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Hedruris anguila sp. nov. Type-host: Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch Site of infection: Stomach and intestine. Type-locality: River Paraná-Guazú (tributary of the River Paraná; Lower Paraná), Entre Ríos Province, Argentina (33°54′S; 58°52′W). Prevalence: 18.8% (6 of 32 fishes examined). Mean intensity: 28.7 (2–124 nematodes per fish). Mean abundance: 6.6 nematodes per examined fish. Type-material: Holotype: male (MACN-Pa 746); allotype: female (MACN-Pa 747); paratypes: 8 males, 10 females (MACN-Pa 748). Etymology: The specific name refers to common name of the fish host. Description (Figs. 1–3) General. Medium-sized nematodes. Cuticle thick with fine transverse striations. Anterior end rounded, with two large pseudolabia, each bearing a pair of digitiform papillae, a pair of sessile papillae and an amphid (Figs. 1B, C; 3A, B). Base of each pseudolabium supported by posteriorly directed cuticular ridge (Fig. 3A). Dorsal and ventral interlabium between pseudolabia, each with two bifurcated lateral cuticular projections extending posteriorly, with cuticular ridge posteriorly directed between bifurcations (Figs. 3A, B). Buccal cavity thin walled. Oesophagus not clearly divided into muscular and glandular portions (Fig. 1A). Deirids simple, situated just posterior to nerve ring and above the level of excretory pore (Fig. 1A). Females with a sclerotized hook for attachment to host and male generally found encircling female (Figs. 2A, B; 3E). Males (based on nine specimens). Body length 7.1–11.1 (8.7) mm, maximum body width 202–317 (274.4). Pseudolabia 81–110 (96) long. Oesophagus 1.2–1.6 (1.4) mm long. Nerve ring 260–324 (291), deirids 217–295 (250) and excretory pore 363–485 (427) from anterior extremity. Posterior end of body spirally coiled. Caudal alae present, narrow, supported by caudal papillae (Figs. 3F, G). Precloacal papillae absent, eight pairs of postcloacal subventral papillae; in one male, arrangement of subventral papillae asymmetrical, 7 papillae on one side and 8 on opposite site (Figs. 1E; 3F, G). A single pair of phasmids present. Area rugosa with six ventral longitudinal ridges with scale-like knobs, extending 1.6–1.7 (1.7) mm from cloaca (Fig. 1D). Spicules 127–177 (160) long, slender fused on its mid-length, curved in distal tip with lateral membranous expansions (Fig. 1F). Gubernaculum absent. Tail 228–344 (293) long, with caudal spike (Figs. 3F, G). Females (based on 11 gravid specimens). Body length 10.6 –14.8 (12.7) mm, maximum body width 432–634 (525.1). Pseudolabia 83–130 (106) long. Oesophagus 1.5–2.2 (1.9) mm long. Nerve ring 295–383 (329), deirids 221–363 (295) and excretory pore 432–579 (509) from anterior extremity (Fig. 1A). Vulva 530–786 (701) from posterior end, 216–383 (322) from anus (Figs. 2A, B). Uterus prodelphic, filled with eggs. Tail curved dorsally, 314–452 (377) long (Figs. 2A; 3D, E). Caudal eversible prehensile structure armed with sclerotized hook 98–147 (113) long and two lateral projections 30–69 (46) long (Figs. 2A, 3D). Accessory elongate sclerotized structure formed by two arms, 187–314 (230) long; both arms extending lateroventrally from hook base to anterior part of body, not reaching the anus. Cuticular spines in posterior part of body, distributed in two areas: perianal and dorsal on tail tip. Dorsal area densely covered by large, sharply pointed spines, distributed in transverse lines and decreasing in size anteriorly (Fig. 3D). Perianal spiny area with irregular rows of small spines extending anteriorly to vulval area. Non-mammillated larvated eggs, 37–44 (40) long, 12 wide, operculated at each end (Fig. 2C). Remarks. To date, Hedruris comprises 25 valid species described from amphibians, reptiles and fishes distributed worldwide (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Brugni & Viozzi 2010; Rossin & Timi 2016; Palumbo et al. 2020). The specimens examined in the present study were assigned to Hedruris based on the presence of a retractable sclerotized hook on the female tail (Baker 1986; Anderson et al. 2009). Species of Hedruris are distinguished on the basis of the morphology of cephalic structures, the number and arrangement of caudal papillae in males, the shape of eggs in females, the size of spicules, and the female caudal hook (Baker 1986; Bursey & Goldberg 2000; 2007). The new species herein described can be differentiated from all other congeners by the morphology and size of spicules, the number and arrangement of caudal papillae and the presence of a caudal spike on the male tail, and the shape and size of eggs. The Neotropical species of Hedruris are characterized by possessing only postcloacal papillae, except H. heyeri Bursey & Goldberg, 2007 and H. siredonis Baird, 1858 (also recorded in Nearctic Region) that exhibit a different arrangement of caudal papillae (Baker 1986; Bursey & Goldberg 2000, 2007) (see Table 1). Based on the presence of eight pairs of postcloacal papillae, Hedruris anguila sp. nov. resembles H. juninensis Bendezú, 1974 and H. mucronifer Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1952, but differs in having smaller eggs (37–44 vs. 43–53) and smaller spicules (127–177 vs 200–430). The new species shares the shape of eggs with H. bifida; H. basilichtensis; H. moniezi Ibañez & Córdova, 1976; H. orestiae and H. suttonae, but differs in having a distinctly smaller female hook (98–147 vs. 137–292 µm), smaller spicules (127–177 vs. 175–326) and a different number of caudal papillae (16 vs. 18) (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Brugni & Viozzi 2010; Rossin & Timi 2016; Palumbo et al. 2020) (see Table 1). Moreover, Hedruris anguila sp. nov. can be distinguished from H. dratini Palumbo, Servián, Sánchez & Diaz, 2020 by having non-mammilated eggs and also the number of pairs of postcloacal papillae (16 vs. 18) (Palumbo et al. 2020). Of the Hedruris species previously mentioned, H. bifida, H. suttonae, H. basilichtensis and H. orestiae were found infecting only fish hosts, of which the first two were found in characid and galaxiids from Argentina, respectively. The remaining species, except H. dratini, were found in frog hosts (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Palumbo et al. 2020). Hedruris dratini was recorded in freshwater turtles from Argentina, e.g. Hydromedusa tectifera and Phrynops hilarii (Palumbo et al. 2020). It should be noted that the non-mammilated eggs are also characteristics of H. longispicula Thomas, 1959, H. minuta Andrews 1974, H. spinigera Baylis, 1931, H. hanleyae Bursey & Goldberg, 2000, H. saltuarii Jones, 2013, H. wogwogensis Jones & Resasco, 2016 (Australian species); H. transvaalensis Baker, 1982, (Etiophian species); H. pendula (Leidy) Chandler, 1919 (species recorded in Nearctic and Palearctic Regions); H. miyakoensis Hasegawa, 1989 and H. neobythitis Yamaguti, 1941 (Oriental species). In addition, H. anguila sp. nov. shares the presence of only eight pairs of postcloacal papille with H. transvaalensis, but differs in the length of spicules (127–177 vs. 456) and female hook (98–147 vs. 170). Moreover, the new species also differs from H.longispicula, H. spinigera, H. hanleyae, H. pendula and H. saltuarii in showing smaller spicules (127–177 vs. 190–360). Hedruris minuta, H. miyakoensis and H. neobythitis present spicule length somewhat similar to H. anguila sp. nov., but have different number and arrangement of caudal papillae than the new species (all with more than ten pairs of caudal papillae) (Table 1). In respect to H. androphora Nitzsch, 1821 (Palearctic species) and H. ijimai Morishita, 1926 (Oriental species); both parasites of amphibians resemble the new species in the length of spicules and hook in the female tail, but differ by having mammillated eggs (Table 1) (Bursey & Goldberg 2000; Rossin & Timi 2016). In addition, Hedruris hipsirhinae Chatin, 1876, H. bryttosi Yamag uti, 1935 (Oriental species) and H. lutjanenses Ramadan, Awad & Taha, 2014 (Palearctic species), the last two species of which parasitize fish, can be distinguished from the new species in number and arrangement of caudal papillae (with ten or more pairs of caudal papillae) (see Table 1)., Published as part of Ailán-Choke, Lorena G., Arredondo, Nathalia J. & Davies, Dora, 2023, A new species of Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 (Nematoda: Hedruridae) parasitic in eel Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) from Argentina, Neotropical Region, pp. 122-134 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on pages 123-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7797908, {"references":["Bursey, C. R. & Goldberg, S. R. (2000) Hedruris hanleyae n. sp. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from Hemidactylus garnotii (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from the Cook Islands. Oceania. Journal of Parasitology, 86, 556 - 559. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / 0022 - 3395 (2000) 086 [0556: HHNSNH] 2.0. CO; 2","Brugni, N. L. & Viozzi, G. P. (2010) A new hedrurid species (Nematoda) from galaxiid fishes in Patagonia (Argentina), and infection of amphipods as intermediate host. Journal of Parasitology, 96, 109 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 2251.1","Rossin, M. A. & Timi, J. M. (2016) A new species of Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 (Nematoda: Hedruridae) parasitic in the freshwater fish Oligosarcus jenynsii (Gunther, 1864) (Characidae) from Argentina. Systematic Parasitology, 93, 899 - 904. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 016 - 9675 - 3","Palumbo, E., Servian, A., Sanchez, R. & Diaz, J. I. (2020) A new species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from freshwater turtles, its life cycle and biogeographic distribution of the genus. Journal of Helminthology, 94 (e 93), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 19000877","Baker, M. R. (1986) Revision of Hedruris Nitzsch (Nematoda: Habronematoidea) from aquatic vertebrates of North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1567 - 1572. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 234","Anderson, R., Chabaud, A. & Willmott, S. (2009) Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates: archival volume. CABI Publising. Wallingford, 463 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781845935726.0000","Bursey, C. R. & Goldberg, S. R. (2007) New species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae), Anuracanthorhynchus lutzi (Hamann, 1891) n. comb. and other helminths in Lithobates warszewitschii (Anura: Ranidae) from Costa Rica. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43, 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.18475 / cjos. v 43 i 1. a 2","Baird, W. (1858) Description of two new species of Entozoa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 26, 224 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1858. tb 06366. x","Bendezu, L. S. (1974) Nueva especie del genero Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 Nematode Parasito de Batrachophrynus brachydactylus Peters, 1873. Revista Ciencias Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 70, 45 - 51.","Schuurmans Stekhoven, Jr. J. H. (1952) Nematodos parasitarios de anfibios, pajaros y mamiferos de la Republica Argentina. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 10, 315 - 400.","Ibanez, H. N. & Cordova, B. E. (1976) Cuatro especies nuevas de nematodos del sur del Peru y redescripcion de Hedruris orestiae Moniez, 1889. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 74 (3 - 4), 231 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761976000300004","Thomas, P. M. (1959) Some nematode parasites from Australian hosts. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 82, 151 - 162.","Andrews, J. R. H. (1974) A new species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Spirurida) from the skink Leiolopsima smithi. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1, 329 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1974.9517837","Baylis, H. A. (1931) VIII. - A species of the Nematode genus Hedruris occurring in the trout in New Zealand. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 105 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933108673285","Jones, H. I. (2013) Gastrointestinal nematodes from three species of leaf-tailed geckos (Reptilia: Saltuarius spp.), with descriptions of new species of Skrjabinodon (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) and Hedruris (Habronematoidea: Hedruridae). Comparative Parasitology, 80, 47 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1654 / 4590.1","Jones, H. I. & Resasco, J. (2016) A new species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from the Australian Skink Lampropholis guichenoti (Reptilia: Scincidae). Comparative Parasitology, 83, 173 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1654 / 4806 i. 1","Baker, M. R. (1982) Systematics and zoogeography of three new nematode parasites of the frog Breviceps sylvestris Fitz Simons from South Africa. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 3134 - 3142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 82 - 398","Chandler, A. C. (1919) On a species of Hedruris occurring commonly in the western newt, Notophthalmus torosus. Journal of Parasitology, 5, 116 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3271163","Hasegawa, H. (1989) Neoentomelas asatoi gen. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) and Hedruris miyakoensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from skinks of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 56, 145 - 150.","Yamaguti, S. (1941) Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 33. Nematodes of fishes, II. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 9, 343 - 396.","Nitzsch, C. L. (1821) Ascaris. Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunste, 6, 44 - 49.","Morishita, K. (1926) Studies on some nematode parasites of frogs and toads in Japan, with notes on their distribution and frequency. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 4, 1 - 32.","Chatin, M. J. (1876) Etudes helminthologiques. Deuxieme serie. Comptes Rendus de l'Association Francaise pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Paris, 4, 801 - 805.","Ramadan, M. M., Awad, E. R. & Taha, R. G. (2014) Anatomical and Surface morphology of Hedruris lutjanenses sp. n. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from the common marine water fish Lutjanus synagris in Damietta, Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 44, 309 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.21608 / jesp. 2014.90381"]}

In present study, a large deposit of oolitic iron ore of Late Carboniferous-Permotriassic-Lower Jurassic age was discovered in Wadi Halfa and Argein areas, North Sudan. It seems that the iron ore mineralization exists in the west and east bank of the River Nile of the study area that are found on the Egyptian-Sudanese border. The Carboniferous-Lower Jurassic age strata were covered by 67 sections and each section has been examined and carefully described. The iron-ore in Wadi Halfa occurs as oolitic ironstone and contained two horizons: (A) horizon and (B) horizon. Only horizon (A) was observed in southern Argein area. The texture of the ore is variable depending on the volume of the component. In thin sections, the average of the ooids was ranged between 90%-80%. The matrix varies between 10%-20% by volume and detritus quartz in other component my reach up to 30% by volume in sandy massive ore. Ooids size ranges from 0.2mm-1.00 mm on average in very coarse ooids may attend up to 1 mm in size. The matrix around the ooids is dominated by iron hydroxide, carbonate, fine, and amorphous silica. The probable ore reserve estimate of 1.234 billion at a head grade of 41.29% Fe for the Wadi Halfa Oolitic Ironstone Formation. The iron ore shows higher content of phosphorus ranges from 6.15% to 0.16%, with mean 1.45%. The new technology Hatch–Ironstone Chloride Segregation (HICS) can be used to produce commercial-quality of iron and reduce phosphorus and silica to acceptable levels for steel industry. The presence of infrastructures in addition to the presence of massive quantities of iron ore would make exploitation economically., {"references":["A. J. Whiteman, The Geology of the Sudan Republic. Clarendon Press,\nOxford, Britain, 1971.","N. Barazi, \"Sedimentologie und Stratigraphie des Abyad-Becken (NWSudan),\".-\nBerliner Geowiss. Abh., (A), vol. 64, Berlin, 1985.","E. Klitzsch, \"Plate Tectonics and Cratonal Geology in North East Africa\n(Egypt and Sudan),\" Geologische Rundschau, vol.75, no.3, pp.755-768,\n1986.","E. Klitzsch, and P. Wycisk, \"Geology of the Sedimentary Basins of\nNorthern Sudan and Bordering Areas\", –Berlin Geowiss. Abh. (A), vol.\n75, no.1, Berlin, pp. 97-137, 1987.","E. Klitzsch, and C. H. Squyers, \"Paleozoic and Mesozoic Geological\nHistory of NE Africa Based Upon New Interpretation of Nubian Strata\",\nAAPG Bull., vol..74, pp. 1203-1211, 1990.","H. Schandelmeier, E. Klitzsch, F. Hendriks, and P. Wycisk, \"Structural\nDevelopment of NE Africa Since the Pre-Cambrian Time\", Berliner\nGeowiss. Abh, A75.1, Berlin, pp. 5-24, 1987.","H. Schandelmeier, and D. Pudlo, \"The Central African Fault Zone\n(CAFZ) in Sudan A possible Continental Transform fault\", - Berliner\nGeowiss, Abh. (A), vol. 120 no.1, Berlin, pp. 31-44, 1990.","M. Nafi, \" Sedimentology of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata of the\nNorthwestern Sudan\", Msc. Thesis, Univ. of Khartoum, 1997.","M. Nafi, and O. M. Abdullatif, \"Petrographic of Northwestern Sudan\",\nJ. of China university of Geosciences, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 137-14, 2003.\n[10] M. Nafi, and O. M Abdullatif, and X. Wenchen, \"The Palaeoclimate of\nthe Northwestern Sudan during the Lower, Middle, and Upper Cycles\",\nEuro-Asian J. of Applied Sciences, vol.1, no.2, pp. 4-13, 2005.\n[11] M. Nafi, and O. M. Abdullatif, \"Facies Analysis of the Paleozoic-\nMesozoic Strata of the North western Sudan\", Second International\nConf. on the Geology of the Tethys (ABSTRACT) Cairo University,\nEgypt, 19-22, March, 2007.\n[12] M. Nafi, M. Z. Awad, E. M. Abdel Rahman, A. EL Amein, M. El Dawi,\nN. Brügg, A. Babikir, A. El Faki, O. El Badri, A. El Hag, A. Abou, A. El\nDoma, and A. Abakar,\"Significance of Paleozoic Paleogeographic\nReconstruction in North Sudan\", The First International Symposium on\nThe Petroleum Systems and Geological Resources in the Tethys Realm\n(ABSTRACT) Cairo University, Egypt, 17-25, March, 2009.\n[13] M. Nafi, A. EL Amein, M. El Dawi, M.Z. Awad, M. Abdel Rahman, O.\nEl Badri, E. El Faki, K. Salih, I. Ibrahim, O. ElBahi, N. Brügge, E.\nKheirelseed, A. Babikir, O. Babikir, A. El Hag, A. Abou, A. El DomA,\nand A. Abakar, \"New Evidence of Upper Carboniferous-Early Permian\nGlaciation in Northern and Northwestern Sudan and it`s Relation to\nHydrocarbon Accumulation\", Fifth International Conf. on the Geology\nof the Tethys, (ABSTRACT) Gena, Egypt, January 2010.\n[14] M. Nafi, A. EL Amein, K. Salih, O. Elbahi, A. Haron, and O. Abdeen\nO., \"Geological Mapping of Sedimentary Units and Associated of Iron\nMineralization in Northern Sudan\", Ancient Civilization Company for\nInvestment (ACCI) Report, 2011.\n[15] M. Nafi, M. Z. Awad, E. M. Abdel Rahman, A. EL Amein, M. El Dawi,\nE.M.. El Faki E, K. Salih, O. El Badri, N. Brügge, A. Babikir, A. El\nHag, A. Abou, A. El Doma, and A. Abakar, \"New Evidence of Upper\nCarboniferous-Permotriassic Strata In Northern Sudan\", SAPG J., Firs t\nissue. pp, 29-43, 2011.\n[16] M. Nafi, E. M. Abdel Rahman, A. EL Amein, M. El Dawi, K. Salih, O.\nElBahi, N. Brügge, A. Abou, A. El Doma, and A. Abakar, \"Quality and\nQuantity of Oolitic Ironstone of Wadi Halfa and Argein Areas, Northern\nSudan\", Asmara Mining Conf., Oct. 2013.\n[17] M. Nafi, A. El Amein, K. Salih, M. El Dawi, and N. Brügge,.\n\"Significance of Newly Discovered Late Carboniferous and Permo-\nTriassic Strata, North and Northwestern Sudan\", CPC-2014 Field\nMeeting on Carboniferous and Permian Nonmarine –Marine\nCorrelation., Freiberg University, Geological Institute, Germany,\nAbstract Volume, pp 44-45, July 2014.\n[18] M. E. Janssen, R. A. 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Schwarz, \"Accumulation of Lateritic\nWeathering Products (Kaolins, bauxitic laterites, ironstone) in\nsedimentary basins in northern sudan\", Berliner geowiss, Abh. (A), vol.\n120, no.1, pp.109-148, 1990.\n[29] E. Klitzsch, and A. Lejal-Nicol, \"Flora and Fauna from Strata in\nSouthern Egypt and Northern Sudan\", –Berliner Geowiss. Abh. (A),\nBerlin, vol. 50, pp. 47-79, 1984.\n[30] G. Linck, and W. Becker, 1925 \"Uber Einen Eisenoolith (Minette) von\nWadi Halfa\", Chem. Erde, vol. 2, pp.134-136, 1925.\n[31] E. M Moslim,\"Beneficiation Studies on low grade iron ore, Wadi Halfa\narea, Northern Sudan\". Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering Sciences,\nOmdurman University, Sudan, 2010.\n[32] A. Mucke, 2000. \"Environmental Condition in the Late Cretaceous\nAfrican Tethys: Conclusion from a microscope-microchemical study of\nooidal iron stone of Egypt, Sudan and Nigeria\", J. of Africa Earth\nScience, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 25-45, 2000.\n[33] A. A. S. Seifelnassr, E. M. Moslim, A.M. 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H ow does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives—self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care—are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people’s fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes.

The efficacy of oral feeding diet (supplement) Aqua Fix was studied on the biochemical changes in liver and immune response with regard to biochemical profile against aeromoniasis in L.rohita. Three groups(A,B,C) of six months old fish were employed; groups A and B were treated with Aqua Fix for 4 days, on day 5 fish of group B and C were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila @ 10-6CFU/fish(fish of group C were fed with normal diet for 4 days).Controls (group D) were untreated and uninfected. Necropsies were made on day 1, 2,3,4,7 and 15 after infection in fish of group B and C; fish of group A and D were also necropsied on same designated days. Liver protein, carbohydrate, DNA and RNA were estimated following standard methods and results were subjected to statistical analysis and found that the immunostimulant modulated immunity to enhance the level of protein, carbohydrate, DNA and RNA in liver. Stress caused by aeromoniasis led to the decrease of all the above biomolecules in fish which received infection (group C) . Key words: Liver, Immunostimulant , Aeromonas hydrophila , Labeo rohita. References Anbazahan, S.M., Mari, LS.S., Yogeshwari, G., Jagrutho, C., Thirumurgan, R., Arockiaraj, J., Velanganni, A.A.J., Krishnamoorthy, P., Balasundara, C. and Harikrishnan, P. 2014. Immune response and disease resistance of carotenoids diet in Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 40: 9-13. Awad, E. and Austin, B. 2010. Use of lupin, Lupinus perpenis, mango, Mangifera indica and stinging nettle, Urtica dioica, as feed additives to prevent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaurnt, J. Fish. Dis. 33: 413-420. Baba, T., Watase, Y. and Yoshinaga, Y. 1993. Activation of mononuclear phagocytes function by levamisole immersion in carp. Nippon Suisan Gokkaishi, 59: 301-307. Baba, E., Acar, U., Ontas, C., Kesbic, O.S. and Yilmaz, S. 2016. The use of Avena sativa extract against Aeromonas hydrophila and its effect on growth performance, hematological and immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ita. J. Ani. Sci. 15(2): 325-333 Binaii, M, Ghiasi, M, Farabi, S.M.V., Ourgholam, R, Fazli, H, Safari, R, Alavi, S.E, Taghavi, M.J. and Bankehsaz, Z. 2014. Biochemical and hemato-immunological parameters in juvenile beluga (Huso huso) following the diet supplemented with nettle (Urtica dioica). Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 36: 46–51. Burton, K. 1956. A study of the conditions and mechanisms of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribose-nuclic acid. Biochem. J. 62: 315. Citarasu, T., Babu, M.M., Sekar, R.R.J. and Marian, M.P. 2002. Developing Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon, Fabricius. Asian Fisheries Sci. 15: 21–32. Gangwar, G., Rajesh Singh, Rao, A.P. and Tewari, S.C. 2007. Changes in biochemical composition of muscles of Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.) in influence of age. The Asian J. Ani. Sci. 2(1 and 2): 46-48. Gopalakannan, A. and Venkatasan, A. 2006. Immunomodulatory effect of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255: 179-187. Harikrishnan, R. and Balasundaram, C. 2005. Modern trends in Aeromonas hydrophila disease management with fish. Rev. Fish Sci. 13: 281-320. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C. and Bhuvaneswari, R. 2005. Restorative effect of Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract dip treatment on haematological parameter changes in Cyprinus carpio (L.) experimentally infected with Aphanomyces invadans fungus. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 21: 410–414. Hossuin, F.M., Rashid, M.M. and Sayed, M.A. 2011. Experimental infection of indigenous climbing perch. Anabas testudineus with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Progress. Agric. 22(1&2): 105-114. Immanuel, G., Uma, R.P., Iyapparaj, P., Citarasu , T., Punitra Peter, S.M., Babu, M.M. and Palavesam A. 2009. Dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. J Fish Biol. 74: 1462–1475. Jagruthi, C., Yogeshwari, G., Anbazahan, S.M., Mari, L.S.S., Arockiaraj, J., Mariappan, P., Sudhakar, G.R.L., Balasundaram, C. and Harikrishnan, R. 2015. Effect of dietary astaxanthin against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 41: 674-680. Kandeepan, C. 2014. Haematological and biochemical parameters on few freshwater South Indian teleosts. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 3(9): 1015-1022. Kanani, H.G., Nobahar, Z., Kakoolaki, S. and Jafarian, H. 2014. Effect of ginger- and garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance, some hematological parameters and immune responses in juvenile Huso huso. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 40: 481–490. Kumar, S., Raman, R.P., Kumar, K., Pandey, P.K., Kumar, N., Mallesh, B. et al. 2013. Effect of azadirachtin on haematological and biochemical parameters of Argulus infested goldfish Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 39: 733-747. Li, P., Lewis, D.H., Galtin, D.M. 2004. Dietary oligonucleotides from yeast RNA influence immune responses and resistance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops – Morone saxatilis) to Streptococcus iniae infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 16: 561-569. Lowry, O.H., Rose Brough, N.J., Fare, A.L. and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Che. 193: 265-275. MacLennan, A.H., Wilson, D.H. and Taylor, A.W. 2002. The escalating cost and prevalence of alternative medicine. Prev. Med. 35: 166–173. Manoj, C.K., Mohankumaran, Nair, C., Patel, M.B. and Salin, K.R. 2010. Haematobiochemical and histopathological changes in Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila by immersion challenge. Fishery Technol. 47(2): 151-160. Maruthanayagam, C. and Sharmila, G. 2004. Biochemical variations induced by monocrotophos in Cyprinus carpio during the exposure and recovery period. Nature Environ. Pollution, 3(1): 1-9. Nicholas, V., Robert, W. and Joseph, J.R. 1956. The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 220(2): 583-593. Nya, E.J. and Austin, B. 2009. Use of dietary ginger, Zinigiber officinale Roscoe, as an immunostimulant to control Aeronomas hydrophila infections in rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Fish. Dis. 32: 971-977. Pal, S., Ray, S.D. and Homechaudhuri, S. 2015. Evaluation of in vivo non-specific immunity and oxidative stress in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila as biomarker for early diagnosis. Int. J. Fish. Aqua. Stu. 3(1): 116-124. Patil, V.K. and David, M. 2007. Hepatotoxic potential of malathion in the freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Veterinarski Arhiv., 72(2): 179-188. Pratheepa, V., Ramesh, S. and Sukumaran, N. 2010. Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Pharmaceutical Biol. 48(11): 1224-1239. Quesada, S.P., Paschoal, J.A.R. and Reyes, F.G.R. 2013. Considerations on the aquaculture development and the use of veterinary drugs. Special issue for fluoroquinolones – a review. J. Food. Sci. 78: 1321-1333. Raman, R.P. 2007. Application of phytotherapy in finfish and shellfish health management: a study. In: Fisheries and aquaculture: strategic outlook for Asia, 8th Asian Fisheries Forum 43, Kochi, India: Asian Fisheries Society and AFSIB, p.20-23. Remia, K.M., Logan kumar, S. and Rajmohan, D. 2008. Effect of an insecticide (Monocrotophos) on some biochemical constituents of the fish Tilapia mossambica. Poll. Res. 27(3): 523-526. Sardar, M.R.F., Thompson, K.D., Penman, D.J. and Mc Andrew, B.J. 2001. Immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) clones. Non-specific responses. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25: 37-46. Smith, V.J., Brown, J.H. and Hauton, C. 2003. Immunostimulation in Crustaceans. Does it really protect against infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 15: 71-90 Sun, S., Zhu, J., Jiang, X., Li, B. and Ge, X. 2014. Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and expression analysis of manganese superoxide dismutase in blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 38: 340-347. Talpur, A.D. and Ikhwanuddin, M. 2013. Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immune response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 34: 254–264 Vijay Kumar, M., Butchiram, M.S. and Tilak, K.S. 2009. Effect of quinalphos, an organophosphorus pesticide on nucleic acids and proteins of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 19(1): 07-12. Wang, J.L., Meng, X., Lub, R., Wu, C., Luo, Y.T., Yan, X, Li, X.J., Kong, X.H., Nie, G.X. 2015. Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa on growth performance, immunological parameters and disease resistance to Aeromoans hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture, 435: 293-300. Yardimci, B. and Aydin, Y. 2011. Pathologicl findings of experimental Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 58: 47-54.

Egg quality is of economic consideration especially in thermally challenged confinements during table egg production and transportation. The effect of vitamin-C and folate on heat-stressed chickens’ egg quality and performance is aimed at overcoming the negative impact of exposure to increased environmental heat load at peak heat periods of the year using vitamin-C as ameliorative agent, and efficient utilization of consumed feed, using folate. This is in other to lay quality eggs and perform optimally. A total of 72 Isa Brown laying hens at 31 weeks of age were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups of 36 birds subdivided into 3 replicates and indicated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 while T1 served as the control treatment. The birds were housed in a deep litter pen and exposed to 3-hours additional heat generated with gas-powered burners, for four consecutive days of each week for a period of 12 weeks. The diets for T2, T3 and T4 were supplemented with 250 mg of vitamin-C, 250 mg of vitamin-C + 1 mg of folate and 300 mg of vitamin-C + 1 mg of folate per kg of feed respectively. The results showed that T4 had the highest egg weights (60.04 g), shell thickness (0.53 mm) and shell weights (7.80 g). The albumin weight (37.20 g), albumin height (6.80 mm) and yolk weight (14.70 g) were highest (P, {"references":["Al-Bahouh, M., Osborne, V., Wright, T., Dixon, M., & Gordon, R. (2020). Blue and Grey Water footprints of Dairy Farms in Kuwait. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 12(7). www.scirp.org","Bagheri, S., Janmohammadi, H., Maleki, R., Ostadrahimi, A., & Kianfar, R. (2018). Laying hen performance, egg quality improved and yolk 5-methyltetrahydofolate content increased by dietary supplementation of folic acid. J. Anim. Nutr. DOI:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.05.008 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov","Bai, Y., Wang, R., Yang, Y., Li, R., & Wu, X. (2021). Folic Acid Absorption Characteristics and Effect on Cecal Microbiota of Laying Hens. DOI:10.3389/fvets.2021.720851 National Library of Medicine. www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov","Campbell, J.R., Kenealy, M.D., & Campbell, L. (2003). Animal Sciences: The Biology, Care and Production of Domestic Animals. 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York.","Cayh, A., Akyuz, A., Ustuns, S., & Yeter, B. (2021). Efficiency of two different types of evaporative cooling systems in broiler houses in Eastern Mediterranean climate conditions. Thermal Science Engineering Progress. www.sciencedirect.com https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2021.100844","Choi, I.H. (2018). Evaluation of Bentonite as a feed additive to improve egg quality in 74 week old laying hens. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 6(11). DOI:10.17582/journal.aavs/2018/6.11.476.479 www.researchgate.net","David, R., Anne, C., Yahav, S., De-Basillio, V., Gourdine, J., & Collier, R.J. (2012). Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to aaleviate heat stress in livestock production. www.scholar.google.com","Ezzat, W., Habib, A., & Ouda, M.M. (2019). Influence of using dietary antioxidant on production and reproduction- performance of mandara strains under summer conditions. Journal of Productivity and Development. www.semanticscholar.org","Friday, O., Zakari, J.O., & Ayo, P.I. (2021). Daytime evaluation of oxidative stress and behavioural parameters of donkeys (Equus asinus) during the hot-dry and cold-dry (harmathan) season in a tropical savannah. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, (24)3. DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1894146 www.researchgate.net","hakeri, M., Oskoueian, E., & Le, H. (2020). Strategies to combat heat stress in broiler chickens: Unveiling the roles of selenium, vitamin E and vitamin C. Chemistry and Veterinary Sciences. www.semanticscholar.org","Haugh, A.N. 1937. Poultry Egg Quality Review In: FAO/WHO Symposium, Rome, 1995 Ed. Stuttgart, Georg. Thieme. 227p.","HENDRIX-GENETICS (2022). \"Superstar Layer\" https://www.layinghens-hendrix-gentics.com","Horvath, M. & Babinzky, L. (2019). Impact of selected antioxidant vitamins (vitamin A, E and C) and micro minerals (Zn, Se) on the antioxidant status and performance under high environmental temperature in poultry. A review. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section Animal Science. 68(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2019.1611913 www.researchgate.net","Joachim, J.A. & Angel, M.T. (2011). Impact of Heat-stress on egg quality in layer hens supplemented with L-ascorbic acid and dl-tocopherol acctate. Vet. Arch. 81(1), 119-132","Joubrane, G., Mnayer, D., Hamieh, T., Barbour, G., Talhouk, R., & Awad, E. (2019). Evaluation of quality parameters of white and brown eggs in Lebanon. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 10(10). 836-889. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.6.889","Kayombo, S.A., Poommarin, P., & Duangkaew, P. (2022). Efficacy of fermented cassava pulp with chicken manure on nutrients digestibility, haematological parameters, and growth performance of barrow pigs. International Research Journal of Science, Technology, Education and Management, 2(1), 209-216. https://irjstem.com/2799-0648pdf","Leeson, A. (2006). Determination of Egg Properties, Science-Direct, edn 65. Pp. 203","Nadia, L.R., Selim, N., Farouks, Y., Youssef, S.F., & Abdelatif, H.A. (2021). Effect of Supplemented some antioxidants to broiler diets on growth performance, immune responses and antioxidant status. Egypt Poult. Sci. 41(1), 93-111. http://www.epsj.journals.ekb.eg","National Research Council (1994). Nutritional Requirements of Poultry (9th rev.). National Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. 109: 134-136","NRCRI (2013). National Root Crops Research Insitute, Umudike Weather Station Report 2013.","Okocha, O.I. & Herbert, U. (2016). Effect of ascorbic and folic acids supplementation on oxidative hormones, enzymatic antioxidants and blood properties of laying hens exposed to increased heat load in a hot humid environment. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 43(1), 44-52 www.ajol.info","Roberts, J.R. & Bald, W. (1998). Effect of Heat Stress On Egg and Egg Shell Quality in five Strains of laying hen. Proc. Aust. Poult. Sci. Sym. 53(2), 295-296","Pertiwi, H., Mahendra, M.Y.N., & Kamaludeen, J. (2022). Astaxanthin as a potential antioxidant to improve health and production performance of broiler chicken. Veterinary Medicine International. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4919442 www.researchgate.net","Rosenberg, L.J., Blad, B.L, & Verma, S.B. (2007). Human and Animal biometeorology. In: Microclimate – the biological environment. Wiley, New York.","Saksrithai, K. & King, A.J. (2022). Effects of two-species probiotic combinations on production performance and peak lay, sulfur compounds in manure and selected serum profile. 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Optimum inclusion rate of barley in diets of meat chickens: an incremental and practical program. Animal Production Science. DOI:10.1071/AN21437. www.researchgate.net","Wasti, S., Sah, N., & Mishra, B. (2020). Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and potential mitigation strategies. Animals, 10(8). 1266 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani.10081266 www.mdpi.com","Yakubu, A., Ekpo, E.I. & Oluremi, O.I.A. (2018). Physiological adaptation of sassa laying hens to the hot-dry tropical conditions. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 83(2).187-197. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url"]}

Desde a década de 70 tem surgido uma grande preocupação em investigar, por meio dos indicadores sociais, os ní­veis de satisfação, bem-estar e qualidade de vida nas populações e, a partir daí­, identificar quais os determinantes destes estados.Entre os assuntos que têm suscitado o interesse de pesquisadores de várias áreas, em âmbito nacional e internacional, estão as questões referentes ao mundo do trabalho e suas repercussões na saúde dos indiví­duos, especialmente os aspectos referentes í saúde dos profissionais da área da saúde. Nos últimos anos, a avaliação da qualidade de vida se tornou cada vez mais reconhecida e utilizada nesta área. Inúmeros instrumentos foram desenvolvidos para mensuração da qualidade de vida e vários trabalhos foram realizados com os mais diversos grupos de trabalhadores [1,2].Para avaliar qualidade de vida é importante, antes de tudo, entender sua conceituação. Relatos apontam que o termo foi empregado pela primeira vez na literatura médica na década de 1930. Na década de 1970, Campbel (1976) apud Awad e Voruganti [3] afirmou que qualidade de vida é uma vaga e etérea entidade, algo sobre a qual muita gente fala, mas que ninguém sabe claramente o que é, tentando elucidar as dificuldades na conceituação desse termo.Alguns autores referem que a utilização do conceito de qualidade de vida apresenta dois aspectos: um cotidiano, empregado pela população em geral; e outro cientí­fico, usado pelos profissionais das diferentes áreas da saúde [4].O interesse por esse conceito na área da saúde é recente, originado das transformações nos paradigmas que influenciaram mudanças nas polí­ticas e nas práticas do setor saúde nos últimos anos. Ter qualidade de vida depende de fatores intrí­nsecos e extrí­nsecos. Assim, há uma conotação diferente de qualidade de vida para cada indiví­duo, que é decorrente de sua inserção na sociedade. Portanto, não é possí­vel padronizar qualidade de vida, pois ela tem conotação individual, dependendo dos objetivos, das metas traçadas e das pretensões individuais [4]. Ao se pronunciar, durante a abertura do 2º Congresso de Epidemiologia, Rufino Netto [5] considerou como qualidade de vida boa ou excelente aquela que ofereça um mí­nimo de condições para que os indiví­duos nela inseridos possam desenvolver o máximo de suas potencialidades, sejam estas: viver, sentir ou amar, trabalhar, produzindo bens e serviços, fazendo ciências ou artes. No mesmo discurso, o autor afirmou ainda que falta o esforço de fazer da noção um conceito e torná-lo operativo.Em 1994, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) reuniu diversos especialistas de vários paí­ses com o objetivo de conceituar qualidade de vida. Definida como a percepção do indiví­duo sobre sua posição na vida, no contexto da cultura e sistema de valores nos quais ele vive e em relação a seus objetivos, expectativas, padrões e preocupações, a qualidade de vida é cercada de multidimensionalidade e subjetividade que dificultam sua conceituação [6]. Não deve ser medida apenas pelo prolongamento da existência, pois nela influem diversos fatores como saúde, moradia, trabalho, lazer e satisfação, entre outros [7].Destaca-se, ainda, que qualidade de vida consiste numa noção humana relacionada ao grau de satisfação na vida familiar, amorosa, social e ambiental e í estética existencial. Pressupõe a capacidade de sintetizar os elementos que uma sociedade considera como padrões de conforto e bem-estar. O termo é muito abrangente e reflete conhecimentos, experiências e valores individuais e coletivos que variam de acordo com o momento histórico, o espaço e a situação que o(s) indiví­duo(s) vivencia(m), sendo uma construção social influenciada pela relatividade cultural. Assim, quanto mais aprimorada a democracia, mais ampla a noção de qualidade de vida, o grau de bem-estar da sociedade e de igual acesso a bens materiais e culturais [6]. Porém, sabe-se que a subjetividade que envolve o conceito de qualidade de vida está relacionada í percepção que cada indiví­duo tem sobre seu estado de saúde e sobre os aspectos não médicos do seu contexto de vida, e a multidimensionalidade se refere í concepção de que a qualidade de vida depende de vários aspectos/dimensões [8].Diante disso, a qualidade de vida se torna algo pessoal, podendo ser avaliada apenas pelo indiví­duo e não por cientistas ou profissionais de saúde. Qualidade de vida é, portanto, uma importante variável na prática clí­nica e na produção de conhecimentos na área da saúde. Nesse aspecto, a melhoria da qualidade de vida passou a ser um dos resultados esperados, tanto das práticas assistenciais quanto das polí­ticas públicas para o setor, nos campos da promoção da saúde e da prevenção de doenças [9].Nos últimos anos tem-se observado uma intensificação no debate sobre as mudanças necessárias na gestão e organização do trabalho em saúde. Tal discussão ganha espaço no bojo das transformações que afetam o mundo do trabalho, as organizações em geral e as organizações de saúde. As dificuldades do exercí­cio profissional, abordando algumas das caracterí­sticas inerentes ao cuidado em saúde que, isoladamente ou em seu conjunto, definem um ambiente profissional formado por intensos estí­mulos emocionais que acompanham o adoecer, como o contato frequente com a dor e o sofrimento, o lidar com a intimidade corporal e emocional, o atendimento de pacientes terminais, o lidar com pacientes difí­ceis/queixosos, rebeldes e não aderentes ao tratamento, hostis, reivindicadores, autodestrutivos e/ou cronicamente deprimidos e o lidar com as incertezas e limitações do conhecimento e do sistema assistencial que se contrapõem às demandas e expectativas dos pacientes e familiares que desejam certezas e garantias [1].São muitos determinantes que comprometem a saúde e a qualidade de vida de profissionais de saúde e nesse contexto, avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) destes profissionais permite subsidiar ações para melhorar a qualidade de vida pessoal e profissional destes e, consequentemente, garantir uma melhoria na qualidade do atendimento prestado aos pacientes.Vários estudos apontam o quanto que, no cotidiano de trabalho das instituições de saúde, o cuidador profissional, de modo geral, não valoriza o ser cuidado, muitas vezes negligenciando o cuidado í sua própria saúde [1,10].A fragmentação dos processos de trabalho prejudica as relações entre os diferentes profissionais da saúde e destes com os usuários. O trabalho em equipe, assim como o preparo e disposição pessoal dos profissionais para lidarem com a dimensão subjetiva presente nas práticas de atenção í saúde, tem deixado a desejar [10].O trabalho em saúde é complexo e exige reflexão, ou seja, que as decisões sejam tomadas de forma articulada pelas diversas áreas do conhecimento, mediados pela dimensão ética e polí­tica.Neste contexto, é relevante destacar que as relações de cuidado acontecem na nossa vivência diária, na famí­lia, no trabalho, no conví­vio social em geral. Por isso, é necessário entender que o cuidar é uma maneira de ser de cada um, incorporado a um comportamento coparticipante de progressão individual e/ou coletiva, aglutinados às dimensões éticas e morais.No contexto da atuação profissional em saúde, onde a própria tarefa, que é o cuidar, causa grande ansiedade, a preocupação com a qualidade de vida é importante e necessária, desde o processo de formação, favorecendo o autoconhecimento e o apoio para trabalhar, ainda como estudante, os medos e ansiedades inerentes ao processo de cuidar dos outros e de si.O cuidar, como essência do processo de trabalho em saúde oportuniza a vivência de práticas pelo contato direto com os seres humanos em processo de sofrimento, coloca os profissionais diante de seus próprios conflitos e frustrações. Assim, é importante atentar que a qualidade de vida exige de todos nós a consciência de cultivar o interesse pela nossa vida, pela vida das outras pessoas. Trata-se de um compromisso em aperfeiçoar a arte de viver, de educar e cuidar.

Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare liver malignancy that has no known cure. Novel therapies for FLC are urgently needed to improve patient outcomes. The key genetic event in FLC tumorigenesis is a highly conserved gene fusion between the first exon of DNAJB1 and the last nine exons of PRKACA. This fusion gene is present in all FLC tumors, and more than 90% of patients express fusion proteins with identical amino acid sequences. Genetic mutations like this gene fusion can serve as important therapeutic vulnerabilities, in part because they may be processed and presented on the surface of tumor cells as neoantigens that can activate an anti-tumor T cell response. The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion neoantigens could elicit T cell responses against FLC and serve as targets for novel immunotherapies. Spatial transcriptomic analyses of human FLC tumor samples indicated that CD8+ T cells could infiltrate these tumors, but often expressed markers of dysfunction and exhaustion, such as TOX. Nevertheless, we successfully expanded tumor-infiltrating T cells from FLC ex vivo and used intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) to identify a subset of FLC patient T cells that produced IFNγ and TNFα in response to stimulation with a fusion neoantigen. We used both peptide-MHC tetramer staining and functional response after stimulation to identify T cells in FLC patients and healthy donors that recognize fusion neoantigens. We then determined the paired T cell receptor (TCR) sequences using single-cell sequencing and expressed the TCRs in primary human T cells to test their potential utility in TCR-engineered immunotherapies. We validated the specificity and functionality of these TCRs using peptide-MHC tetramer staining, ICS, and in vitro cytotoxicity assays on the xCelligence and Berkeley Lights Lightning platforms. Primary T cells expressing fusion-specific TCRs bound to their cognate peptide-MHC tetramer, produced multiple cytokines in response to stimulation with their cognate fusion peptide, and specifically killed fusion-presenting target cells in vitro. Ongoing experiments will test whether T cells expressing these fusion-specific TCRs can control growth of fusion-presenting tumors in vivo. Collectively, these studies have defined the first reported fusion-specific T cell response in FLC, as well as fusion-specific TCRs that hold promise for use in adoptive T cell therapies. Our spatial transcriptomic analyses have also begun to illuminate the immune microenvironment in FLC and will inform future efforts to develop immunotherapies for this disease. Citation Format: Allison M. Kirk, Ching-Heng Chou, Jeremy Chase Crawford, Walid Awad, E. Kaitlynn Allen, Xiaoyu Zhang, Anthony E. Zamora, Scott E. Strome, Paul G. Thomas. Characterization of CD8 T cell responses to DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion neoantigens in fibrolamellar carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1383.

Most recent headways in remote correspondence innovation and miniaturized scale mechanical-framework (MEMS) have opened the way for the advancement in utilizations of Wireless sensor systems (WSNs). The WSN is made out of immense number of minor and reasonable gadgets known as sensor hubs (SNs). The SN speaks with one another by a few remote techniques and these correspondence methodologies are control, overseen and administrated by steering conventions. The execution of WSN chiefly relies upon the steering conventions, which are for the most part application based. Remembering this we have played out a wide examination on WSN steering conventions. In view of the system structure, the directing conventions in WSN can be commonly ordered into three classes: level steering, group based steering (or progressive) and area based steering. Because of guaranteed focal points and advantages of grouping technique, it is suitable as a functioning stem in steering information parcels. In this paper, we have been played out an expansive review on bunch based steering convention in WSN. We have laid out the benefits and faults of bunching technique in WSNs and furthermore propose an order of group based directing strategies. At long last, we have abridges and close the paper with some future headings., {"references":["I. F. Akyildiz, M. C. Vuran: Wireless Sensor Networks, In: John Wiley & Sons, 2010","Khushboo Gupta and Vaishali Sikka. Article: \"Design Issues and Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks\", International Journal of Computer Applications 112(4):26-32, February 2015","Gupta, K. and Yadav, K. P., \"Data Collection Method to Improve Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network\". International Conference of Advance Research and Innovation (ICARI - 2015)","Khushboo Gupta, Neetu Bansla and Rajneesh. \"An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANET\", International Journal of Computer Applications 181(15):21-26, September 2018","Gupta, K. and Yadav, K. P., \"Performance Analysis of Anthocnet Routing Protocol for Hybrid ad hoc network\" International Journal of Multidisciplinary Consortium 2(1)","L. Li and C. Liu, \"An Improved Algorithm of LEACH Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks,\" 2014 8th International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking, Haikou, 2014, pp. 45-48","O Younis, S Fahmy \"HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks\" - IEEE Transactions on mobile computing, 2004 - ieeexplore.ieee.org","Soro, S.; Heinzelman, W. Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks via Unequal Clustering. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless, Mobile, Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (WMAN), Denver, CO, USA, 4–8 April 2005; pp. 236– 243","Ye, M.; Li, C.; Chen, G.; Wu, J. EECS: An Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference (IPCCC), Phoenix, AZ, USA, 7–9 April 2005; pp. 535–540","Katiyar, V., Chand, N., & Soni, S. (2010). Clustering Algorithms for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network: A Survey. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Dindigul, 1(2)","F. Awad, E. Taqieddin and A. Seyam, \"Energy-Efficient and Coverage- Aware Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks,\" Wireless Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3 No. 3, 2012, pp. 142-151. doi: 10.4236/wet.2012.33021","Manjeshwar, E.; Agrawal, D. P. TEEN: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), San Francisco, CA, USA, 23–27 April 2001; pp. 2009–2015","Buttyan, L.; Schaffer, P. PANEL: Position-Based Aggregator Node Election in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems Conference (MASS), Pisa, Italy, 8–11 October 2007; pp. 1–9","Zu-jue C., Ye-long O., Shao-qing L. (2012) A GAF Algorithm of Dislocated Grid for Wireless Sensor Network. In: Zhang W. (eds) Advanced Technology in Teaching. Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, vol 163. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","Luo, H.; Ye, F.; Cheng, J.; Lu, S.; Zhang, L. TTDD: Two-tier data dissemination in large-scale wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Netw. 2005, doi:10.1007/s11276-004-4753-x"]}

One of the most important areas of knowledge management studies is knowledge sharing. Measured in terms of number of scientific articles and organization-s applications, knowledge sharing stands as an example of success in the field. This paper reviews the related papers in the context of the underlying individual behavioral variables to providea direction framework for future research and writing., {"references":["Davenport TH, G. Eccles, R., & Prusak, L. The Strategic Management\nof Intellectual Capital. Elsevier Inc., 1998.","Alavi, M., & E.Leidner, D. Review: Knowledge Management and\nKnowledge Management Systems. MIS QUARTERLY, 25, PP107-136,\n2001.","Argote, L, 1999. Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and\ntransferring knowledge. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1999.","Spender, J. C. Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the\nfirm. Strategic Management Journal, 17, PP45-62, 1996.","Delong, D. Building the knowledge-based organization: How culture\ndrives knowledge behaviors. Center for business innovation, 1997.","Probst, G., Raub, S., & Romhardt.K. Managing Knowledge: Building\nBlocks for Success. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.","Rutherford, A., & J A Tait. Knowledge Management implementation\ntrends. Kbos, 2004.","Kuo YF & Young LM. Predicting knowledge sharing practices through\nintention: A test of competing models. Computers in Human Behavior,\n24 (, PP.2697-2722, 2008.","Matzler, K., & Mueller, J. Antecedents of knowledge sharing -\nExamining the influence of learning and performance orientation.\nJournal of Economic Psychology, 32, PP.317-329, 2011.\n[10] Yang Chen, S., & Kiang Farnb, C. Social capital, behavioral control, and\ntacit knowledge sharingÔÇöA multi-informant design. International\nJournal of Information Management, 29, PP.210-218, 2009.\n[11] Chen Yang, S., & Kiang Farn, C. Social capital, behavioral control, and\ntacit knowledge sharingÔÇöA multi-informant design. International\nJournal of Information Management, 29, PP.210-218, 2009.\n[12] Cheng Huang, C. Knowledge sharing and group cohesiveness on\nperformance: An empirical study oftechnologyR&DteamsinTaiwan.\nTechnovation, 29, 786-797, 2009.\n[13] Wang, S., & A. Noe, R. Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for\nfuture research. Human Resource Management Review, 20, PP.115-\n131, 2010.\n[14] Hislop, D. Knowledge Management in Organizations: A Critical\nIntroduction. New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2005.\n[15] Hong, D., Suh, E., & Koo, C. Developing strategies for overcoming\nbarriers to knowledge sharing based on conversational knowledge\nmanagement: A case study of a financial company. Expert Systems with\nApplications, 38, PP.14417-14427, 2011.\n[16] Awad, E., & Ghaziri, H. Knowledge management. New Jersey: Pearson\nEducation Inc.\n[17] Riege, A. (2005). Three-dozen knowledge-sharing. Journal of\nKnowledge Management, 9, PP.18-35, 2004.\n[18] Robbins, S. P., & T. A. Judge. Organizational Behavior. New Jersey:\nPearson Education, Inc, 2009.\n[19] Hung W, S., James Lin, M.-J., & Jou Che, C. Fostering the determinants\nof knowledge sharing in professional virtual communities. Computers in\nHuman Behavior, 25, 929-939, 2009.\n[20] Jiacheng, W., Lu, L., & Francesco, C. A cognitive model of intraorganizational\nknowledge-sharing motivations in the view of crossculture.\nInternational Journal of Information Management, 30, PP.220-\n230, 2010.\n[21] Chen J W. & Cheng YH. Factors affecting the knowledge sharing\nattitude of hotel service personnel. International Journal of Hospitality\nManagement, 2011.\n[22] Lin, T., Wu, S., & Tai Lu, C. Exploring the affect factors of knowledge\nsharing behavior: The relations model theory perspective. Expert\nSystems with Applications, 39, PP751-764, 2012.\n[23] Tagliaventi, M. R., Bertolotti, F., & Macr─▒, D. A perspective on practice\nin interunit knowledge sharing. European Management Journal, 28,\nPP.331- 345, 2010.\n[24] Saleem, W. A., Adnan, G., & Ambreen, M. Person Organization Fit,\nOrganizational Commitment and Knowledge Sharing Attitude-\nanAnalytical Study. Information Management and Business Review, 3,\nPP. 110-116, 2011.\n[25] Tohidinia, Z., & Mosakhani, M.Knowledge sharing behavior and its\npredictors. Industrial Management + Data Systems, 110, PP.-611-631,\n2011.\n[26] Rehman, Z.-u., Muhammad Khyzer Bin, D., Zulfiqar, A., & Asim, K.\nCausative factors and predispositions sway learning process through\nknowledge sharing behavior among students: Apragmatic study of\nPunjab University. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research\nIn Business, PP.143-154, 2010.\n[27] Zawiyah Mohammad, Y., & Mohd Bakhari, I. The Impact of\nAwareness, Trust and Personality on Knowledge Sharing Practice.\nIEEE, Information Retrieval & Knowledge Management, 2010.\n[28] Matzler, K., Renzl, B., Mu┬¿ ller, J., Herting, S., & Mooradian, T.\nPersonality traits and knowledge sharing. Journal of Economic\nPsychology, PP.301-313, 2008.\n[29] Yang, J.-t. Individual attitudes and organizational knowledge sharing.\nTourism Management, 29, 345-353, 2008.\n[30] Zhang, Y., Fang, Y., Kee Wei, K., & Chen, H. Exploring the role of\npsychological safety in promoting the intention to continue sharing\nknowledge in virtual communities. International Journal of Information\nManagement, 30, 425-436, 2010.\n[31] Seba, I., Rowley, J., & Lambert, S. Factors affecting attitudes and\nintentions towards knowledge sharing in the Dubai Police Force.\nInternational Journal of Information Management, 2010.\n[32] Seliman.D. The Trouble with Burnouts. Fortune, 1992.\n[33] Aslani A, Aslani F, Application of Fuzzy AHP Approach to Selection of\nOrganizational Structure with Consideration to Contextual Dimensions,\nOrganizacija - Journal of Management, Informatics and Human\nResources, in press, 2012.\n[34] Aslani A, Helo P, Naaranoja M, Development of creativity in concurrent\nengineering teams, American Journal of Industrial and Business\nManagement, Vol. 2(3): 77-84, 2012. DOI: 10.4236/ajibm.2012.23010"]}