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Esta tese tem como foco verificar o avanço de novas instituições de crédito e suas influências sobre o nível de spread dos produtos do setor de crédito de recursos livres no cenário brasileiro. Para isso, foi utilizado um modelo em painel desbalanceado para treze produtos de crédito ofertados por instituições financeiras, congregando quatro categorias de variáveis independentes que podem influenciar o spread: (i) variáveis macroeconômicas; (ii) variáveis específicas do setor de crédito; (iii) variáveis de manutenção de cada instituição financeira; (iv) variáveis de concentração do mercado de crédito. As três primeiras categorias foram escolhidas baseadas na literatura prevista, como também a expectativa dos sinais de impacto sobre o spread. Para concentração do mercado de crédito, sendo esta de principal interesse do presente trabalho, foram escolhidos os índices Herfindahl-Hirschman normalizado (IHHn) e Razão de Concentração dos Cinco Maiores (RC5) como proxies para identificar o avanço das novas instituições financeiras, com cada uma das variáveis sendo tratadas separadamente. Por meio de dados do Banco Central do Brasil, com amostras trimestrais entre Março de 2012 e Setembro de 2021, foram estudadas 177 instituições financeiras que compuseram o modelo previsto. A análise dos resultados das regressões apresentaram a significância de variáveis das quatro categorias sobre o resultado do spread bancário. As variáveis RC5 e o IHHn apresentaram significância para o spread de produtos de crédito para Pessoa Física e Jurídica. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento de 0,01 de IHHn acarreta em um acréscimo entre 1% a 3% no spread médio a variar entre os produtos, e que o aumento de 1% no valor de RC5 promove o acréscimo entre 0,5% e 1,5% no spread médio praticado mudando entre os produtos, o que reforça a importância de regulações que incentivem a competição e entrada de novos players no mercado de crédito. This thesis aims to analyze the advance of new credit institutions and their influences to the level of spread present in credit products of the Brazilian market. For this, an unbalanced panel model was used for thirteen different products, considering four categories of independent variables that could influence the spread: (i) macroeconomic variables, (ii) credit sector specific variables, (iii) credit institutions specific variables, (iv) credit market concentration variables. The three first categories were considered based on previous literature, and the last one being the main interest of this work. For credit market concentration there were selected two indexes: HerfindahlHirschman normalized (IHHn) and Razão de Concentração dos Cinco Maiores (RC5), both used by the Central Bank of Brazil, and in this case served as proxies to identify the advance of new financial institutions in different iterations of the model. Through databases from the Central Bank of Brazil, with quarterly samples between March of 2012 and September of 2021, 177 financial institutions composed the regression, varying between products. The analysis of the results of the models verified the significance of diferent variables in each one of the four categories. It also found statistical significance of RC5 and IHHn for the result of spread in credit products for both legal persons and natural persons. The results suggested that an increase of 0,01 in IHHn leads into an raise between 1% and 3% of the spread varying between the products, and that an increase of 1% in the RC5 presents a raise between 0,5% and 1,5% of the spread of the products, reinforcing the importance of regulations that incentivize competition and the entrance of new players in the credit market.

Using the 2014 China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) credit control policy as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper demonstrates that credit supply contraction leads to a significant reduction in firm’s external funding, cash holding, and investment. Analysis of both loan-level and corporate-level data reveal that new bank loans issuance of targeted firms dropped significantly after the regulation. State-owned banks are identified as the main policy implementer. By instrumenting the change of loans issuance with the policy shock, I further discover the amplifying effect of large declines in bond issuance and trade credit for the targeted firms. Cash holdings were used to cushion the financing gap. Investment dropped and inefficient investment increased due to the shock. Interestingly, whereas such impacts were significant for non-state owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were barely affected. Overall, I conclude that the lending control policy led to less capital resources allocated to non-SOEs but not SOEs. JEL classification numbers: G21, G28, G32, G38. Keywords: Bank lending, Firm funding, Firm investment, SOBs, SOEs, Credit policy, Credit rationing.

PurposeThe paper examines the impact of the deteriorating fiscal conditions of Eurozone countries on spillover effects on bank credit margins. It is investigated whether these effects have been reduced after European Central Bank’s (ECB) signaling of pursuing an expansionary, unconventional, monetary policy to address the debt crisis in Eurozone.Design/methodology/approachA general econometric panel model is applied to investigate spillover effects between Eurozone countries and bank credit margins. In total, three periods are examined: the period before the peak of the global financial crisis and the beginning of the Irish banking crisis, the period during the debt and bank crisis in Eurozone and the period after ECB's signaling of extremely aggressive monetary easing.FindingsAccording to empirical results, before the peak of the global financial crisis there was no substantial credit risk transfer from Eurozone sovereigns to banks. During the period of debt and bank crisis in Eurozone, the deterioration of the fiscal situation of Eurozone countries had a significant impact on bank Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads. After ECB's signaling of extremely aggressive monetary easing, it does not seem to be any significant relationship between Eurozone sovereigns and bank CDS spreads. These findings reinforce the assessment that ECB's measures were effective, achieving the key objective of normalizing economic conditions and ensuring financial stability in Eurozone.Research limitations/implicationsA question is whether effects can change when the corresponding contraction will lead to a reinstatement of “normal” conditions. Would there be a reversal of risk premium trends in bond markets? Although the answer from casual observations seems to be negative, it is a valid research question to be examined. An interesting issue concerning the unconventional monetary policy measures implemented by ECB concerns the issues of moral hazard that they incorporate, something that could not be addressed. Another research perspective could be the use of the beta coefficient to measure the systematic and unsystematic risk of banking sector shares.Practical implicationsThe results have strong implications for ECB and European banking regulation. Regulators should mainly pay more attention to the amount and concentration of sovereign debt held by banks. Eurozone financial system could be less vulnerable to the sovereign credit risk. It raised the critical question of whether a more strict regulation is needed. Regulators should not intervene if not necessary, but they must prevent the transmission of crises between markets. This will likely bring trust to the developed countries' sovereign debt and the portfolios of the financial institutions, which hold most of this debt will be considered safe as well.Social implicationsThe conclusions provide a safe counterweight in various respects. First, the negative effects and the need to rapidly cease or limit such policies. Second, the financial stability aimed by ECB. Such policies contain the possibility of a subsequent moral hazard related to Member State and bank behavior. However, these contingencies need to be assessed with the benefits resulting from the restoration of financial markets and the disconnection between banking and sovereign credit risk. This leads Eurozone's financial system to become less vulnerable to the sovereign credit risk and therefore more safe, helping to restore confidence in the real economy.Originality/valueContribution in terms of methodology and conclusions. It offers important conclusions regarding the limitations of yields and volatility of CDS spreads. It examines the spillover effects of the fiscal situation of Eurozone countries on banking institutions by extending the existing methodology and introducing new questions focusing on the reaction of CDS market to the ECB monetary policy, the reduction of risk premiums at sovereign and banking level and the gradual reduction of interdependence between them.

Unexpectedly severe winter weather, which is arguably exogenous to firm and bank fundamentals, represents a significant cash flow shock for bank-borrowing firms. Firms respond to these shocks by drawing on and increasing the size of their credit lines. Banks charge borrowers for this liquidity via increased interest rates and less borrower-friendly loan provisions. Credit line adjustments occur within one calendar quarter of the shock and persist for at least nine months. Overall, we provide evidence that bank credit lines are an important tool for managing the non-fundamental component of cash flow volatility, especially for solvent small bank borrowers.

We suggest a new mechanism—the liquidity insurance channel—based on the widespread reliance of high credit quality firms on bank credit lines for liquidity management. Our model matches the patterns of usage of loans and credit lines in the cross‐section of firms and defines the conditions under which shocks to bank health affect primarily low or high credit quality firms. Our framework can explain why credit line origination is more cyclical than loan origination. Overall, we uncover a novel interaction between bank health and economic activity through the provision of bank credit lines to high credit quality firms.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the money supply ratio, bank credit ratio, and domestic saving ratio on economic growth. both in the short and long term. Empirically, this study uses secondary data in the form of quarterly data during the 2008 - 2018 period with the Error Correction Model (ECM) method. We find that the money supply ratio, bank credit ratio, and domestic saving ratio have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Malaysia.

PurposeSmall- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) depend on a large measure on commercial banks for external capital, and US SMEs are increasingly experiencing bank credit constraints and resorting to costly alternatives. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of lender organizational complexity on SME financing shortfalls. In particular, it examines the credit shortage effects associated with the SME's reliance on bank holding company (BHC) owned, as opposed to independent, lenders.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on agency–theoretic rationales, the authors posit that both hierarchical and horizontal complexity associated with present-day BHC structures will diminish an affiliated bank's ability and willingness to properly underwrite SME credit needs. Consequently, they hypothesize that SMEs whose commercial lenders are BHC affiliates are likely to experience greater credit shortages. This hypothesis was tested using exhaustive financial data from a large and nationally representative sample of US SMEs.FindingsGreater SME reliance on loans from BHC lenders was found to be associated with a greater use of late trade–credit payments. The latter is an expensive form of financing and a generally accepted indicator of shortages in conventional (and cheaper) bank credit.Originality/valueDespite the evolution toward more complex bank organizational forms, especially among community banks, the implications for SME lending are not yet fully understood. This paper's contribution is to offer a first examination of the impact of post-deregulation BHC structures on SME financing shortfalls.

Lending is a main instrument of bank institutions’ influence on the development of economy and its subjects. The aim of the paper is to analyze the condition of entrepreneurial subjects lending by the bank system, especially agrarian enterprises, and separation of main restraining factors of its development. During 2017-2020 there is observed an essential reduction of volumes of medium-term and long-term credits, given to entrepreneurial subjects. The use of short-term credits for less than 1 year, the most specific weight (80.5 %) of which is possessed by microentrepreneurial subjects with annual income less than 50 thousand euro, prevails. It has been established, that high cost of credit resources, absence of correspondent guarantee and insufficient competitiveness of most entrepreneurial subjects prevent the development of credit relations for all participants (borrowers, creditors and state). Agricultural economy that produces more than 12 % of GDP and provides more than 40 % of Ukrainian currency receipts, demonstrates positive financial results of activity, is really underfinanced at the expanse of bank credits. A share of credits, directed to the agrarian sector during last years, is essentially less than the contribution of the branch in the gross added value formation in the country. A bank credit policy, acceptable for all entrepreneurial subjects and directed on credit cost decrease and long-term lending increase, is necessary. Studies of the influence of arrangements in the AIC by reduction of credit prices on effective indices (pure profit of agrarian enterprises) has testified a close connection (R=0,9803), comparing with other factors, that is why the practice of using the preferential lending mechanism must be continued, but by stable, not continuously changing approaches and by direct state support of just small and medium entrepreneurial subjects, which are most limited in access to credit resources of bank institutions.

This study examines the impact of firm characteristics on SMEs' access to bank crediting. The study used primary data taken from a survey questionnaire of 269 SMEs that collected credit-related data concerning SMEs. Regression analysis is applied to identify the factors affecting the accessibility of bank credits. SPSS 22.0 software was used for further analysis. The results show that the characteristics of business affecting the ability to access bank credit include: enterprise's location, equity, business plan, collateral, project value and firm tax number. The factors of business plan and project value are the two most influential ones.

The paper investigates whether firms have better access to bank credit in territories characterized by a larger degree of urbanization. It uses Italian bank‐firm data drawn from the Credit Register to devise an indicator of easiness of access to credit. The paper proposes an instrumental variable strategy that exploits as instruments past population density and urbanization driven by political economy considerations. The results show that urbanization positively affects access to credit for construction firms, whose collateral greatly benefits from thicker real estate markets. No impact is found for service and manufacturing firms.

This study’s aim was to examine the influence of agricultural credit on Nigeria's economic growth for the period of 1981-2017. Data is sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and world development indicator (WDI). The detailed objectives are to analyze the effect of the Agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund (ACGSF) and the deposit money bank credit to agric sector (DMBCA) on Nigeria's Economic Growth. Data was analyzed using the test for stationarity, Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). ARDL is adopted due to the mixed order of stationarity of the variables at levels and first difference. From the research results, it was established, in the long run, that DMBCA is significant and there exists a direct relationship, only in the short run, and the ACGSF is insignificant both the short and long run but has a direct relation in the short run and an inverse relationship in the long-run. Therefore, it is recommended, that the Federal Government should make coordinated attempts to ensure that farmers especially small-scale farmers have easy access to the financial aids and grants provided and the funds should be disbursed appropriately and adequately without any hitch.

Credit agreement in standard form which is being made unilaterally by the bank until present is still becoming a special legal issue in agreement field of civil law. In addition, viewed from the side of the agreement it is also against consumer protection law as set in Consumer Protection Act. Problem formulation of is divided into namely regarding the existence of standard clause in bank agreement if associated with Article 18 of Consumer Protection Act and legal consequence of standard clause in credit agreement associated with consumer protection. This study aims to identify the presence of standard clause in banking agreement if related with Article 18 of Consumer Protection Act and legal consequence to the standard clause in credit contract is associated with consumer protection. The research is a juridical empirical. The location is on PT. Bank Negara Indonesia in Denpasar city. The author is guided by laws and regulations related with public fact, that is first problem formulation is analyzed from balancing principle and next the second problem formulation is from consumer protection theory. The result shows that the implementation of the provision tends to protect the bank as businesses. Moreover, the legal consequence of Bank BNI’s credit contract which does not meet the provision will result in null and void.

This study investigates the relationship between country and bank credit default swap spreads by employing CAViaR models proposed by White et al.. By choosing a sample of six major European economies, we find that the bank default risk plays an important role in determining the country default risk in the Netherlands and Germany. By illustrating the time-varying VaRs, we find that the VaRs in these countries are significant from 2010 onward, showing a greater exposure to common shocks during the European debt crisis. Our results would be useful for investors and monetary authorities.

In the process of granting credit, it often happens that the creditor loses when the debtor defaults so that legal rules are required in the implementation of the imposition of the mortgage as stated in a credit agreement, which aims to provide legal certainty and protection for the parties concerned. So, it raises a lawsuit for the cancellation of the auction. Based on these problems, this research aims to answer problems regarding the auction implementation of mortgage rights against debtors who are negligent by the Bank, limits on the determination of the auction limit value for the object of guarantee rights of security rights, and legal protection for bank customers for auction that does not match the value of a collateral object. This study uses an empirical juridical method by conducting literature studies and interviews with informants. The research and discussion results found that: First, the implementation of the mortgage right execution auction can be used as an alternative when bad credit occurs as a result of the customer (the debtor) in default to his creditor. The Bank, as the creditor, has the right to collect receivables from the sale of the object of the mortgage, which is guaranteed by an auction mechanism following the provisions of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights for Land and Other Objects Related to Land. Mortgage rights in the credit agreement have a function to provide a sense of security for creditors in case of default by the debtor through the mortgage’s execution. Second, the limit value’s determination must be determined based on an appraiser’s assessment. So that if the determination of the limit value is so low, it can be used as one of the reasons for the auction’s cancellation. This is based on the provisions of Article 43 and Article 44 of the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Number 27/PMK.06/2016 concerning Instructions for Conducting Auctions. Third, as a guarantee of legal protection for customers, if there is a loss due to implementing an auction that is not based on applicable legislation.

This paper examines whether and to what extent development of the local-level financial sector improves SMEs’ performances. While only a handful of studies examines the relationship between local financial development and firm growth, no theoretical basis has been provided in those studies to understand transmission channels and instruments through which local financial development works in favor of firm growth. This paper attempts to fill that gap. In a theoretical framework, this paper shows that an optimal number of bank branches in an area works as an instrument of the transmission channel from financial development to growth, which helps reduce excess liquidity and increase SMEs’ access to bank credit by creating links between the demand and supply of liquidity. Banks default credit risk and cost of branch expansion determine the optimal number of branches in an area: a higher number of branches will reduce asymmetry of information about borrowers and monitoring costs, leading to lower default risks. Using new firm-level survey data of 1084 SME manufacturing firms from Bangladesh, our empirical analysis suggests that there is a threshold level of bank branches that can improve SME performance at the sub-district level. Our findings highlight the importance of potential returns to an optimal branching strategy of banks at the sub-national level that will lead to inclusive finance and growth within a country.

Small companies face significant difficulties in accessing finance, and the use of bank credit and trade credit are the primary sources of financing, specifically in small countries, with little market liquidity, and focused on the banking system, as is the case of Portugal. The main objective of this article is to identify significant drivers of bank and trade credit, as well as investigate the complementary or substitutive relationship between them, considering that both constitute an essential source of financing for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The sample comprises 5860 companies, and the analysis was performed using panel data methodology (2010–2019). The results suggest that, during the period in which the financial crisis was most felt in the country (2010–2013), companies intensified their demand for trade credit, and in the following years for bank credit. Our evidence does support the substitution hypothesis between trade and bank credit.

According to Islam, bank interest on credit activities is included in the category of "usury" which is forbidden for Islam. The problem of bank credit activities is a very important need for people in doing business. The purpose of this paper is to try to use simple mathematical symbols to try to eliminate the essence of usury. Changing the essence of "usury" with the concept of cooperation and using a simple symbol "=" can eliminate the essence of usury, of course everything must be based on good intentions and honesty

This study examines the effect of capital inflows on bank credit in Indonesia. Using aggregate and bank-level data (consist of all 115 commercial banks in Indonesia) from 2004Q1 to 2017Q4) and three approaches, namely structural vector autoregression (SVAR), logistic regressions, and panel regressions, it finds that capital inflows initially has a negative impact on bank credit (measured as credit per gross domestic product (GDP)), but the impact becomes positive after a year. Other investment has the largest impact on bank credit, when compared with other capital inflows, including trade credit and foreign loans. These inflows significantly influence growth in nominal bank credit.

The paper proposes the farmers credit optimization decision model and applications based on common risk guarantee fund. By considering two conditions of with default risk and without default risk, the individual rationality of bank and farmer is designed, respectively, and the mathematical formulas for calculating the risk loss ratio of bank loans under the guarantee fund are established and discussed innovatively, respectively. A nonlinear optimal model based on risk compensation fund is established in the paper. By mathematical proof, the optimal bank credit decision mechanism is studied. By the analysis of numeric experiments of two cases of with default risk and without default risk, the expected income and invest income are varied by the changing of farmer project success probability and default probability, and the relationship of loan interest, farmer expected income and invest income is studied. The research has scientific guiding significance and practical application value for farmers' credit decision making.

Racial and ethnic differences across U.S. households in use of bank credit (e.g., credit cards) and nonbank credit (e.g., payday loans) are striking. We examine whether household characteristics and residential location can explain these differences. We use a novel dataset with information on previously unexplored factors, including income volatility, subjective attitudes about banks, geographic proximity to financial providers, and neighborhood population characteristics. We find that much of the raw disparities in credit use are attributable to observable household characteristics. Accounting for neighborhood population characteristics meaningfully reduces the disparities further. However, the residual racial and ethnic disparities remain large in magnitude. We show these disparities are not likely attributable to unobserved differences in households' family background, financial literacy, subjective attitudes, or credit scores. Instead, they are most likely attributable to unobserved supply‐side factors, such as racial and ethnic differences in households' exposure to marketing. We conclude with implications for policy.

International audience; The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of the working capital in the borrowing decision of a retailer. The proposed analysis is based on a model with a retailer, a supplier and a bank in a non-cooperative game with price-sensitive demand. The retailer, the supplier and the bank (if concerned) determine, respectively, the ordering quantity, the wholesale price and the interest rate. A Stackelberg game-theoretic approach is employed where the retailer is a follower and either the supplier or the bank is the leader. Some structural properties are first derived from the mathematical models. Then, some numerical simulations show that: (i) a trade credit guarantees the same profits for the retailer and the supplier as in the case where the retailer has sufficient cash holdings, (ii) there exist some situations where the retailer has a better profit with a borrow than with sufficient cash holdings, and (iii) borrowing decision depends on both retailer's and supplier's discount rate and the retailer's cash holdings.

We study the impacts of the use of trade credit on SME financial performance and operational distress in a sample of 74,036 SMEs across 19 EU countries between 2006 to 2015. Under the premise that trade credit acts as a substitute for bank credit, our results show that supplying trade credit improves profitability, but we show little evidence that such an investment is more profitable for bank credit richer SMEs, although such firms did redistribute more bank fund through trade credit to their customers. For receivers, we show that the use of trade credit finance alleviates operational distress, especially for those SMEs facing liquidity constraints, such as those which have less access to bank credit or under credit tightened periods. This distress reduction effect is also reflected in their profitability indicators. However, the longer the average collection period and credit period, the less effective the trade credit effects respectively on improving SME profitability and reducing operational distress.

Decision making is the process of choosing alternative actions to achieve specific goals or objectives supported by the process of gathering the necessary factors. The banking sector where one of the management functions in the decision-making process in applying for credit. This process must produce fast, accurate, and accurate and accurate information in the process of assessing credit worthiness of potential borrowers. The problem that occurs is that the analysis process is done subjectively, does not use incorrect parameters, overworked credit analysts. This can lead to errors in decision making so that it can endanger the banking sector, if in the future there is a problem of bad credit because it turns out the debtor does not have the ability to pay credit bills from the debtor. This study proposes an analysis using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method with the concept of credit analysis assessment is 5C analysis (Character, Capacity, Capital, Conditions of economy, Collateral). The data used for analysis are primary data, namely questions given through questionnaires given directly to customers so that it is more accurate in providing answers. The results of the decision analysis using the AHP Method are benchmarks in determining the right and accurate decision in declaring a prospective debtor to meet the requirements or not to be given credit. This helps increase satisfaction and provide the best service to consumers, which can then improve company performance by the company.

The Jordanian economy has been a recipient of huge amounts of remittances. Indeed, for more than a decade now, the inflow of this capital has been fluctuating around 10 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Within this context, the subject matter of remittances has resulted in the development of a myriad of research issues. One of these issues is the impact of remittances on financial development or bank credit to the private sector. This paper looks at the relationship between financial development and remittances in the Jordanian context. Based on the time period 1992-2019, and time series econometric techniques (co-integration and vector auto-regression, among others), this paper examines the impact of remittances on bank credit to the private sector, and on its main sectoral distributions. The estimated results reveal some interesting findings. There is no long-run stable relationship between bank credit to the private sector and remittances. However, there is a stable long-run relationship between credit to individuals (households) and remittances, and between credit to the construction sector and remittances. These conclusions imply that remittances, on average, promote private consumption in general, and residential spending.

This work aims to analyze the factors that explain the bank credit rationing to small and medium sized enterprises in Congo. Based on the survey made by the BEA (2015) involving 289 small and medium sized enterprises (SMSE) related to the access to credit very small and medium sized enterprises (SMSE) in Congo, we achieve this objective by using the logistic regression. As results of estimations, baking credit rationing in Congo is influenced by six variables such as: submission of all information required by the banker to the client, the capacity to present mortgage guarantee, choice of credit line, formal accounting management, to be registered near the chamber of commerce, and have invested early 12 months.

This work proposes a credit risk model for large panels of financial institutions in which default intensity interdependence is induced by exposure to common factors as well as dependence between entity specific idiosyncratic shocks. In particular, the idiosyncratic shocks have a sparse partial correlation structure that we call the bank credit risk network. A lasso estimation procedure is introduced to recover the network from CDS data. The methodology is used to study credit risk interdependence among European financial institutions. The analysis shows that the network captures a substantial amount of interconnectedness in addition to what is explained by common factors.

This article examines the measures taken to develop the activities of non-bank microfinance institutions. It also analyzes the current state of microfinance institutions operating in the country, the comparative status of liabilities and assets of pawnshops in 2020-2021.

The use of leasing and/or bank lending has always generated a very rich and controversial debate in the economic literature. It is generally accepted that leasing is a complement and not a substitute for bank lending in corporate finance. In this thesis, we will study the impact of leasing and/or bank credit on the activity of Congolese companies. To do so, we use the binomial logit model to identify the factors that explain the use of bank credit and/or leasing. Findings from our results show that companies use bank credit more than leasing.

Objective – The aim of this study is to examine the impact of monetary policy on credit creation ability of banks in Nigeria. Specifically, it investigates the impact of monetary policy rate, money supply, liquidity ratio, and change in maximum lending rate on bank credit in Nigeria. Design/methodology – A monthly time series data from 2007-2019 were sourced from the Central Bank’s of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The sourced data was subjected to multiple regression analysis using the fully modified ordinary least square regression to estimate the parameters of the model. Results – Findings reveal that money supply significantly and positively influence bank credit in Nigeria; while liquidity ratio significantly but negatively influence bank credit in Nigeria. On the contrary, monetary policy rate and maximum lending rate were found not to significantly affect bank credit in the case of Nigeria.Policy Recommendation - Study therefore, recommend that monetary authorities especially, the Central Bank of Nigeria should pay more attention to lowering the liquidity ratio while increasing money supply in order to engender banks credit creation ability and further stimulate the Nigerian economy for growth.

Separate provisions of the law regulating the activities of credit rating agencies are analyzed. Attention is drowned to the implementation of the provisions of this law, which is implemented by by-laws of the Bank of Russia. Examples of ratings assigned to banks by financial supermarkets are given, as well as up-to-date information in the form of tables about credit ratings assigned to banks. It are concluded that the ratings assigned to banks are more informative in comparison with the financial indicators of banks posted on official websites, as part of the assessment of their financial reliability.