters in this group were closely resembled those of the control group. This study indicates that cadmium chloride (CdCl2) adversely affected the hematology of the fish, but the Moringa oleifera plant extract (MPE) successfully ameliorated CdCl2-induced hematological toxicity in carp fish, Cyprinus carpio. Thus, the result of the current finding suggests that Moringa oleifera plant extract (MPE) may offer effectiveness in mitigating the toxicity induced by CdCl2 in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: This study evaluated the possibility of clinical use of circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a biomarker to determine up-front autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) for patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in practice. Patients and Methods: To explore the dynamics of ctDNA in DLBCL, blood samples were collected sequentially before and after treatment from patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL who received rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy. To conduct ctDNA genotyping and ctDNA monitoring simultaneously, targeted sequencing by cancer personalized profiling using deep sequencing was used. Results: Ten patients between the ages of 50 and 60 years were enrolled. Based on the international prognostic index (IPI), seven patients were classified as high- IPI-risk group, and three patients were classified as low-IPIrisk group. The IPI risk group correlated with total metabolic tumor volume. All patients completed six cycles of R-CHOP chemotherapy, and seven patients achieved complete response. Changes in ctDNA mutation numbers did not correlate with changes in PET scan images and treatment response. In most high-risk patients, new mutations appeared in ctDNA after completion of chemotherapy that conceivably marked resistant clones. Notably, disease relapse did not occur in high-risk patients with poor prognostic mutations who underwent autologous SCT. Conclusion: ctDNA monitoring was meaningful in high-risk patients. Moreover, ctDNA and wellknown prognostic factors should be considered in the decision making for auto-SCT. If a new genetic mutation in ctDNA with a negative prognosis would emerge during treatment, highrisk patients should consider auto-SCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional methods for measuring viscosity rely on macroscopic device components, which are difficult to miniaturize. The magnetic nano‐stirbars are small enough to enter tiny spaces and can spin without precise installation, making them an ideal candidate for exploring new methods. It is shown that a dense layer of Au nanowires can be grown on the silica surface of the nano‐stirbars, as a means to modulate the viscous resistance during their spinning and to make them visible under an optical microscope. The uniform growth of Au nanowires and the slight fluctuation of the spinning rates are investigated. It is shown that the nano‐stirbars with the hairy layer of Au nanowires can be used to measure the viscosity in microscopic liquid systems, such as microfluidic chambers and capillary tubes, involving cell media and blood samples. It is believed that the success with the proof‐of‐concept tests will open a window for further miniaturization of the nano‐stirbars for measuring in ultrasmall systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study highlights how a trivial mistake in collecting timed blood samples of parathyroid hormone (PTH) during parathyroidectomy (PTX) can potentially become a serious error affecting surgical closure. Methods: For the measurement of serum PTH, the intact PTH (iPTH) test was used to obtain baseline, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative samples of PTH, to guide the surgical team regarding adequacy of PTX. Results: Due to the lack of proper guidelines, all types of samples for PTH are labeled as iPTH by the Laboratory Information Services (LIS) software. Due to a human error in marking the PTH vacutainers generated for different time point samples by LIS, samples were swapped. The values in the lab revealed a spurious rise in PTH post-PTX. The laboratory physician carefully observed the tubes and identified the reason for this mistake. The timely action therefore led to surgical closure, otherwise it could have led to unwarranted extended PTX. Conclusions: In cases where timed samples are mandatory, having a common code for all requisitions can invariably lead to pre-analytical error, therefore proper discriminative measures need to be introduced to avoid these mistakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: In wrestling, the rest time between two rounds of the competition is short; therefore, these conditions cause the body to lose and not completely regenerate its energy reserves, and the person is tired and eventually prone to injury. On the other hand, such activities, which are performed with intense eccentric contractions are associated with mechanical and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of short-term Inflamma-X supplementation on muscle damage and inflammatory markers following the combined SWPT-SWFT protocol in wrestlers. Materials and Methods: Twenty four young wrestlers were randomly divided into two supplement-exercise (12 people) and placebo-exercise (12 people) groups. From 10 days before the implementation of the combined protocol, the wrestlers consumed two daily supplements of Inflamma-X with a dose of 15 mg or a placebo with the same amount and number as fasting. Blood samples were taken before the start of the combined protocol, immediately after the first, second and fourth stages of the protocol, and finally 48 hours after the combined protocol. Levels of keratin kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP) indicators were evaluated by the Eliza method. In order to analyze the data, the method of analysis of variance with combined repeated measurement was used at the significance level of p<0.05. Findings In none of the stages of blood sampling, serum CK and LDH values were not significantly different between the two groups (p<0.05). However, the serum CRP values of the supplement group in the fourth and fifth stages were significantly lower than the placebo group (p<0.05); while in the first, second and third blood sampling stages, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that in wrestling competitions, the use of Inflamma-X supplement can be beneficial in the prevention of general inflammation. But more research is needed on the role of this supplement in preventing increased muscle injury markers in wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bluetongue (BT) is an economically significant disease in ruminants, transmitted worldwide by Culicoides midges, with the causative agent being the bluetongue virus (BTV). Traditionally prevalent in tropical regions, its geographic range is expanding due to climate change. Despite its global impact, research on the BTV in the Republic of Korea (ROK) is scarce. In this study, we aimed to assess BTV seroprevalence and conduct genetic analyses on isolates from South Korea. Out of 5824 cattle samples, 194 (3.33%) showed BTV antibodies, and 2 out of 1095 (0.18%) goat samples were positive. BTV RNA analyses of 422 high-risk area cattle samples revealed 51 (12.1%) positive cases. The virus was successfully isolated from one sample, identified as serotype 3 based on segment 2 analysis. This study presents the first full-genome sequence of a South Korean BTV serotype 3 isolate, serving as a global reference. These data aid in understanding phylogenetic relationships among BTV strains and recognizing reassortment events, enhancing our knowledge of this developing virus. The bluetongue virus (BTV) is a significant animal pathogen with economic implications in the ruminant industry. Despite global reports on BTV detection and epidemiologic investigations, limited studies have focused on the virus in the ROK. In this study, BTV epidemiological research was conducted on blood samples from cattle and goat farms across nine regions during 2013–2014. The results showed that 3.33% of bovine blood samples (194/5824) and 0.19% of goat blood samples (2/1075) tested positive for BTV antibodies using ELISA. In Jeju-do, BTV RNA amplification occurred in 51 of 422 samples (12.1%) using real-time reverse transcription (RT-qPCR). The isolation of one sample revealed it as serotype 3, as indicated by the sequence of segments 2 (Seg-2) and 6 (Seg-6), associated with the eastern BTV topotype. However, based on Seg-1, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, and -10 analyses, the BTV-3/JJBB35 strain is more closely related to distinct BTV strains. These findings imply BTV circulation and that the Korean-isolated BTV might originate from Asian BTV strains due to multiple reassortment events. This study provides foundational data for ongoing BTV monitoring and disease-control policies in the ROK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to determine whether puncture sites for blood sampling and topical disinfectants are associated with rates of contaminated blood cultures in the emergency department (ED) of a single institution. Methods: This single‐center, ambidirectional cohort study of 548 consecutive patients ≥20 years of age was performed in the ED of a university hospital in Japan over a 13‐month period. Pairs of blood samples were collected for aerobic and anaerobic cultures from patients in the ED. Physicians selected puncture sites and topical disinfectants according to their personal preference. Results: Potential contamination was identified in 110 of the 548 patients (20.1%). One hundred fourteen (20.8%) patients showed true‐positive results for bacteremia, and 324 (59.1%) patients showed true‐negative results. Multivariate analysis revealed more frequent contamination when puncture sites were disinfected with povidone‐iodine (PVI) than with alcohol/chlorhexidine (ACHX) (adjusted risk difference, 19.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI]), 15.7–22.6; p < 0.001). In terms of blood collection sites, femoral and central venous (CV) catheter with PVI disinfection showed more frequent contamination than venous sites with ACHX (adjusted risk differences: 26.6%, 95% CI 21.3–31.9, p < 0.001 and 41.1%, 95% CI 22.2–59.9, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Rates of contaminated blood cultures were significantly higher when blood was collected from the CV catheter or femoral sites with PVI as the topical disinfectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim: There has been a surge in the consumption of Ghanaian alcoholic bitters. Ghanaian alcoholic bitters are formulated from a maceration of not less than three plant parts making the organic composition very complex. There appear to be no studies on the effect of Ghanaian alcoholic bitters on the hepatorenal biochemistry indices. The study aimed to assess the effects of alcoholic bitters and cocoa powder on the liver and kidney serum biochemistry. Material and methods: Twenty-four healthy male Sprague Dawley rats, age 11-12 weeks, weighing 150-250 g were used. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=6). At the end of the experimentation, a blood sample was taken by cardiac puncture and centrifuged to obtain the serum for biochemical assays and analysis. Results: The liver enzymes showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. There were higher mean values for total bilirubin and direct bilirubin for alcoholic bitters and natural cocoa powder groups respectively than the control group and the co-administration of alcoholic bitters and natural cocoa powder group. Concusion: The study concludes that alcoholic bitters consumption might cause injury to the liver and kidney resulting in anomaly of the hepatorenal indices from rat blood serum biochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraq Journal of Market Research & Consumer Protection / Al-Mağallaẗ al-ʿIrāqiyyaẗ li-Buḥūṯ al-Sūq wa-Ḥimāyaẗ al-Mustahlik is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

INTRODUCTION: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is associated with high risk for Alzheimer's disease. It is unclear whether individual levels of the circulating apoE4 protein in ε4 carriers confer additional risk. Measuring apoE4 protein levels from dried blood spots (DBS) has the potential to provide information on genetic status as well as circulating levels and to include these measures in large survey settings. METHODS: We developed a multiplex immunoassay to detect apoE4 protein levels in DBS from 15,974 participants, aged 50+ from Wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). RESULTS: The apoE4 protein signal was presented in two separable distributions. One distribution corresponded to carriers of at least one copy of the ε4 allele. Fieldwork cofounders affected protein levels but did not explain individual differences. DISCUSSION: Future research should investigate how genotype and apoE4 level interact with lifestyle and other variables to impact cognitive aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the prospect of improvement in pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of marbofloxacin due to alpha-1-monolaurin pre-treatment in broiler chickens. Two groups of broilers were administered a single oral dose of marbofloxacin (5.00 mg kg-1 body weight): Group-I without pre-treatment and Group-II with alpha-1-monolaurin pre-treatment (4.00 g kg-1 feed for 10 days). Blood sampling was done periodically for both groups and plasma marbofloxacin concentrations were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters using non-compartmental modelling approach were calculated with the PKSolver software. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in plasma marbofloxacin concentrations between the two groups at 1, 2, and 24 hr. Group-II birds exhibited a higher mean maximum plasma concentration (2.43 µg mL-1) at an earlier time (Tmax: 1.38 hr) compared to Group-I. The plasma concentrations of marbofloxacin were maintained above 0.10 and 0.18 µg mL-1 up to 24 hr in Group-I and Group-II broilers, respectively. Significant differences were observed in PK parameters such as the area under the curve and total body clearance. The mean relative oral bioavailability of Group-II birds compared to Group-I was 119.61%. The findings of the study provided evidence of PK parameters enhancement of marbofloxacin in the alpha-1-monolaurin pre-treated group. The calculated PK-pharmacodynamic indices for marbofloxacin predicted clinical efficaciousness in the broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABs) to Clarias gariepinus was investigated. For 30 days, the fish were exposed to LABs at 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 mg/L. After each trial period, one fish from each plastic tub was chosen and its heart was punctured for blood samples. The blood samples were then collected and deposited in pre-designated bottles for analysis. Following blood collection, a fish was dissected and its organs were extracted. The organs were preserved in liquid nitrogen at -25oC until they were analyzed. A portable refractometer was used to quantify total serum protein content. A microplate reader was used to measure reduced glutathione (GSH). Albumin was quantified using the Bromocresol Green albumin assay kit, whereas alanine aminotransferase activity was assessed colorimetrically. Subtracting albumin from protein concentration yielded the globulin content. On days 23 and 30, protein content corresponds positively with exposure length and differs significantly (p < 0.05) between the control and treatment groups. The activity of GSH reduced slightly but not significantly (p > 0.05). Significant variations in albumin and globulin (p < 0.05) only on day 30. AAS activity differs significantly (p < 0.05) between treatments and the control. This study demonstrated that LAB exposure can be harmful to human health. Because anthropogenic sources are the primary source of LAB exposure, authorities must implement strict mitigation measures to limit this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is the gold standard method for diagnosing central precocious puberty (CPP), although it requires multiple blood samplings over 120 min. This study aimed to evaluate if a shorter test may have an equivalent diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the GnRH tests of 188 consecutive pediatric patients (169 females) referred for signs of early pubertal development. The diagnostic accuracy of the hormonal levels was evaluated at different time points (15, 0, 60, 90, and 120 min after the GnRH stimulus). Results: A diagnosis of CPP was made in 130 cases (69%), with 111 (85%) being female. Sensitivity and specificity ratings higher than 99% for the diagnosis of CPP were achieved for LH levels ≥4.7 mU/mL at 30 and 60 min after the stimulus (area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 1), with no further increase in the diagnostic accuracy in the remaining time points. No sex differences in diagnostic accuracy were found. The LH/FSH ratio at 30 min showed a sensitivity of 94.9%, with an AUC of 0.997 and a value ≥0.76. Conclusions: A short-duration GnRH test of 60 min provided optimal results for the diagnosis of CPP. Extending the test for an extra hour is therefore unnecessary and inadvisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High exercise loading causes intricate and ambiguous proteomic and metabolic changes. This study aims to describe the dataset on protein and metabolite contents in plasma samples collected from highly trained athletes across different sports disciplines. The proteomic and metabolomic analyses of the plasma samples of highly trained athletes engaged in sports disciplines of different intensities were carried out using HPLC-MS/MS. The results are reported as two datasets (proteomic data in a derived mgf-file and metabolomic data in processed format), each containing the findings obtained by analyzing 93 mass spectra. Variations in the protein and metabolite contents of the biological samples are observed, depending on the intensity of training load for different sports disciplines. Mass spectrometric proteomic and metabolomic studies can be used for classifying different athlete phenotypes according to the intensity of sports discipline and for the assessment of the efficiency of the recovery period. Dataset: Denis Petrovskiy (2023); "Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Blood Samples of Highly Trained Athletes", Figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24541366.v6. Dataset License: CC BY 4.0 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recently, animal welfare has been attracting worldwide attention, and implementation of 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) is prioritized in every way possible in the drug development. Microsampling, in which small amounts of blood are collected, is attracting attention in this context. ICH S3A Q&A focused on microsampling was published in November 2017 to help accelerate the application of microsampling for toxicokinetic assessment. The increased sensitivity of drug measurement apparatuses such as mass spectrometers has made it possible to measure drug concentrations with small amounts of blood samples. In this review, we summarized the reports on toxicological influence of microsampling in rodents (rats and mice) with or without drug administration or recovery period after blood collection and influences that may arise from differences in the blood sampling site or blood sampling volume. We also summarized some perspectives on further implementation of microsampling in toxicology studies. The use of microsampling in regulatory toxicology studies has gradually increased, although at a lower rate than in discovery studies. Since more animals are used in GLP toxicology studies than in discovery studies, the effect of reducing the number of animals by microsampling is expected to be greater in the toxicology studies. This report aims to promote the application of microsampling to nonclinical studies, as it is beneficial for improving animal welfare and can contribute to the 3Rs. Microsampling is a technique for collecting small amounts of blood from animals and is expected to contribute to the 3Rs. In this review, we summarized the reports on toxicological influence of microsampling in rodents (rats and mice) with or without drug administration or recovery period after blood collection and influences that may arise from differences in the blood sampling site or blood sampling volume. We also summarized some perspectives on further implementation of microsampling in regulatory toxicology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We sought to establish a prospective hospital-based cohort, featuring detailed multidimensional data of trauma patients with active follow-ups, which can be a reliable data source for all studies focusing on the effects or underlying mechanistic pathways of environmental and biological factors on multiple interested trauma-related outcomes, particularly the incidence and trajectory of trauma-related psychopathology, in a Chinese population. Methods: The China Severe Trauma Cohort (CSTC) enrolled all traumatized individuals aged 12 to 80 years admitted to the Trauma Center of West China Hospital between March 1st, 2020 and July 8th, 2022. The bio-sample and detailed questionnaire data were collected at recruitment, and phone/internet follow-ups were scheduled at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the baseline. Long-term health outcomes are planned to be obtained from administrative databases through data linkage. Results: A total of 2,500 trauma patients were enrolled (response rate = 87.1%) with an average age of 46.01 years, and most of the participants were males (62.6%). The proportions of participants with blood and fecal sample collected at baseline were 93.8% and 66.3%, respectively. As of August 31st, 2022, the follow-up rate was 90.0%, 77.0%, 76.5%, and 89.0% for 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups, respectively. Fall/wrench (47.6%) and traffic accident (26.2%) were the top causes of current trauma. The most common psychopathology at recruitment was sleep disturbance (39.4%), followed by depression (22.6%), anxiety (18.2%), and acute stress reaction (7.8%), all of which showed recovering trajectories during the follow-up period, particularly the first 3 months after baseline. Conclusion: CSTC provides a platform with multidimensional data to study both short-term and long-term trauma-related health consequences, prompting early identification and intervention for individuals with high risk of health decline after trauma exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]