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Rice smallholders continue to seek opportunities to upgrade their value chains through rural entrepreneurship. This study investigates the development claims of a 'farmer-to-consumer' model, which facilitates direct participation through the system of rice intensification, in Central Java (Indonesia) and Selangor (Malaysia). Through farmer organizations, the model was revealed to provide opportunities for improving members' production processes, products, and functions. However, one type of rent-seeking behavior was replaced by another in both cases. Distrust among members prevented either farmer organizations from achieving scale upgrading, denying the aggregation function and, in a broader sense, economic roles for both farmer organizations. It is recommended that collective governance should account for socially oriented factors in addition to economic considerations so facilitating more effective value chain intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dramatic increases in rice productivity and cultivation intensity through the implementation of green revolution (GR) technology using high yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice and chemical fertilizers were not long lasting in Indonesia. The stagnancy of rice productivity in recent years without any scientific reasons presents a challenge for agronomists and soil scientists in Indonesia. This study describes the effects of long-term intensive rice cultivation on the change in available silica (Si) in sawah soil. The term sawah refers to a leveled and bounded rice field with an inlet and an outlet for irrigation and drainage. Soil samples collected by Kawaguchi and Kyuma in 1970 and new samples taken in 2003 from the same sites or sites close to the 1970 sites were analyzed and compared. From 1970 to 2003, the average content of available Si decreased from 1,512 ± 634 kg SiO2 ha−1 to 1,230 ± 556 kg SiO2 ha−1 and from 6,676 ± 3,569 kg SiO2 ha−1 to 5,894 ± 3,372 kg SiO2 ha−1 in the 0–20 cm and 0–100 cm soil layers, respectively. Cultivation intensity differences between seedfarms planted with rice three times a year and non-seedfarms rotating rice and upland crops appeared to affect the changing rates of available Si within the study period. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the average content of available Si decreased from 1,646 ± 581 kg SiO2 ha−1 to 1,283 ± 533 kg SiO2 ha−1 (−22%) and from 1,440 ± 645 kg SiO2 ha−1 to 1,202 ± 563 kg SiO2 ha−1 (−17%) in seedfarms and non-seedfarms, respectively. Differences in topographical position also influenced the decreasing rate of available Si in this study. Using similar management practices and cultivation intensity, upland sampling sites lost more Si compared with lowland sites. Planted rice under a rain fed system with no Si addition from rain water in an upland position may be a reason for the higher loss of Si, particularly in non-seedfarms. The Si supply from irrigation water might have contributed to the slowdown in the decreasing rate of available Si in Java sawah soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of green revolution (GR) technology during the period 1970–2003 on changes in a number of chemical properties of sawah soils was studied in Java, Indonesia. The term sawah refers to a leveled and bounded rice fields with an inlet and an outlet for irrigation and drainage. Soil samples taken by Kawaguchi and Kyuma in 1970 and new samples from the same sites or close to the original sites were analyzed and compared. For the 40 sites examined, mean soil pH and exchangeable sodium (Na) decreased from 6.90 ± 0.77 to 5.84 ± 0.90 and from 3.28 ± 2.76 to 1.67 ± 2.06 kmolc ha−1, respectively; while the exchangeable acidity and available phosphorus (P) significantly increased from 9.32 ± 3.09 to 13.23 ± 3.72 kmolc ha−1 and from 136.62 ± 154.72 to 255.75 ± 292.41 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively. There were no significant differences in exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) contents and in effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) during this period. Differences in land management practices may have affected the trends recorded in soil chemical properties in seedfarms where rice has been planted continuously using high doses of chemical fertilizers and in non-seedfarms where farmers use rotation patterns with low fertilizer application. The mean values of soil pH, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable Na and available P in the 0–20 cm soil layer in seedfarms changed by −1.25, 4.11 kmolc ha−1, −1.42 kmolc ha−1 and 194 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively; while in non-seedfarms these soil properties changed by −0.90, 3.26 kmolc ha−1, −1.77 kmolc ha−1 and 57 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively. The mean value of exchangeable K in seedfarms remained at the same level as that recorded in 1970 because of a sufficient supply of KCl as a potassium fertilizer during the study period. In contrast, in non-seedfarms where K fertilizer was applied infrequently, exchangeable K decreased by −0.30 kmolc ha−1. In comparison with results from Bangladesh over a similar period, Bangladesh lost more exchangeable base cations than Java. Available P content decreased by approximately 10% in Bangladesh, whereas in Java it increased almost twofold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious moderation is key to the creation of tolerance and aggression at various levels. In Indonesia, building a community among diverse societies is a priority for the Ministry of Religion. South Sulawesi, with a majority of its population Muslims, has a dynamic of harmonious religious life without serious interreligious conflict. This devotional activity aims to increase the involvement of cross-religious youth as agents of change in strengthening religious moderation and gatherings through social media. The implementation of the activities is carried out with the community-based research (CBR) approach, which covers the four stages of policy-making, planning, data collection and analysis, and action on findings. These stages include training, focus group discussions, and the establishment of a cross-religious youth institution active in social media. The activities resulted in two major achievements, namely the creation of the Interreligious Youth Foundation in Kelurahan Amparita, known as the Three One Village, and the publication of crowd content in the form of photos, videos, and messages disseminated through social media and the website https://sipakatabe.id/. This dedication program successfully consolidated the concept of brotherhood as a foundation for interreligious gatherings in the Sidrap district. Young pioneers of the crowd gain knowledge in the creation of crowd content and actively engage in the dissemination of tolerant messages. This program is expected to be a model for other regions in building a congregation of religious people. The recommendation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Sidrap District is to continue building the young generation through the Village Development Programme. (PDSKUB).

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of evaporative cooling and air conditioner (AC) on the growth and yield of aeroponic potato plants in the lowlands planted with the application of root zone cooling. Nutrients were used at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1-2 mS cm-1 and pH of nutritional solutions was 6. Two types of cooling measures were applied: evaporative cooling and air conditioning (AC) with a target temperature of 25°C. Two potato varieties (genotype 007 and granola) were used. The design used was a completely randomized with separate plot design. The main plot is the type of cooling (evaporative cooling and AC) and potato variety as the subplot. Growth data were analyzed by the F test followed by the DMRT test at the 5% level of significance. From the results of this research, we concluded that the evaporative cooling system could provide a decrease in air temperature in lowland greenhouses. However, the optimal humidity and temperature for the growth and development of aeroponic potato plants in the lowlands were not achieved when the air temperature in the greenhouse was high. The cooling by AC creates a more even temperature and humidity compared with the evaporative cooling. The humidity level inside a greenhouse that is not exposed to evaporative cooling (far from the plant area) reaches 42%. The difference in air humidity achieved with two different cooling type methods reached 2% at 13.00 hour and 6% at 16.00 hour. The application of cooling above the plant with AC resulted in a higher number of tubers and higher tuber weight compared with evaporative cooling. The average number of tubers produced from the application of AC was 19.3 crop bulbs, and the average tuber weight was 10.4 grams per tuber, while the application of evaporative cooling resulted in an average of 9.4 crop bulbs and an average tuber weight of 6.3 grams per tuber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effect of variations Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA) in weight and stirring duration on the quality of waste palm cooking oil (WPCO). PKSA is waste from the use of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) as fuel in palm oil factories. The method used in this study is a laboratory experiment with variations in the weight of PKSA and variations in stirring duration to improve WPCO quality. PKSA was characterized using XRF, FTIR, and XRD. The parameters of WPCO analyzed were color, water content, and free fatty acid (FFA). The standard used for comparison was the SNI for palm cooking oil 7709-2019. The results showed that the treatment category of S3, where PKSA was 20 g and stirring duration was 90 min, decreased the parameter value of WPCO according to SNI requirements. The improved quality of WPCO can be used for various purposes, including biodiesel, fertilizer and poultry feed.

Giving complementary feeding properly is not only to meet children's nutritional needs but also to stimulate children's eating skills. However, there are still many inappropriate complementary feeding practices, due to the lack of knowledge of mothers and the lack of available information. The cadres of Integrated Healthcare Centre (POSYANDU) as an extension of health workers are expected to be able to provide mothers with adequate information and skills regarding the proper practice of giving and processing complementary feeding. The purpose of this community service is to increase the knowledge of cadres regarding the practice of giving complementary feeding and the skills of cadres in processing the menu of complementary feeding. This community service involved 30 posyandu cadres in Rejosari Village. Activities carried out in the form of counseling accompanied by the practice of menu processing. Based on the results of the evaluation, the knowledge level of cadres has increased, which means that the cadres are considered to have understood and have been able to disseminate information related to proper complementary feeding practices and have been able to process the menu.

This article examines the problematic citizenship requirements of presidential and vice presidential candidates in Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative, with normative juridical research and constitutional comparisons with fifty countries in the world that adhere to presidential government systems. The results of the study show that each country regulates the citizenship requirements of Presidential and Vice-Presidential Candidates in its constitution. The regulation of the citizenship requirements for the candidates for President and Vice President in Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is ideal because it is not discriminatory and also does not have multiple interpretations. Based on a comparison with fifty countries, the regulation of citizenship requirements in Indonesia falls into the first category, namely citizen/nasionality by birth/born. The challenge for Indonesia in the future is how to implement these constitutional provisions without being politicized, especially when the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections will be held.

This paper analyzes the problems caused by the state of emergency in Indonesia. It focuses on explaining the meaning of a state of emergency, based on Article 12 of the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. It addresses how Indonesia determines the emergency status and how checks and balances regarding the emergency status were implemented. This paper highlights three points. First, the existing law on the state of emergency is no longer in line with Indonesia's constitutional concept, following the amendment; second, there are findings indicating that several emergency statuses were not appropriately declared; third, the lack of the Parliamentary and court role in conducting checks and balances on the President in the state of emergency. This paper offers a recommendation concerning the importance of strengthening checks and balances to ensure there will be no abuse of power in implementing a state of emergency in the future.

Limiting the term of office of the head of government is an important prerequisite for realizing a democratic state life. In Indonesia, these restrictions are imposed on the President and Vice President with a term of office of 5 years and after that, they can be re-elected only for 1 term of office. Using the normative juridical method, this study shows that this choice has become a source of debate in other parts of the world, and several presidential countries have chosen different models of restrictions. In Indonesia, it has been revealed that this choice is not based on a deep conceptual debate and empirically has threatened the continuity of a principled election. As a solution, this study offers the application of the concept of a single term of office for the President and Vice President in Indonesia. This research also enriches the study of state administration in the theme of structuring the presidential system.

Pemakaian minyak goreng berulang menyebabkan terjadinya oksidasi yang lebih tinggi pada minyak. Abu cangkang sawit dapat meningkatkan kualitas minyak jelantah karena bersifat adsorben. Tujuan penelitian ini menentukan efektivitas abu cangkang sawit dalam meningkatkan kualitas minyak jelantah dari pemakaian berulang minyak goreng curah dan kemasan ditinjau dari parameter kualitas minyak goreng sesuai Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI). Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan minyak curah dan kemasan dengan 4 kali pemakaian pada penggorengan ikan lele. Minyak jelantah hasil pengulangan kemudian diperlakukan dengan abu cangkang sawit pada kondisi optimum yang diperoleh pada penelitian sebelumnya yaitu perendaman 20 g abu cangkang sawit selama 2 minggu dalam 50 mL minyak jelantah. Hasil dalam penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa efektivitas abu cangkang sawit tertinggi yaitu pada pengulangan pemakaian minyak yang kedua kali (P2). Abu cangkang sawit lebih direkomendasikan untuk peningkatan kualitas minyak jelantah yang berasal dari minyak goreng kemasan (MK P2). Efektivitas abu cangkang sawit tertinggi pada MK P2 untuk parameter warna adalah sebesar 35,56%, kadar air 40,19%, asam lemak bebas 55,50%, angka peroksida 40,17%. Efektivitas abu cangkang sawit menurun dengan semakin banyaknya jumlah pemakaian minyak goreng.

In general, the Constitutional Court has the view that political parties that have seats in the DPR and/or members of the DPR already have legislative space and do not have the legal standing to review laws. However, there are a number of exceptions in many cases where political parties and members of the DPR are considered to have a special position even though they are also discussing the passed laws. This paper discusses the jurisprudential pattern of the Constitutional Court in granting special legal status to political parties and members of the DPR. Using the case approach method in collaboration with the comparison method this paper seeks to map the potential for testing with specific constitutional rights. The findings in this paper reinforce the concept that although the results of law formation in the legislature and legal review in the judiciary are equally binding for citizens, the process of law formation and legal review has a different character and these differences are beneficial within the framework of checks and balances.

Abstrak. Buah jeruk mudah mengalami penurunan mutu selama penyimpanan. Pengetahuan tentang perubahan mutu jeruk perlu diketahui karena menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi proses penanganan selanjutnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perubahan karakteristik fisik, mekanik, kimia dan optik buah jeruk selama penyimpanan pada suhu ruang serta mengetahui korelasi kualitas buah jeruk dengan fitur citranya menggunakan analisis regresi. Sebanyak 135 sampel jeruk disimpan pada suhu ruang (25-27 oC) selama 40 hari. Buah jeruk ditangkap citranya menggunakan webcam kemudian diukur karakteristik fisik (bobot dan diameter), mekanik (kekerasan dan koefisien gesek), dan kimia (total padatan terlarut). Fitur citra yang dianalisis adalah area citra biner, warna RGB, warna HSV, warna CIE-Lab, warna abu-abu dan fitur tekstur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa area citra biner memiliki korelasi yang kuat terhadap bobot dan diameter buah jeruk dengan koefisien determinasi (R2) masing-masing sebesar 0,8285 dan 0,8282. Kekerasan dan koefisien gesek statis buah jeruk mempunyai korelasi yang rendah terhadap fitur citra abu-abu. Total padatan terlarut jeruk yang disimpan pada suhu ruang mempunyai korelasi yang cukup kuat dengan rata-rata nilai Hue dengan R2= 0,7473 dan rata-rata nilai kroma a* dengan R2= 0,7029. Analisis warna dengan teknik pengolahan citra dapat diaplikasikan untuk menduga beberapa karakteristik mutu buah jeruk. Regression Analysis for Orange Quality Evaluation during Storage Based on Image Color Features Abstract. Orange fruits can easily deteriorate during storage. Information about quality changes of orange fruits is essential to figure out since it can be a key factor that will affect further fruit handlings. This research aimed to identify the changes of physical, mechanical, chemical and optical properties of orange during storage at room temperature as well as to discover the correlation between orange quality and image features by means of regression analysis. A sample size of 135 oranges was stored in a room temperature (25-27 oC) for 40 days. Each orange was captured its image using a webcam and was subsequently measured its physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics, i.e. weight, diameter, hardness, static friction coefficient, and total soluble solids (TSS). Several image features, i.e. binary area, RGB color, HSV color, CIE-Lab color, gray value, and texture features, were then measured. The results showed that there was a high correlation between fruit weight and diameter and binary area with R2 = 0.8285 and R2 = 0.8282, respectively. On the other hand, color values had low correlation with fruit hardness and static friction coefficient. Likewise the physical properties, the chemical properties of orange fruit had a relatively strong correlation with image color. Based on the experiments, the R2 values of the correlation between hue value of HSV color model and a* component of CIE-Lab color and orange TSS were 0.7473 and 0.7029, respectively. Color analysis with image processing technique can be applied to estimate several orange properties.

Dilaporkan kasus bayi kembar siam yaitu Dicephalus Parapagus Dibrachius di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat M Djamil, Padang, Indonesia. Perempuan 31 tahun dengan didiagnosis G4P3A0H3 gravid preterm 31-32 minggu + polihidramnion + Janin Kembar Siam (Dicephalus, Parapagus, Dibrachius). Pada USG tampak 2 kepala tanpa kelainan, dada menyatu dengan single heart ,tidak tampak sekat atrium, dengan perut menyatu, satu lambung, satu hepar tanpa tampak kelainan,dan sepasang ginjal. Dengan hasil MRI saat kehamilan didapatkan gambaran Twins Dichepal dengan single heart dan single lung sisi kanan, vetebre cervical dan thoracal yang terpisah dan hydronefose serta hidroureter kanan, dan polihidramnion Dilakukan amnioreduksi dilanjutkan dengan perawatan ekspektatif. Pada usia kehamilan 35-36 minggu dilakukan terminasi kehamilan perabdominam, karena pasien mengalami inpartu. Pada 25 September 2017 Lahir bayi perempuan, 3000 gr dengan 2 kepala, satu dada, satu panggul, sepasang tangan dan sepasang kaki. Bayi langsung diintubasi, dilakukan upaya resusitasi bayi. Bayi mengalami gagal nafas dan pada meninggal setelah 2 jam ekstra uterin. Diagnosis prenatal dan prediksi prognosis janin Kembar Siam dapat diketahui dengan USG antenatal. Prognosis kembar Siam berkaitan dengan jenis kembar siam, tingkat penyatuan dan kelainan organ.

Tanaman kecombrang (Nicolaia Speciosa) sudah lama digunakan masyarakat baik sebagai bumbu maupun obat-obatan. Kegiatan ini memanfaatkan tanaman kecombrang dengan mengekstraknya menjadi pengawet alami pada tahu. Tujuan dari kegiatan IBKIK ini adalah untuk menambah wawasan dan ketrampilan masyarakat dalam aplikasi pengawet alami dari kecombrang pada tahu. Manfaat penerapan teknologi ini dapat meningkatkan keamanan pada produk tahu. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah melakukan pembinaan dengan teknik penyuluhan dan pelatihan tentang aplikasi pengawet alami berbahan baku kecombrang pada perajin tahu. Hasil kegiatan penyuluhan dan pelatihan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan perajin setelah penyuluhan, pelatihan dan peningkatan ketrampilan dengan demplot. Peningkatan ketrampilan aplikasi pengawet alami dari kecombrang ditunjukkan dengan melihat keberhasilan aplikasinya pada tahu yang awet hingga 2 hari dan masih memiliki kualitas yang baik. Kesimpulan kegiatan ini adalah perajin tahu di sentra industri tahu Desa Kalisari Banyumas menerima sekaligus dapat mempraktekkan dengan hasil memuaskan teknik aplikasi kecombrang sebagai pengawet pada tahu

Vertical integration has been widely promoted for offering production, transaction, and market benefits in the poultry industry. These benefits must be translated into profitability – a proxy of competitive advantage. This study aimed to identify the financial effect underlying the degree of backward, forward, and horizontal integration, alongside the financial strength and management capability of broiler firms. We used random-effects general least squares to analyze a panel dataset of broiler firms that publicly listed in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Malaysia for the 2006-2018 period. Support is found for the hypothesis that forward integration enhanced profitability. In comparison, the operating margin had a greater influence on broiler firms’ financial performance. Notwithstanding value chain development, the relative findings suggest that efficiency remains a priority in a commodity-based broiler market. It is thus recommended that management capability be emphasized.

This article utilizes and discusses specific aspects of Means-End Chain (MEC) analysis for understanding of the motives of Indonesian consumers who are involved in purchasing local foods. The MEC theory is used as a measure of attributes, consequences, and values of locally produced products involving specific aspects of this theory namely laddering methods of administration, content analysis procedure, constructing and interpreting Hierarchy Value Map (HVM). The results of the study indicate that MEC approach is a powerful method to reveal consumer motivation of local foods when associated with the various cultural groupings identified by the study particular between Javanese and Non-Javanese consumers. This study offers a practical implication and source of knowledge for other future studies and policies in term of (a) a new approach for understanding the motives behind purchasing local foods for Indonesia consumers, and (b) developing new categories of attributes, consequences and values of local foods.

Identifying genetic variation underlying human diseases establishes targets for therapeutic development and helps tailor treatments to individual patients. Large-scale transcriptomic profiling has extended the study of such molecular heterogeneity between patients to somatic tissues. However, the lower resolution of bulk RNA profiling, especially in a complex, composite tissue such as the skin, has limited its success. Here we demonstrate approaches to interrogate patient-level molecular variance in a chronic skin inflammatory disease, psoriasis vulgaris, leveraging single-cell RNA-sequencing of CD45 + cells isolated from active lesions. Highly psoriasis-specific transcriptional abnormalities display greater than average inter-individual variance, nominating them as potential sources of clinical heterogeneity. We find that one of these chemokines, CXCL13 , demonstrates significant correlation with severity of lesions within our patient series. Our analyses also establish that genes elevated in psoriatic skin-resident memory T cells are enriched for programs orchestrating chromatin and CDC42-dependent cytoskeleton remodeling, specific components of which are distinctly correlated with and against Th17 identity on a single-cell level. Collectively, these analyses describe systematic means to dissect cell type- and patient-level differences in cutaneous psoriasis using high-resolution transcriptional profiles of human inflammatory disease., Competing Interests: JC and RC receive support (research grants to their institution) from LEO Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, and Pfizer. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Liu, Wang, Cook, Taylor, North, Hailer, Shou, Sadik, Kim, Purdom, Cheng and Cho.)

Understanding blood donation behaviours is pivotal to recruiting and retaining blood donors. Despite rich literature, this is the first study investigating the content and structure of motivations that underlie blood donation using a means-end chain approach. Based on soft laddering interviews with 227 respondents (31 first-time blood donors and 196 repeat blood donors) in the Klang Valley of Malaysia, we identified that their blood donation was primarily driven by the attribute 'help people', the consequences 'increase blood supply' (as perceived by first-time blood donors) and 'indirect downstream reciprocity' (as perceived by repeat blood donors) associated with the attribute and the belief that the consequences can lead to the fulfilment of the value 'humanitarianism'. Understanding of such hierarchical links between motivators is crucial in developing self-relevant communications. The resultant outcomes are likely to be more effective than the traditional approaches in behavioural change.