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251. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science

Author: Anderson, Joanna E., Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahník, Štěpán, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Brüning, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Conn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Alvarez, Leslie D Cramblet, Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Penna, Nicolás Delia, Den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernández-Castilla, Belén, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Glöckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O Y, Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jäkel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniël, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Le Bel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, MacKinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E. J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya, May, Michael, Mechin, Nicole, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Möschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Müller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Nicolas, Gandalf, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, René, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, H. Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L M, Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, Te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valášek, Milan, Van't Veer, Anna E., Van Aert, Robbie, Van Assen, Marcel, Van Bork, Riet, Van De Ven, Mathijs, Van Den Bergh, Don, Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Dooren, Roel, Van Doorn, Johnny, Van Renswoude, Daan R., Van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Echeverría, Alejandro Vásquez, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, Zuni, Kellylynn, Anderson, Joanna E., Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahník, Štěpán, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Brüning, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Conn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Alvarez, Leslie D Cramblet, Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Penna, Nicolás Delia, Den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernández-Castilla, Belén, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Glöckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O Y, Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jäkel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniël, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Le Bel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, MacKinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E. J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya, May, Michael, Mechin, Nicole, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Möschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Müller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Nicolas, Gandalf, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, René, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, H. Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L M, Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, Te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valášek, Milan, Van't Veer, Anna E., Van Aert, Robbie, Van Assen, Marcel, Van Bork, Riet, Van De Ven, Mathijs, Van Den Bergh, Don, Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Dooren, Roel, Van Doorn, Johnny, Van Renswoude, Daan R., Van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Echeverría, Alejandro Vásquez, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, and Zuni, Kellylynn
Abstract: Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.
Published: 2015

252. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science

Author: Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Joanna E., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahnik, Stepan, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Bruening, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Cohn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Alvarez, Leslie D. Cramblet, Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Della Penna, Nicolas, den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernandez-Castilla, Belen, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Gloeckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O. -Y., Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jaekel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer, Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniel, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana, LeBel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, Mackinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E. J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya, May, Michael, Mechin, Nicole, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Moeschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Mueller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Gandalf, Nicolas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, Rene, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, H. Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valasek, Milan, van 't Veer, Anna E., Van Aert, Robbie, van Assen, Marcel, van Bork, Riet, van de Ven, Mathijs, van den Bergh, Don, van der Hulst, Marije, van Dooren, Roel, van Doorn, Johnny, van Renswoude, Daan R., van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Echeverria, Alejandro Vasquez, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, Zuni, Kellylynn, Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Joanna E., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahnik, Stepan, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Bruening, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Cohn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Alvarez, Leslie D. Cramblet, Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Della Penna, Nicolas, den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernandez-Castilla, Belen, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Gloeckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O. -Y., Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jaekel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer, Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniel, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana, LeBel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, Mackinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E. J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya, May, Michael, Mechin, Nicole, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Moeschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Mueller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Gandalf, Nicolas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, Rene, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, H. Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valasek, Milan, van 't Veer, Anna E., Van Aert, Robbie, van Assen, Marcel, van Bork, Riet, van de Ven, Mathijs, van den Bergh, Don, van der Hulst, Marije, van Dooren, Roel, van Doorn, Johnny, van Renswoude, Daan R., van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Echeverria, Alejandro Vasquez, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, and Zuni, Kellylynn
Abstract: Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.
Published: 2015

253. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science

Author: Social Networks, Solidarity and Inequality, Anderson, Joanna E., Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahník, Štěpán, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Brüning, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Conn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Alvarez, Leslie D Cramblet, Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Penna, Nicolás Delia, Den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernández-Castilla, Belén, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Glöckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O Y, Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jäkel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniël, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Le Bel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, MacKinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E. J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya, May, Michael, Mechin, Nicole, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Möschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Müller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Nicolas, Gandalf, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, René, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, H. Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L M, Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, Te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valášek, Milan, Van't Veer, Anna E., Van Aert, Robbie, Van Assen, Marcel, Van Bork, Riet, Van De Ven, Mathijs, Van Den Bergh, Don, Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Dooren, Roel, Van Doorn, Johnny, Van Renswoude, Daan R., Van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Echeverría, Alejandro Vásquez, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, Zuni, Kellylynn, Social Networks, Solidarity and Inequality, Anderson, Joanna E., Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahník, Štěpán, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Brüning, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Conn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Alvarez, Leslie D Cramblet, Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Penna, Nicolás Delia, Den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernández-Castilla, Belén, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Glöckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O Y, Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jäkel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniël, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Le Bel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, MacKinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E. J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya, May, Michael, Mechin, Nicole, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Möschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Müller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Nicolas, Gandalf, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, René, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, H. Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L M, Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, Te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valášek, Milan, Van't Veer, Anna E., Van Aert, Robbie, Van Assen, Marcel, Van Bork, Riet, Van De Ven, Mathijs, Van Den Bergh, Don, Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Dooren, Roel, Van Doorn, Johnny, Van Renswoude, Daan R., Van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Echeverría, Alejandro Vásquez, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, and Zuni, Kellylynn
Published: 2015

254. Codebooks and Study Files

Author: Ujhelyi, Adrienn, Young, Liane, Pérez, Rolando, Tanuka Ghoshal, Thomae, Manuela, Durrheim, Kevin, Kovacs, Carrie, Tybur, Joshua M., Street, Chris N. H., Nichols, Austin Lee, Maassen, Esther, Mayowa Babaloia, Morris, Wendy, Busching, Robert, Anna Van 'T Veer, Levitan, Carmel, Innes-Ker, Åse, Grahek, Ivan, Jen-Ho Chang, Schönbrodt, Felix, Pilati, Ronaldo, Nerisa Dozo, Van Assen, Marcel A.L.M., Gomez, Angel, Yarrow Dunham, Eller, Anja, De Bruijn, Maaike, Frankowska, Natalia, Ebersole, Charles R., Keller, Victor N., CHEN, Eva, English, Alexander Scott, Curran, Paul G, Brandt, Mark, Adams, Reginald B., Miguel-Ángel Freyre, Traczyk, Jakub, Friedman, Mike, Tripat Gill, Kurapov, German, Wronska, Marta Katarzyna, Bocian, Konrad, Knezevic, Goran, Carmichael, Cheryl L, Wichman, Aaron, Theriault, Jordan, Chatard, Armand, Haigh, Matthew, Lewis, Neil, Alper, Sinan, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Haines, Elizabeth L., Winnee Cheong, Skorinko, Jeanine, Pinter, Brad, Pollmann, Monique, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Cicero, David C, Stouten, Jeroen, Cushman, Fiery, Green, Eva, Williams, Lisa A., Ruggs, Enrica N., Nosek, Brian A., Marotta, Satia, Kakul Hai, Graham, Jesse, Vega, Diego, Voermans, Ingrid, Klein, Richard A., Conway, Morgan, Tang, Andrew, Verschoor, Mark, Lins, Samuel, Sacco, Airi, Štěpán Bahník, Giessner, Steffen Robert, Tanzer, Norbert, Patricio Saavedra, M., Adams, Byron Gregory, Packard, Grant, Axt, Jordan, Vranka, Marek A., Sowden, Walter J., Oikawa, Masanori, Kappes, Andreas, Chandler, Jesse J., Gonzalez, Roberto, Neto, Felix, Milfont, Taciano L., Lazarevic, Lili, Kappes, Heather, Hicks, Joshua A., Nelson, Anthony J., Saeri, Alexander K, Winfrida Malingumu, Edlund, John, Rutchick, Abraham M., Easterbrook, Matthew, Myachykov, Andriy, McIntyre, Jason, Karick, Haruna, Međedović, Janko, Welch, Cheryl, O'Donnell, Susan L., Kende, Anna, Berry, Daniel R., Szumowska, Ewa, Doğulu, Canay, Dukes, Kristin, Mallett, Robyn, Maitner, Angela, Collisson, Brian, Tear, Morgan, Spachtholz, Philipp, Orosz, Gabor, Coleman, Jennifer A., Neijenhuijs, Koen Ilja, Petrovic, Boban, Torres, David, Steiner, Troy G., Cambier, Fanny, Hall, Michael P., Podesta, Lysandra, Vianello, Michelangelo, Sobkow, Agata, Inbar, Yoel, Coen, Sharon, Kervyn, Nicolas, Davis, William E., Sundfelt, Oskar, Maciek Sekerdej, Tanzer, Norbert K., Vázquez, Alexandra, De Vries, Marieke, Cemalcilar, Zeynep, Karabati, Serdar, Verniers, Catherine, Salomon, Erika, Kurtz, Jaime, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Melissa-Sue John, Huajian Cai, Woodzicka, Julie A., Hasselman, Fred, Schmidt, Kathleen, Bernstein, Michael Jason, Gnambs, Timo, Sirlopu, David Ricardo, Vásquez-Echeverría, Alejandro, Aveyard, Mark, IJzerman, Hans, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Smith-Castro, Vanessa, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Malgorzata Osowiecka, Devos, Thierry, Jimenez-Leal, William, Ilker Dalgar, Zelenski, John M., Corker, Katherine S., Finck, Carolyn, Mihaly Berkics, Huynh, Ho Phi, Smith, Michael A., Lakens, Daniel, Houdek, Petr, Murphy, Sean, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer, Van Der Hulst, Marije, Krueger, Lacy Elise, Heffernan, Marie E., Grahe, Jon, and Kamiloglu, Roza
Abstract: See the "Wiki" for more details.
Published: 2013
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255. Videos Documenting Data Collection

Author: Vega, Diego, Easterbrook, Matthew, Giessner, Steffen Robert, Pollmann, Monique, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Rutchick, Abraham M., Corker, Katherine S., Tanuka Ghoshal, Karabati, Serdar, Hasselman, Fred, Huajian Cai, Kamiloglu, Roza, Carmichael, Cheryl L, Smith-Castro, Vanessa, Schönbrodt, Felix, Sacco, Airi, Edlund, John, Pilati, Ronaldo, Zelenski, John M., Kurtz, Jaime, Tang, Andrew, Nelson, Anthony J., Pérez, Rolando, Kakul Hai, Vázquez, Alexandra, Verniers, Catherine, Alper, Sinan, Vranka, Marek A., Durrheim, Kevin, Marotta, Satia, Klein, Richard A., Gnambs, Timo, Chatard, Armand, IJzerman, Hans, Packard, Grant, Maassen, Esther, Innes-Ker, Åse, Vásquez-Echeverría, Alejandro, Theriault, Jordan, Sundfelt, Oskar, Schmidt, Kathleen, Lins, Samuel, Vianello, Michelangelo, Inbar, Yoel, Kappes, Andreas, Coen, Sharon, Young, Liane, Štěpán Bahník, Wronska, Marta Katarzyna, Nichols, Austin Lee, Kurapov, German, Kappes, Heather, Wichman, Aaron, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Sowden, Walter J., English, Alexander Scott, Szumowska, Ewa, Yarrow Dunham, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Doğulu, Canay, Coleman, Jennifer A., Pinter, Brad, Hall, Michael P., Joy-Gaba, Jennifer, Frankowska, Natalia, Steiner, Troy G., Cambier, Fanny, Neto, Felix, Adams, Reginald B., Sirlopu, David Ricardo, Brandt, Mark, Nerisa Dozo, Levitan, Carmel, Curran, Paul G, Conway, Morgan, Bocian, Konrad, Busching, Robert, Cushman, Fiery, Melissa-Sue John, Axt, Jordan, Van Assen, Marcel A.L.M., Finck, Carolyn, Graham, Jesse, Berry, Daniel R., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva, Van Der Hulst, Marije, Kervyn, Nicolas, Morris, Wendy, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Mallett, Robyn, Gomez, Angel, Oikawa, Masanori, Traczyk, Jakub, De Bruijn, Maaike, Malgorzata Osowiecka, Maitner, Angela, Haines, Elizabeth L., Ilker Dalgar, Davis, William E., Stouten, Jeroen, Saeri, Alexander K, Chandler, Jesse J., Kende, Anna, Mayowa Babaloia, Međedović, Janko, Salomon, Erika, Lakens, Daniel, Tear, Morgan, Knezevic, Goran, Podesta, Lysandra, O'Donnell, Susan L., Haigh, Matthew, Skorinko, Jeanine, Krueger, Lacy Elise, Houdek, Petr, Ujhelyi, Adrienn, Aveyard, Mark, Keller, Victor N., Ruggs, Enrica N., Jen-Ho Chang, Tanzer, Norbert, Mihaly Berkics, Huynh, Ho Phi, Miguel-Ángel Freyre, Torres, David, Devos, Thierry, Voermans, Ingrid, Myachykov, Andriy, Gonzalez, Roberto, Sobkow, Agata, Kovacs, Carrie, CHEN, Eva, Woodzicka, Julie A., Milfont, Taciano L., Rosa, Anna Dalla, Jimenez-Leal, William, Orosz, Gabor, Murphy, Sean, Welch, Cheryl, Winnee Cheong, Heffernan, Marie E., Williams, Lisa A., Winfrida Malingumu, Collisson, Brian, Spachtholz, Philipp, Patricio Saavedra, M., Eller, Anja, Verschoor, Mark, McIntyre, Jason, Adams, Byron Gregory, Anna Van 'T Veer, Tybur, Joshua M., Petrovic, Boban, Lazarevic, Lili, Karick, Haruna, Nosek, Brian A., Friedman, Mike, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Dukes, Kristin, Grahe, Jon, Tanzer, Norbert K., Hicks, Joshua A., Cicero, David C, Ebersole, Charles R., Neijenhuijs, Koen Ilja, Tripat Gill, Cemalcilar, Zeynep, Maciek Sekerdej, De Vries, Marieke, Street, Chris N. H., Smith, Michael A., Bernstein, Michael Jason, Lewis, Neil, and Thomae, Manuela
Published: 2013
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256. Group Status Modulates the Associative Strength Between Status Quo Supporting Beliefs and Anti-Black Attitudes

Author: Stern, Chadly and Axt, Jordan R.
Abstract: What belief systems are associated with negative attitudes toward lower status groups? Does the relationship differ across higher and lower status groups? We examined the extent to which status quo supporting beliefs (social dominance orientation and conservatism) were associated with negative attitudes toward African Americans and whether the strength of the relationship varied between members of higher and lower status racial groups. On explicit and implicit measures, status quo supporting beliefs were associated with negative attitudes toward African Americans among members of higher (White) and lower status (Black, Hispanic, and Asian) racial groups. The association was stronger among Whites than racial minorities and was stronger among Asians and Latinos than Blacks. Status quo supporting beliefs are associated with negative attitudes toward lower status groups regardless of one’s group status, but the strength of the association is greatest among the societally advantaged.
Published: 2019
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257. Are People Living in Walkable Areas Healthier and More Satisfied with Life?

Author: Oishi, Shigehiro, primary, Saeki, Masao, additional, and Axt, Jordan, additional
Published: 2015
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258. Understanding and Using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended Scoring Procedures

Author: Nosek, Brian A., primary, Bar-Anan, Yoav, additional, Sriram, N., additional, Axt, Jordan, additional, and Greenwald, Anthony G., additional
Published: 2014
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259. Understanding and Using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended Scoring Procedures

Author: Sriram, Natarajan, Greenwald , Anthony, Axt , Jordan, Bar-Anan , Yoav, and Nosek , Brian
Subjects: Male, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Problem Solving, Psychometrics, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Personality and Creativity, Social Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences, computer.software_genre, Cultural Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Testing and Assessment, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology, lcsh:Science, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Prejudice and Discrimination, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Well-being, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Biases, Framing, and Heuristics, Social Research, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Social Influence, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Affect and Emotion Regulation, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Computational Modeling, Implicit-association test, Quantitative Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Social Well-being, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Intergroup Processes, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Self and Social Identity, Natural language processing, Personality, Social Psychology, Best practice, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Consciousness, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Interventions, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Narrative Research, Social Anthropology, Data transformation (statistics), Strong prior, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Diversity, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Genetic factors, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Experimental Design and Sample Surveys, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Personality and Situations, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Reasoning, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Judgment and Decision Making, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Personality Processes, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Statistical Methods, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Impression Formation, Humans, Psychological testing, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Violence and Aggression, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Achievement and Status, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Prosocial Behavior, Psychological Tests, Behavior, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Attention, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Concepts and Categories, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Imagery, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Self-esteem, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Cognitive Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Language, Comprehension, Attitude, Anthropology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Trait Theory, lcsh:Q, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Religion and Spirituality, Neuroscience, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Intragroup Processes, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Social Cognition, Computer science, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Mathematical Psychology, Emotions, Culture, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Theories of Personality, lcsh:Medicine, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Moral Behavior, Internal consistency, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Self-regulation, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Motivational Behavior, Multidisciplinary, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Psychometrics, FOS: Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Social Psychology, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Personality and Social Contexts, Female, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Attitudes and Persuasion, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Learning, Research Article, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Politics, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Individual Differences, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Nonverbal Behavior, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Quantitative Psychology, Psychological Anthropology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Creativity, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods|Quantitative Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Interpersonal Relationships, Cross-Cultural Studies, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Disability, business.industry, Cognitive Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Memory, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Sexuality, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Cultural Differences, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Science, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Quantitative Methods, Artificial intelligence, business, computer
Abstract: A brief version of the Implicit Association Test (BIAT) has been introduced. The present research identified analytical best practices for overall psychometric performance of the BIAT. In 7 studies and multiple replications, we investigated analytic practices with several evaluation criteria: sensitivity to detecting known effects and group differences, internal consistency, relations with implicit measures of the same topic, relations with explicit measures of the same topic and other criterion variables, and resistance to an extraneous influence of average response time. The data transformation algorithms D outperformed other approaches. This replicates and extends the strong prior performance of D compared to conventional analytic techniques. We conclude with recommended analytic practices for standard use of the BIAT.
Published: 2014

260. An unintentional pro-Black bias in judgement among educators.

Author: Axt, Jordan R.
Subjects: *RACIAL & ethnic attitudes, *PREJUDICES, *AFFIRMATIVE action programs, *RACISM in education, *AFRICAN Americans, *EDUCATORS, *WHITE people
Abstract: Background Previous work indicates widespread preference for White over Black people in attitudes and behaviour. However, there are instances where Black people receive preferential treatment over White people. Aims This study aimed to investigate whether a sample of education professionals would favour Black or White applicants to an academic honour society, and the extent to which any biases were related to conscious intentions. Sample Participants were education professionals ( N = 618; 75.5% White) who completed an online study. Methods Participants completed a hypothetical admissions task where they evaluated more and less qualified applicants for an academic honour society, and applicants were either White or Black. Participants also completed measures of implicit and explicit racial attitudes. Results Educational professionals at all levels showed a pro-Black bias in judgement, adopting a lower acceptance criterion for Black compared to White applicants, replicating previous work using online and undergraduate samples. The bias was present among participants reporting they did not want to be biased or believed they were unbiased, suggesting that bias arose without conscious awareness or intention. Bias was also weakly but reliably related to racial attitudes. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the notion that educators automatically hold lower standards for Black versus White applicants. While education professionals likely have experience evaluating students from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, these professionals were, nevertheless, unable to eliminate the impact of race in their decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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261. Whites demonstrate anti-Black associations but do not reinforce them.

Author: Axt, Jordan and Trawalter, Sophie
Subjects: *RACE discrimination, *WHITE people, *PSYCHOLOGY of Black people, *ATTITUDE (Psychology), *HUMAN behavior, *EQUALITY, *PREJUDICES, *PSYCHOLOGY
Abstract: White people often associate Black people with negative information and outcomes. At the same time, many White people value not being or appearing prejudiced. In an inter-race context, these two forces may conflict. Whites may be better able to acquire anti-Black associations that align with their existing explicit or implicit attitudes, but may be unmotivated to strengthen these associations because they oppose their egalitarian values. Across five studies ( N > 1100) including two pre-registered designs, Whites given a learning task were better able to initially acquire anti-Black racial associations but were unable or unwilling to then reinforce these associations. Conversely, Whites were less able to initially acquire pro-Black racial associations but then acquired and strengthened these associations. Finally, Whites were still unwilling or unable to reinforce anti-Black associations even when given a non-racial justification to do so. These results highlight the distinct but related influences of attitudes and prejudice concerns on race-related behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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262. The Rules of Implicit Evaluation by Race, Religion, and Age

Author: Axt, Jordan R., primary, Ebersole, Charles R., additional, and Nosek, Brian A., additional
Published: 2014
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263. Implicit racial attitudes: Good associations reveal ingroup favoritism; bad associations reveal dominant group favoritism

Author: Axt, Jordan, primary and Nosek, Brian A., additional
Published: 2014
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264. Multicategory Implicit Association Test

Author: Axt, Jordan R., primary, Ebersole, Charles R., additional, and Nosek, Brian A., additional
Published: 2014
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265. The Best Way to Measure Explicit Racial Attitudes Is to Ask About Them

Author: Axt, Jordan R.
Abstract: Direct assessments of explicit racial attitudes, such as reporting an overt preference for White versus Black people, may raise social desirability concerns and reduce measurement quality. As a result, researchers have developed more indirect self-report measures of explicit racial attitudes. While such measures dampen social desirability concerns, they may weaken measurement quality by assessing construct-irrelevant attitudes, thereby lowering correspondence between measure and construct. To investigate whether direct or indirect self-report measures better assess explicit racial attitudes, participants (N> 800,000) completed an implicit racial attitude measure and a subset of over 400 items that varied in the degree to which they were indirect or direct assessments of self-reported racial attitudes. More direct assessments of racial preferences were better predictors of implicit racial attitudes and maximized differences between Black and White participants. These results suggest that the best method to measure individuals’ explicit racial attitudes is to ask about them directly.
Published: 2018
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266. Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites.

Author: Hoffman, Kelly M., Trawalter, Sophie, Axt, Jordan R., and Oliver, M. Norman
Subjects: RACISM, PAIN perception, PAIN & psychology, PAIN management, RACIAL differences
Abstract: Black Americans are systematically undertreated for pain relative to white Americans. We examine whether this racial bias is related to false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites (e.g., "black people's skin is thicker than white people's skin"). Study 1 documented these beliefs among white laypersons and revealed that participants who more strongly endorsed false beliefs about biological differences reported lower pain ratings for a black (vs. white) target. Study 2 extended these findings to the medical context and found that half of a sample of white medical students and residents endorsed these beliefs. Moreover, participants who endorsed these beliefs rated the black (vs. white) patient's pain as lower and made less accurate treatment recommendations. Participants who did not endorse these beliefs rated the black (vs. white) patient's pain as higher, but showed no bias in treatment recommendations. These findings suggest that individuals with at least some medical training hold and may use false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites to inform medical judgments, which may contribute to racial disparities in pain assessment and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2016
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267. The Impact of Awareness on Reducing Social Bias in Behavior

Author: Axt, Jordan, primary
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268. Assessing implicit attitudes about androgyny.

Author: Atwood, S. and Axt, Jordan R.
Subjects: *IMPLICIT attitudes, *ANDROGYNY (Psychology), *GENDER expression, *GENDER, *TRANSGENDER people, *PREDICTIVE validity
Abstract: This research examines attitudes towards androgyny using a novel Implicit Association Test (IAT) that assesses implicit evaluations of gender conforming people (i.e., those who look stereotypically male or female) vs. androgynous people (i.e., those whose appearance includes a combination of masculine and feminine traits). Over 6 studies (N > 6000), we develop a gender expression IAT and present evidence for its internal validity and incremental predictive validity with relevant psychosocial attitudes, such as need for closure, political ideology, and support for nonbinary affirming policies. Although the IAT consistently revealed more positive associations towards gender conforming than androgynous people and was reliably correlated with parallel measures of explicit attitudes, it failed to predict several behavioral outcomes related to gender expression in contexts like judgment, perceptual fluency, and mouse-tracking. We discuss the implications of these results concerning the study of gender expression and implicit social cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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269. Understanding mechanisms behind discrimination using diffusion decision modeling.

Author: Axt, Jordan R. and Johnson, David J.
Subjects: *COMPREHENSION, *DELIBERATION, *AWARENESS
Abstract: Past research has documented where discrimination occurs or tested interventions that reduce discrimination. Less is known about how discriminatory behavior emerges and the mechanisms through which successful interventions work. Two studies (N > 4500) apply the Diffusion Decision Model (DDM) to the Judgment Bias Task, a measure of discrimination. In control conditions, participants gave preferential treatment (acceptance to a hypothetical honor society) to physically attractive applicants. DDM analyses revealed participants initially favored attractive candidates and attractiveness was accumulated as evidence of being qualified. Two interventions—raising awareness of bias and asking for more deliberative judgments—reduced discrimination through separate mechanisms. Raising awareness reduced biases in drift rates while increasing deliberation raised decision thresholds. This work offers insight into how discrimination emerges and may aid efforts to develop interventions to lessen discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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270. Asian Men and Black Women Hold Weaker Race–Gender Associations: Evidence From the United States and China

Author: Axt, Jordan R., Atwood, S., Talhelm, Thomas, and Hehman, Eric
Abstract: Prior work finds a consistent association between race and gender: People associate Asian with female and Black with male. We used mouse-tracking to examine whether different U.S. racial/ethnic groups hold this same association (Study 1) and compared Asian-American participants to ethnically Chinese participants in China (Study 2). In Study 1, White and Hispanic participants showed the expected “race is gendered” effect, and the strength of the effect did not differ between men and women. However, participants with a counter-stereotypical racial-gender identity (Black women and Asian men) showed weaker race–gender associations. The same pattern emerged for East Asian participants in Study 2, both among people living in the United States and China. These data provide the first evidence of moderation in Asian-female, Black-male associations and further reveal the importance of considering intersectional identities in social cognition and social perception.
Published: 2022
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271. Investigating whether group status modulates the relationship between individual differences in epistemic motivation and political conservatism.

Author: Stern, Chadly and Axt, Jordan
Subjects: *INDIVIDUAL differences, *CONSERVATISM, *RELATIONSHIP status, *SOCIAL groups, *SOCIAL classes
Abstract: Previous research has found that individual differences in epistemic motivation predict political conservatism. However, meta-analyses indicate substantial heterogeneity in this association and such variation remains underexamined. Using a large, pre-existing dataset, we investigated whether group status—a group's social value—modulates this relationship. We used several assessments of epistemic motivation (need for structure, need for cognition) and group status (race, gender, social class). We found that the epistemic motivation-ideology relationship was stronger for women (versus men) and for members of lower (versus higher) social class groups, although the relationship strength differences were relatively small. The relationship did not consistently vary across racial group status. Group status appears to be a small, but not consistent, moderator of the epistemic motivation-ideology relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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272. Re-assessing the incremental predictive validity of Implicit Association Tests.

Author: Buttrick, Nicholas, Axt, Jordan, Ebersole, Charles R., and Huband, Jacalyn
Subjects: *TEST validity, *PREDICTIVE validity, *STRUCTURAL equation modeling, *LEAST squares, *REGRESSION analysis
Abstract: Indirect measures of attitudes or stereotypes, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), assess associations that are relatively automatic, unintentional, or uncontrollable. A primary argument for the IAT's use is that it can predict relevant outcomes beyond parallel direct measures, such as self-report (a claim referred to as demonstrating incremental predictive validity). Prior work on this issue relied primarily on least squares linear regression analyses, which are unable to correct for measurement (un)reliability and may then seriously inflate false positive rates in claims of incremental predictive validity. Properly accounting for the impact of measurement reliability requires using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In a pre-registered analysis, we investigated 10 IATs and 250 outcomes variables (N > 14,000), and found that 69.6% of outcomes were reliably correlated with the IAT. Among outcomes that were associated with both the IAT and self-report, the IAT showed incremental predictive validity in 58.6% of cases using least squares linear regression analysis and 59.2% of cases when using SEM, with the two analytic approaches reaching the same conclusion 91.4% of the time. Though the two analysis strategies largely converged, discrepancies were large enough to suggest a non-trivial percentage of conclusions drawn from least squares linear regression will be erroneous. As only SEM properly accounts for measurement reliability, it should be adopted in future analyses. To facilitate that goal, we provide tools for researchers to complete SEM analyses on tests concerning the incremental predictive validity of the IAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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273. A control-based account of stereotyping.

Author: Ma, Anyi, Axt, Jordan, and Kay, Aaron C.
Subjects: *CONTROL theory (Engineering), *STEREOTYPES
Abstract: Drawing from compensatory control theory, we propose that because stereotypes provide psychological assurance that the world is orderly and predictable, stereotyping should increase among those lacking control. Four studies support this control-based account of stereotyping: lower personal control, both measured (Studies 1 and 3) and manipulated (Study 2a and 2b), was associated with greater gender (Studies 1, 2a, and 2b) and occupational stereotyping (Study 3). Furthermore, the association between control and stereotyping was mediated by need for structure (Studies 2a, 2b, and 3). We also explore the moderating role of interdependent self-construal (Studies 1 to 3). These findings have implications for our understanding of when, why and to what end people stereotype others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2019
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274. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science

Author: Open Science Collaboration, Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Joanna E., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahník, Štěpán, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Brüning, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Cohn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Cramblet Alvarez, Leslie D., Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Della Penna, Nicolás, den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernández-Castilla, Belén, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Glöckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O.Y., Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jäkel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniël, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., LeBel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, Mackinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E.J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya B., May, Michael, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Möschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Müller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Nicolas, Gandalf, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, René, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L., Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valášek, Milan, van ‘t Veer, A. E., Van Aert, Robbie, van Assen, Marcel, van Bork, Riet, van de Ven, Mathijs, van den Bergh, Donald, van der Hulst, Marije, van Dooren, Roel, van Doorn, Johnny, van Renswoude, Daan R., van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Vásquez Echeverría, Alejandro, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, Zuni, Kellylynn, Open Science Collaboration, Aarts, Alexander A., Anderson, Joanna E., Anderson, Christopher J., Attridge, Peter R., Attwood, Angela, Axt, Jordan, Babel, Molly, Bahník, Štěpán, Baranski, Erica, Barnett-Cowan, Michael, Bartmess, Elizabeth, Beer, Jennifer, Bell, Raoul, Bentley, Heather, Beyan, Leah, Binion, Grace, Borsboom, Denny, Bosch, Annick, Bosco, Frank A., Bowman, Sara D., Brandt, Mark J., Braswell, Erin, Brohmer, Hilmar, Brown, Benjamin T., Brown, Kristina, Brüning, Jovita, Calhoun-Sauls, Ann, Callahan, Shannon P., Chagnon, Elizabeth, Chandler, Jesse, Chartier, Christopher R., Cheung, Felix, Christopherson, Cody D., Cillessen, Linda, Clay, Russ, Cleary, Hayley, Cloud, Mark D., Cohn, Michael, Cohoon, Johanna, Columbus, Simon, Cordes, Andreas, Costantini, Giulio, Cramblet Alvarez, Leslie D., Cremata, Ed, Crusius, Jan, DeCoster, Jamie, DeGaetano, Michelle A., Della Penna, Nicolás, den Bezemer, Bobby, Deserno, Marie K., Devitt, Olivia, Dewitte, Laura, Dobolyi, David G., Dodson, Geneva T., Donnellan, M. Brent, Donohue, Ryan, Dore, Rebecca A., Dorrough, Angela, Dreber, Anna, Dugas, Michelle, Dunn, Elizabeth W., Easey, Kayleigh, Eboigbe, Sylvia, Eggleston, Casey, Embley, Jo, Epskamp, Sacha, Errington, Timothy M., Estel, Vivien, Farach, Frank J., Feather, Jenelle, Fedor, Anna, Fernández-Castilla, Belén, Fiedler, Susann, Field, James G., Fitneva, Stanka A., Flagan, Taru, Forest, Amanda L., Forsell, Eskil, Foster, Joshua D., Frank, Michael C., Frazier, Rebecca S., Fuchs, Heather, Gable, Philip, Galak, Jeff, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gampa, Anup, Garcia, Sara, Gazarian, Douglas, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Giner-Sorolla, Roger, Glöckner, Andreas, Goellner, Lars, Goh, Jin X., Goldberg, Rebecca, Goodbourn, Patrick T., Gordon-McKeon, Shauna, Gorges, Bryan, Gorges, Jessie, Goss, Justin, Graham, Jesse, Grange, James A., Gray, Jeremy, Hartgerink, Chris, Hartshorne, Joshua, Hasselman, Fred, Hayes, Timothy, Heikensten, Emma, Henninger, Felix, Hodsoll, John, Holubar, Taylor, Hoogendoorn, Gea, Humphries, Denise J., Hung, Cathy O.Y., Immelman, Nathali, Irsik, Vanessa C., Jahn, Georg, Jäkel, Frank, Jekel, Marc, Johannesson, Magnus, Johnson, Larissa G., Johnson, David J., Johnson, Kate M., Johnston, William J., Jonas, Kai, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kappes, Heather Barry, Kelso, Kim, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kim, Seung Kyung, Kirkhart, Matthew, Kleinberg, Bennett, Knežević, Goran, Kolorz, Franziska Maria, Kossakowski, Jolanda J., Krause, Robert Wilhelm, Krijnen, Job, Kuhlmann, Tim, Kunkels, Yoram K., Kyc, Megan M., Lai, Calvin K., Laique, Aamir, Lakens, Daniël, Lane, Kristin A., Lassetter, Bethany, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., LeBel, Etienne P., Lee, Key Jung, Lee, Minha, Lemm, Kristi, Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Melissa, Lin, Lin, Lin, Stephanie, Lippold, Matthias, Loureiro, Darren, Luteijn, Ilse, Mackinnon, Sean, Mainard, Heather N., Marigold, Denise C., Martin, Daniel P., Martinez, Tylar, Masicampo, E.J., Matacotta, Josh, Mathur, Maya B., May, Michael, Mehta, Pranjal, Meixner, Johannes, Melinger, Alissa, Miller, Jeremy K., Miller, Mallorie, Moore, Katherine, Möschl, Marcus, Motyl, Matt, Müller, Stephanie M., Munafo, Marcus, Neijenhuijs, Koen I., Nervi, Taylor, Nicolas, Gandalf, Nilsonne, Gustav, Nosek, Brian A., Nuijten, Michèle B., Olsson, Catherine, Osborne, Colleen, Ostkamp, Lutz, Pavel, Misha, Penton-Voak, Ian S., Perna, Olivia, Pernet, Cyril, Perugini, Marco, Pipitone, R. Nathan, Pitts, Michael, Plessow, Franziska, Prenoveau, Jason M., Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ratliff, Kate A., Reinhard, David, Renkewitz, Frank, Ricker, Ashley A., Rigney, Anastasia, Rivers, Andrew M., Roebke, Mark, Rutchick, Abraham M., Ryan, Robert S., Sahin, Onur, Saide, Anondah, Sandstrom, Gillian M., Santos, David, Saxe, Rebecca, Schlegelmilch, René, Schmidt, Kathleen, Scholz, Sabine, Seibel, Larissa, Selterman, Dylan Faulkner, Shaki, Samuel, Simpson, William B., Sinclair, Colleen, Skorinko, Jeanine L., Slowik, Agnieszka, Snyder, Joel S., Soderberg, Courtney, Sonnleitner, Carina, Spencer, Nick, Spies, Jeffrey R., Steegen, Sara, Stieger, Stefan, Strohminger, Nina, Sullivan, Gavin B., Talhelm, Thomas, Tapia, Megan, te Dorsthorst, Anniek, Thomae, Manuela, Thomas, Sarah L., Tio, Pia, Traets, Frits, Tsang, Steve, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Turchan, Paul, Valášek, Milan, van ‘t Veer, A. E., Van Aert, Robbie, van Assen, Marcel, van Bork, Riet, van de Ven, Mathijs, van den Bergh, Donald, van der Hulst, Marije, van Dooren, Roel, van Doorn, Johnny, van Renswoude, Daan R., van Rijn, Hedderik, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Vásquez Echeverría, Alejandro, Vazquez, Melissa, Velez, Natalia, Vermue, Marieke, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Vuu, Gina, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Weerdmeester, Joanneke, Welsh, Ashlee, Westgate, Erin C., Wissink, Joeri, Wood, Michael, Woods, Andy, Wright, Emily, Wu, Sining, Zeelenberg, Marcel, and Zuni, Kellylynn
Abstract: Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.

275. Beyond first impressions: Investigating the influence of visual attention and cue availability in discriminatory behavior.

Author: Roy, Eliane, Dong, Y. Doug, Otto, A. Ross, and Axt, Jordan
Subjects: *JUDGMENT (Psychology), *DISCRIMINATION (Sociology), *EYE tracking, *ATTENTIONAL bias, *ATTENTION, *SOCIAL processes
Abstract: In many contexts, the magnitude of discrimination in social judgment is determined by the level of sensitivity and bias in evaluation. However, little is known about factors that shape these processes. Using a mock admissions task, we investigated how variation in the time spent processing non-diagnostic social information (e.g., a face communicating attractiveness) versus decision-relevant information (e.g., information about candidate's qualifications) differentially impacted sensitivity versus bias, using both correlational eye-tracking (Study 1) and experimental approaches (Studies 2–3). Higher sensitivity (i.e., less judgment errors) was consistently related to the amount of time participants viewed decision-relevant information. However, bias (i.e., selection leniency based on attractiveness) was unrelated to the amount of time participants chose to view or were allowed to view faces. Bias emerged when faces were shown for as little as 350 milliseconds. The ease with which social information is encoded suggests that merely limiting its' presentation is ineffective for reducing discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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276. The psychologically rich life questionnaire.

Author: Oishi, Shigehiro, Choi, Hyewon, Buttrick, Nicholas, Heintzelman, Samantha J., Kushlev, Kostadin, Westgate, Erin C., Tucker, Jane, Ebersole, Charles R., Axt, Jordan, Gilbert, Elizabeth, Ng, Brandon W., and Besser, Lorraine L.
Subjects: *OPENNESS to experience, *NEUROSES, *TEST validity, *FACTOR structure, *EXTRAVERSION, *EXAMINATIONS
Abstract: • Report a new scale designed to measure a psychologically rich life. • Conducted a two-week test retest stability. • Used informant reports as well as self-reports. • Replicated in an Indian sample. Psychologists have thought of a good life in terms of its happiness or meaning. We propose that psychological richness is another, neglected aspect of a good life. In Study 1, we administered an initial questionnaire to a student sample, testing 2-week test-retest stability, convergent validity using informant reports. We conducted further tests of the scale's factor structure, its correlations with personality and demographic variables, and the generalizability of this psychological richness measure in a non-student American sample (Study 2), a nationally-representative probability sample of Americans (Study 3) and in a sample from India (Study 4). In all 4 studies, a psychologically rich life was predicted by openness to experience, extraversion, and lower levels of neuroticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2019
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277. Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness Across Time

Author: Sandro Rubichi, Thierry Devos, Gina Roussos, John C. Blanchar, Rachel S. Rubinstein, J. Conway, Maddalena Marini, Richard A. Klein, Calvin K. Lai, Erin Cooley, Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba, Kathleen Schmidt, Fabian M. H. Schellhaas, Christopher K. Marshburn, Meghan C. McLean, Y. Jenny Xiao, Stefanie Simon, Xiaoqing Hu, Jordan Axt, Jimmy Calanchini, Brian A. Nosek, Markus Brauer, Jiyun-Elizabeth L. Shin, Christina Pedram, Mason D. Burns, Shaki Asgari, Allison L. Skinner, Liz Redford, Sohad Murrar, Lai, Calvin K, Skinner, Allison L., Cooley, Erin, Murrar, Sohad, Brauer, Marku, Devos, Thierry, Calanchini, Jimmy, Xiao, Y. Jenny, Pedram, Christina, Marshburn, Christopher K., Simon, Stefanie, Blanchar, John C., Joy Gaba, Jennifer A., Conway, John, Redford, Liz, Klein, Rick A., Roussos, Gina, Schellhaas, Fabian M. H., Burns, Mason, Hu, Xiaoqing, Mclean, Meghan C., Axt, Jordan R., Asgari, Shaki, Schmidt, Kathleen, Rubinstein, Rachel, Marini, Maddalena, Rubichi, Sandro, Shin, Jiyun Elizabeth L., Nosek, Brian A., Department of Economics, Tilburg School of Economics and Management, and Dipartimento di Psicologia
Subjects: Male, Psychology (all), malleability, Adolescent, genetic structures, Implicit social cognition, Psychological intervention, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, racial prejudice, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Developmental Neuroscience, Malleability, Social cognition, Clinical Research, Intervention (counseling), Humans, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, General Psychology, Prejudice (legal term), Stereotyping, Motivation, attitudes, Continental Population Groups, Racial prejudice, Racial Groups, 05 social sciences, Implicit Association Test, Implicit-association test, Flexibility (personality), Experimental Psychology, Attitudes, implicit social cognition, Attitude, Attitude change, Female, Cognitive Sciences, Implicit attitude, Social psychology, Prejudice
Abstract: Implicit prejudice is malleable, but does that change last? We tested nine interventions (eight real and one sham) that have been demonstrated to reduce implicit racial prejudice temporarily to determine whether their effects also persisted over time. In two studies with a total of 6,321 participants, all nine interventions immediately reduced implicit prejudice, but none were effective after a delay of several hours to several days. We also found that these interventions did not change explicit racial prejudice and were not reliably moderated by motivations to respond without prejudice. Short-term malleability in implicit prejudice does not necessarily lead to longterm change, raising new questions about the flexibility and stability of implicit attitudes.
Published: 2016

278. A contest study to reduce attractiveness-based discrimination in social judgment.

Author: Roy E, Jaeger B, Evans AM, Turetsky KM, O'Shea BA, Petersen MB, Singh B, Correll J, Zheng DY, Brown KW, Kirgios EL, Chang LW, Chang EH, Steele JR, Sebastien J, Sedgewick JR, Hackney A, Cook R, Yang X, Korkmaz A, Sim JJ, Khan N, Primbs MA, Bijlstra G, Faure R, Karremans JC, Santos LA, Voelkel JG, Marini M, Chen JM, Brown T, Yoon H, Morewedge CK, Scopelliti I, Hester N, Shen X, Ma M, Medvedev D, Ritchie EG, Lu C, Chang YP, Kumar A, Banerji R, Gretton JD, Schnabel L, Teachman BA, Kristal AS, Chua KW, Freeman JB, Fath S, Grigoryan L, Weißflog MI, Daryani Y, Pourhosein R, Johnson SK, Chan ET, Stevens SM, Anderson S, Beaty RE, Rubichi S, Cocco VM, Vezzali L, Lai CK, and Axt JR
Abstract: Discrimination in the evaluation of others is a key cause of social inequality around the world. However, relatively little is known about psychological interventions that can be used to prevent biased evaluations. The limited evidence that exists on these strategies is spread across many methods and populations, making it difficult to generate reliable best practices that can be effective across contexts. In the present work, we held a research contest to solicit interventions with the goal of reducing discrimination based on physical attractiveness using a hypothetical admissions task. Thirty interventions were tested across four rounds of data collection (total N > 20,000). Using a signal detection theory approach to evaluate interventions, we identified two interventions that reduced discrimination by lessening both decision noise and decision bias, while two other interventions reduced overall discrimination by only lessening noise or bias. The most effective interventions largely provided concrete strategies that directed participants' attention toward decision-relevant criteria and away from socially biasing information, though the fact that very similar interventions produced differing effects on discrimination suggests certain key characteristics that are needed for manipulations to reliably impact judgment. The effects of these four interventions on decision bias, noise, or both also replicated in a different discrimination domain, political affiliation, and generalized to populations with self-reported hiring experience. Results of the contest for decreasing attractiveness-based favoritism suggest that identifying effective routes for changing discriminatory behavior is a challenge and that greater investment is needed to develop impactful, flexible, and scalable strategies for reducing discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2024
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279. Moderators of test-retest reliability in implicit and explicit attitudes.

Author: Axt J and Roy E
Abstract: A great deal of research in dual-process models has been devoted to highlighting differences in the structure and function of the implicit and explicit attitude constructs. However, the two forms of attitudes can also demonstrate important shared properties, and prior work suggests that one similarity may be in factors that determine measurement reliability. To better explore this issue, Study 1 analyzed the test-retest reliability in measures of both implicit and explicit attitudes within a single study session across 75 topics ( N > 35,000). Explicit attitudes had greater test-retest reliability than implicit attitudes, but each showed considerable heterogeneity across topics even when measured within a single study session. Analyses also included several candidate moderator variables, such as attitude certainty or familiarity. While results were not identical, the moderators associated with greater test-retest reliability for implicit and explicit attitudes exhibited more similarities than differences. Specifically, attitudes experienced as more distinctive, more relevant to one's self-concept, more certain, and more accessible had higher test-retest reliability for both forms of evaluation. Variation in short-term reliability for implicit and explicit attitudes was replicated in Study 2, and Study 3 revealed that topics low in short-term reliability were also lower in a longitudinal sample that completed attitude measures separated by several weeks. These results advance our understanding of each attitude construct and are consistent with a more dynamic relationship between an attitude and its measure, as even attitudes measured with high levels of conscious control could show remarkable short-term instability when assessed only minutes apart. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2024
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280. Retraction Note: High replicability of newly discovered social-behavioural findings is achievable.

Author: Protzko J, Krosnick J, Nelson L, Nosek BA, Axt J, Berent M, Buttrick N, DeBell M, Ebersole CR, Lundmark S, MacInnis B, O'Donnell M, Perfecto H, Pustejovsky JE, Roeder SS, Walleczek J, and Schooler JW
Published: 2024
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281. A Comparative Investigation of the Predictive Validity of Four Indirect Measures of Bias and Prejudice.

Author: Axt J, Buttrick N, and Feng RY
Subjects: Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Male, Female, Adult, Stereotyping, Prejudice
Abstract: Although measures of implicit associations are influential in the prejudice literature, comparative tests of the predictive power of these measures are lacking. A large-scale ( N > 100,000) analysis of four commonly used measures-the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Single-Category IAT (SC-IAT), evaluative priming task (EPT), and sorting paired features task (SPF)-across 10 intergroup domains and 250 outcomes found clear evidence for the superiority of the SC-IAT in predictive and incremental predictive validity. Follow-up analyses suggested that the SC-IAT benefited from an exclusive focus on associations toward stigmatized group members, as associations toward non-stigmatized group members diluted the predictive strength of relative measures like the IAT, SPF, and EPT. These results highlight how conclusions about predictive validity can vary drastically depending on the measure selected and reveal novel insights about the value of different measures when focusing on predictive than convergent validity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was partly supported by Project Implicit. J. R. Axt is Head of Data and Methodology for Project Implicit, Inc., a nonprofit organization with the mission to “develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender, or other factors.” There are no other potential conflicts of interest with respect to authorship or the publication of this article.
Published: 2024
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282. What Underlies the Opposition to Trans-Inclusive Policies? The Role of Concerns About Male Violence Versus Attitudes Toward Trans People.

Author: Morgenroth T, Axt JR, and Westgate EC
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Attitude, Violence, Dissent and Disputes, Policy, Transgender Persons psychology
Abstract: Transgender women's access to women-only spaces is controversial. Arguments against trans-inclusive policies often focus on cisgender women's safety from male violence, despite little evidence to suggest that such policies put cisgender women at risk. Across seven studies using U.S. and U.K. participants ( N = 3,864), we investigate whether concerns about male violence versus attitudes toward trans people are a better predictor of support for trans-inclusive policies and whether these factors align with the reasons given by opponents and supporters regarding their policy views. We find that opponents of these policies do not accurately report their reasons for opposition: Specifically, while opponents claim that concerns about male violence are the primary reason driving their opposition, attitudes toward transgender people more strongly predicted policy views. These results highlight the limitations of focusing on overt discourse and emphasize the importance of investigating psychological mechanisms underlying policy support., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Published: 2024
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283. High replicability of newly discovered social-behavioural findings is achievable.

Author: Protzko J, Krosnick J, Nelson L, Nosek BA, Axt J, Berent M, Buttrick N, DeBell M, Ebersole CR, Lundmark S, MacInnis B, O'Donnell M, Perfecto H, Pustejovsky JE, Roeder SS, Walleczek J, and Schooler JW
Subjects: Humans, Prospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Sample Size, Research Design, Social Behavior
Abstract: Failures to replicate evidence of new discoveries have forced scientists to ask whether this unreliability is due to suboptimal implementation of methods or whether presumptively optimal methods are not, in fact, optimal. This paper reports an investigation by four coordinated laboratories of the prospective replicability of 16 novel experimental findings using rigour-enhancing practices: confirmatory tests, large sample sizes, preregistration and methodological transparency. In contrast to past systematic replication efforts that reported replication rates averaging 50%, replication attempts here produced the expected effects with significance testing (P < 0.05) in 86% of attempts, slightly exceeding the maximum expected replicability based on observed effect sizes and sample sizes. When one lab attempted to replicate an effect discovered by another lab, the effect size in the replications was 97% that in the original study. This high replication rate justifies confidence in rigour-enhancing methods to increase the replicability of new discoveries., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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284. Local Legislation is Associated With Regional Transgender Attitudes.

Author: Roy E, Hehman E, and Axt J
Abstract: Using a newly developed measure of implicit transgender attitudes, we investigate the association between state-level antitransgender policies and individual-level attitudes about transgender people among residents. In a large sample of U.S. participants ( N = 211,133), we find that individuals living in states with more discriminatory policies against transgender people (e.g., not allowing changes to one's gender identity on official identity papers) exhibited more negative implicit and explicit transgender attitudes. This pattern held after controlling for participant race and gender, as well as when looking only at cisgender participants. These findings extend prior work concerning how intergroup biases relate to regional characteristics such as legislation and do so in a novel and consequential context. This research also informs ongoing work concerning the role of policy-making and social norms on the development and expression of intergroup prejudice., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was partly supported by Project Implicit. J.A. is Chair of the Project Implicit Scientific Advisory Board. Project Implicit is a nonprofit organization with the mission to “develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender, or other factors.” There are no other potential conflicts of interest with respect to authorship or the publication of this article.
Published: 2023
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285. A field study of the impacts of workplace diversity on the recruitment of minority group members.

Author: Nichols AD, Axt J, Gosnell E, and Ariely D
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Ethnicity, Research Design, Minority Groups, Workforce Diversity
Abstract: Increasing workplace diversity is a common goal. Given research showing that minority applicants anticipate better treatment in diverse workplaces, we ran a field experiment (N = 1,585 applicants, N = 31,928 website visitors) exploring how subtle organizational diversity cues affected applicant behaviour. Potential applicants viewed a company with varying levels of racial/ethnic or gender diversity. There was little evidence that racial/ethnic or gender diversity impacted the demographic composition or quality of the applicant pool. However, fewer applications were submitted to organizations with one form of diversity (that is, racial/ethnic or gender diversity), and more applications were submitted to organizations with only white men employees or employees diverse in race/ethnicity and gender. Finally, exploratory analyses found that female applicants were rated as more qualified than male applicants. Presenting a more diverse workforce does not guarantee more minority applicants, and organizations seeking to recruit minority applicants may need stronger displays of commitments to diversity., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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286. Evaluating validity properties of 25 race-related scales.

Author: Hester N, Axt JR, Siemers N, and Hehman E
Subjects: Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prejudice, Motivation
Abstract: Racial attitudes, beliefs, and motivations lie at the center of many influential theories of prejudice and discrimination. The extent to which such theories can meaningfully explain behavior hinges on accurate measurement of these latent constructs. We evaluated the validity properties of 25 race-related scales in a sample of 910,066 respondents using various tools, including dynamic fit indices, item response theory, and nomological nets. Despite showing adequate internal reliability, many scales demonstrated poor model fit and had latent score distributions showing clear floor or ceiling effects, results that illustrate deficiencies in these measures' ability to capture their intended latent construct. Nomological nets further suggested that the theoretical space of "racial prejudice" is crowded with scales that may not capture meaningfully distinct latent constructs. We provide concrete recommendations for both scale selection and scale renovation and outline implications for overlooking measurement issues in the study of prejudice and discrimination., (© 2022. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)
Published: 2023
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287. The good and the bad: Are some attribute words better than others in the Implicit Association Test?

Author: Axt JR, Feng TY, and Bar-Anan Y
Subjects: Humans, Attitude, Language, Psychological Tests
Abstract: The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is one of the most popular measures in psychological research. A lack of standardization across IATs has resulted in significant variability among stimuli used by researchers, including the positive and negative words used in evaluative IATs. Does the variability in attribute words in evaluative IATs produce unwanted variability in measurement quality across studies? The present work investigated the effect of evaluative stimuli across three studies using 13 IATs and over 60,000 participants. The 64 positive and negative words that we tested provided similar measurement quality. Further, measurement was satisfactory even in IATs that used only category labels as stimuli. These results suggest that common sense is probably a sufficient method for selection of evaluative stimuli in the IAT. For reasonable measurement quality, we recommend that researchers using evaluative IATs in English select words randomly from the set we tested in the present research., (© 2021. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)
Published: 2021
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288. Happiness, Meaning, and Psychological Richness.

Author: Oishi S, Choi H, Koo M, Galinha I, Ishii K, Komiya A, Luhmann M, Scollon C, Shin JE, Lee H, Suh EM, Vittersø J, Heintzelman SJ, Kushlev K, Westgate EC, Buttrick N, Tucker J, Ebersole CR, Axt J, Gilbert E, Ng BW, Kurtz J, and Besser LL
Abstract: What kind of life do people want? In psychology, a good life has typically been conceptualized in terms of either hedonic or eudaimonic well-being. We propose that psychological richness is another neglected aspect of what people consider a good life. In study 1 (9-nation cross-cultural study), we asked participants whether they ideally wanted a happy, a meaningful, or a psychologically rich life. Roughly 7 to 17% of participants chose the psychologically rich life. In study 2, we asked 1611 Americans and 680 Koreans what they regret most in their lives; then, if they could undo or reverse the regretful event, whether their lives would have been happier, more meaningful, or psychologically richer as a result. Roughly 28% of Americans and 35% of Koreans reported their lives would have been psychologically richer. Together, this work provides a foundation for the study of psychological richness as another dimension of a good life., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© The Society for Affective Science 2020.)
Published: 2020
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289. Reducing implicit racial preferences: II. Intervention effectiveness across time.

Author: Lai CK, Skinner AL, Cooley E, Murrar S, Brauer M, Devos T, Calanchini J, Xiao YJ, Pedram C, Marshburn CK, Simon S, Blanchar JC, Joy-Gaba JA, Conway J, Redford L, Klein RA, Roussos G, Schellhaas FM, Burns M, Hu X, McLean MC, Axt JR, Asgari S, Schmidt K, Rubinstein R, Marini M, Rubichi S, Shin JE, and Nosek BA
Subjects: Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, Stereotyping, Young Adult, Motivation, Prejudice, Racial Groups
Abstract: Implicit preferences are malleable, but does that change last? We tested 9 interventions (8 real and 1 sham) to reduce implicit racial preferences over time. In 2 studies with a total of 6,321 participants, all 9 interventions immediately reduced implicit preferences. However, none were effective after a delay of several hours to several days. We also found that these interventions did not change explicit racial preferences and were not reliably moderated by motivations to respond without prejudice. Short-term malleability in implicit preferences does not necessarily lead to long-term change, raising new questions about the flexibility and stability of implicit preferences. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).)
Published: 2016
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