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This paper describes a new dissipative passive filter system to minimize torque pulsation and current harmonic noises in surface PMSM when derived with field oriented control algorithm. The passive filter system consists of complex dissipative filter cascaded by low pass filter. The complex filter has two setting frequency points, one at inverter switching frequency and the other at some average selected frequency point. The filter system is affecting the inverter switching frequency in such a way to decrease stress on the inverter switching elements and reducing the severe of d v /d t on the motor. The filter system uses series dissipative elements to assist in reshaping of the applied voltage waveform in order to provide almost semi-sinusoidal voltage to the motor windings. The simulation results show that the proposed filter system is effectively minimized torque pulsations and harmonic noises in surface PMSM.

This paper describes a new direct torque control algorithm for interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) to improve the performance of hysteresis direct torque control (HDTC). The algorithm uses the output of two hysteresis controllers used in the traditional HDTC to determine two adjacent active vectors. It also uses the magnitude of the torque error and stator flux linkage position to select the switching time required for the two selected vectors. The selection of the switching time utilizes the suggested table structure, which reduces the complexity of calculation. The simulation results of this proposed algorithm show adequate dynamic torque performance and considerable torque ripples reduction as well as lower harmonic current as compared to HDTC

This paper proposes a new passive filter topology to reduce torque ripples and harmonic noises in interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) derived by hysteresis direct control. The filter topology consists of compound dissipative filter cascaded by RLC low pass filter. The compound filter has two tuning frequency setting points, one at inverter switching frequency and the other at some average selected frequency. The filter topology is characterized by affecting inverter switching frequency in a way that decreases stress on switching elements including dv/dt. The filter topology uses series dissipative elements to reshape motor voltage waveform to provide semi-sinusoidal voltage to the motor windings. The simulation results show that the proposed topology effectively reduces torque ripples as well as total harmonic distortion (THD) and electro-magnetic interference (EMI) noise level.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son dönemi olarak adlandıralan 1828-1920 yılları arasında Üsküdar’da yaşayan Cebbârzâde Muhammed Ârif Bey, bu devirde hem tasavvufî birikime son derece hâkim olmuş hem de ilmî derinliği ve üretkenliğiyle çok sayıda eser kaleme almış bir mutasavvıftır. Bu tezin konusunu bu büyük mutasavvıfın Mifhâhu Hazâin-i Rahmâniyye Fî Memleket-i Vücûdi’lİnsâniyye adlı eserinin Osmanlı Türkçesinden günümüz Türkçesine aktırılması ve Cebbârzâde’nin diğer eserleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların incelenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Mifhâhu Hazâin-i Rahmâniyye Fî Memleket-i Vücûdi’l-İnsâniyye adlı eserle ilgili diğer çalışmalar detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş; bu eserin, içerdiği tasavvufî düşünceler bakımından konumu belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu tezde incelenen eser Yusuf Sünbül Sinan Efendi’nin şiirinin şerhi olması dolayısıyla hem Yusuf Sünbül Sinan Efendi’nin bu şiirine hem de hayatına değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda Ârif Bey’in kütüphanelerde ulaşılan diğer eserlerinin de tanıtımları yapılmıştır. Cebbarzade Mehmed Arif Bey who lived in Uskudar between 1828 and 1920 which considered as the last period of Ottoman Empire, is a sufist who had been both deepened in sufism and writer of a number of books. The present work involves the transcription of one of his works with the title of Mifhâhu Hazâin-i Rahmâniyye Fî Memleket-i Vücûdi’l-İnsâniyye and analysis of other works on Cebbarzade’s books. In this work, other works on Mifhâhu Hazâin-i Rahmâniyye Fî Memleket-i Vücûdi’lİnsâniyye were examined in detail and the place of this work has been determined regarding to its sufist thought. Since the analayzed work is an explanation of a poem of Yusuf Sünbül Sinan Efendi in this research paper, his life and his poem were both mentioned. In the end of this work, Arif Bey’s other books found in libraries have been introduced.

Densities of aqueous solutions of Ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and triethylene glycol (TEG) were measured at temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K and molalities ranging from 0.0488 to 0.5288 mol·kg−1. Volumes of all investigated solutions at a definite temperature were linearly dependent on the solute molality; from this dependence the partial molar volumes at infinite dilution were determined for all solutes. It was found that the partial molar volumes at infinite dilution V-2,0 were concentration independent and slightly increase with increasing temperature. The partial molar volumes at infinite dilution V-2,0 or the limiting apparent molar volumes of ethylene glycols were fitted to a linear equation with the number of oxyethylene groups (n) in the solute molecule. From this equation a constant contribution of the terminal (OH) and the (CH2CH2O) groups to the volumetric properties was obtained. The thermal expansion coefficient (α1,2) for all investigated solutions was calculated at temperatures from 293.15 to 318.15 K. The thermal expansion coefficients for all solutes increase with increasing temperature and molality. Values of (α1,2) were higher than the value of the thermal expansion coefficient of the pure water.

The present work was conducted to study the preparation process of fermented camel milk (locally named as gariss) according to camel herders. A questionnaire was designed to collect information including methods for using starter, daily type of starter used, use of spices as well as duration of the fermentation. In addition, supplementary variables which had a potential effect on the quality of gariss were taken in account. The results indicated four types of farms according to gariss preparation process: 1) use of gariss without any added spice (27.59%), 2) addition of spices at least once per month and use of previous day gariss (41.38%), 3) use of gariss and spices with less than 12 h for fermentation (13.79%) and 4) use of a spices for the preparation of the first gariss and fermentation time exceeding 12 h (17.24%). The study indicated three types of farmers according to the quantity of camel milk transformed to gariss: 1) transformation of almost all milk and a preference for bitter or acidic taste (48.28%), 2) expected consistency of the gariss which was a major criterion to judge the quality of gariss (17.24%) and 3) low quantity or variable amount of gariss prepared by a single operator (34.48%). The study concluded that gariss preparation differs according to method adopted by the camel herders and farms.

The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is a rare entity characterized by congenital aplasia of the vagina and uterus in the presence of normal ovarian function, in conjunction with a 46 XX karyot

On examination, no significant abnormalities were detected, except for a purple-stained urine bag (Fig. 1). Further questioning relating to the patient’s bowel habits revealed that he had been having significant episodes of constipation spanning over a period of two months. Haematological investigations failed to reveal any significant abnormality, while urine microscopy and culture revealed the presence of Enterococcus faecalis and Kebsiella pneumonia.

In this paper an accurate modeling of permanent magnet synchronous motor that is suitable for high frequency differential mode calculation is proposed. The model takes into consideration the core losses and the two resonance responses that occurred during the experimental results. The model is suitable for calculation of torque ripple contribution due to flow of the differential current in motor winding. The experimental measurements show that the motor differential mode stray capacitances are functions of rotor position. The simulation results of the proposed differential mode circuits together with the experimental results show that the level of the differential mode noise currents is of significant value that can not be ignored. However, the flow of some of this differential mode current in the motor stator windings has small contribution of the torque ripple.

The thoracic cavity is the rarest location of all the renal ectopic sites. We report a rare case of an acquired thoracic kidney associated with a previous congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a child with nephrotic syndrome. Although only 13 cases of the thoracic kidney in the pediatric age group have been described in worldwide reports during the past 25 years, we present the first to be associated with a recurrent diaphragmatic hernia. The classification, differential diagnosis, and management options of this rare form of ectopia are discussed.

The bladder hamartoma is an extremely rare entity. We report on its presence in a 5-year-old boy with Goldenhar syndrome. Most probably, this is the first report of a bladder hamartoma presenting with obstruction of the bladder outlet resulting in urinary retention. The obstructive lesion was resected endoscopically. This proved to be curative for the lesion, since the follow-up voiding cysto-urethrogram revealed only a negligible post-void residual volume. Although urogenital anomalies have a well-known correlation with the Goldenhar syndrome, the existence of the bladder hamartoma found in association with this syndrome, according to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously reported in the world literature. With this report being only the 11 th described case of bladder hamartoma, we highlight on the management options for this exceptional histological finding. The incidence, screening, treatment decisions and important urogenital associations of the Goldenhar syndrome are also discussed.

In this study we use a comprehensive household income and expenditure survey with a sample of 245 respondents representing urban and rural households in the Renk County of South Sudan to assess the prevalence of poverty and inequality in the study area. We used the cost of basic needs; to establish both food poverty line and Poverty line; estimated poverty incidence, gap and severity; and estimated different equality measures. Major results show that 87% and 73% of the urban and rural households respectively fall below our calculated poverty lines. The estimated Gini coefficient was 18% and 20% for urban and rural households, respectively. Results of other equality measures show higher inequality between the poorest and richest segments of households as the richest quintile among urban households consumes 5 times that of the poorest, while that of the rural households consumes 4 4 folds the poorest quintile.

The objectives of present study were to eluddate the differences between physicochemical properties of gariss samples procured from two different production sites in two different management systems (Le. traditional system Kordofan site and semi-intensive system Khartoum site). The effect of the season in which gariss samples collected was studied. Gariss samples from two production sites investigated were collected in the different season, namely summer, autumn and winter. Means of the physicochemical properties of gariss collected in autumn (Kordofan), summer (Khartoum), and winter (Khartoum and Kordofan) were determined, and then the age of gariss was documented when the samples were collected . The period of camel milk fermentation is the age of gariss which was reported by the persons responsible for gariss production. Four different ages of gariss were registered (5-Shrs, 12hrs, 48hrs and more than 48hrs). Each fermentation time (age of gariss) was analysed for the physicochemical properties. Gariss prepared from different locations and in different seasons in Kordofan and Khartoum production sites were significantly (Ps0 .05) different in most of the physicochemical properties examined. This could be explained by the fact that camels may depend on different nutritional sources or different physiological status that may affect their milk and consequently gariss, also various age of gariss had various trends in physicochemical properties investigated.

Summary Introduction The proliferation of medical-type applications or ‘apps’ on smartphones is a typical example of the impact technology has had on medical practice. Maintaining a bladder diary is a recommended part of evaluating the effect of interventions for patients suffering from enuresis. Traditional pen-and-paper bladder diaries have poor completion rates, inconsistent patterns in data entry, and are deficient in validation. Electronic bladder diaries have been proposed to overcome these obstacles. With increasing numbers of smartphone apps available to the general public, it is important to distinguish well-designed apps for childhood enuresis. Purpose To identify, evaluate, and rank all available mobile-phone apps for the management of childhood enuresis. Methods On August 21, 2014, a search was conducted on iTunes, Android Play Store, and BlackBerry World for smartphone apps using the following search terms: bladder , bedwetting , bladder diary , enuresis , incontinence , and wetting . Apps that did not have a bladder diary function and that were unrelated to the investigation, follow-up, and treatment of childhood enuresis were excluded. Apps were rated by a paediatric urology consultant, fellow, registrar, and resident medical officer using standardised criteria including: design; ease of use; languages; quality of instructions; security; accordance with ICCS definition of enuresis; and ability to store histories; record bowel habits; transfer data to other devices; and print data. Results Across all three search platforms, a total of 1041 apps were identified. Only 24 were included and reviewed based on exclusion criteria. Average ratings for apps ranged from 10 to 30.75 out of 50 based on standardised criteria. Discussion Smartphone apps are playing an increasingly significant role in the management of enuresis in place of pen-and-paper bladder diaries. Apps available to the general public vary in quality and it can be difficult for patients to identify one appropriate for use. We found apps with higher ratings consistently had engaging interfaces, were easy to use, and defined the primary purpose clearly. Lower ratings and performance often was caused by poor quality of experience through “freezing”/“crashing.” Conclusion Bladder diary apps can eliminate disadvantages of pen-and-paper diaries in the management of enuresis. Currently, apps available vary in quality. The three best-rated apps currently available are My Dryness Tracker , Bedwetting Tracker , and HapPee Time . There is room for medical associations to collaborate with developers for further app development. Table . Summary of results. Platform Apple alone 13 apps Android alone 7 apps Apple and Android 4 apps Price Free 18 Apps (75% of apps) Paid AUD $1.09–6.49 (median $2.49) App size 121 kb–20.7 Mb (median 1.95 Mb) Date of update 16/03/2010–21/08/2014 Average app ratings 10–30.75 (median 22)

Fourteen strains of Enterococcus species, 3 strains of Lactobacillus species and two strains of Streptococcus isolated from 6 different gariss samples collected from Kordofan and Khartoum production sites, Sudan were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and E.coli ATCC25922 and for their antibiotic resistance against 9 antibiotics. The results indicated that all the 19 strains of LAB isolated from gariss were found to show no antimicrobial effect on both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and E.coli ATCC25922. As intrinsic resistance of Enterococci for antibiotics, there were 57.14% (8 isolates) showing resistance to at least one antibiotic and some even to almost all antibiotics studied, one strain (E. durans R05) resistant to penicillin. S. acidominimus was resistant to only Ciproflaxin while S. thermophilus was resistant to Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin and Ciproflaxin; L. plantarum BJG32 was resistant Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin and Ciproflaxin; L. pentosus S2LPO2 was resistant Erythromycin and Ciproflaxin, while L. plantarum BJ6 was not resistant to any one of antibiotics investigated.

At its 50 th Independence Anniversary in October 2010, Nigeria still grapple with serious national insecurity, ethno-communal conflicts and lacking socio- cultural integration and appreciable material development. Though Nigeria’s current malaise can be traced to, among many other factors, the despotic nature of colonial rule, misrule of autocratic military regimes of the past and the general bad political leadership that entrenched unpopular policies, Nigeria need to invest massively on education and institute good governance that uphold the rule of law, accountability, protection of human rights, free and independent electoral systems and forbid evils in order to join the global comity of nations. In addition, the country can come out of the present predicament in which kidnapping and drug trafficking have become norms by waging an unselective war on corruption, establishing effective Agency for social mobilization and character reorientation, and entrenching principles of “Multiple Identities’ and ‘Unity in Diversity”. Above all, the country needs to modernize its security bodies to meet global challenges and benchmarks just as Nigerians must accept the country as theirs and therefore abide by public rules, be patriotic, uphold good neighbourliness and always preferring the national interests to selfish ambitions and personal greed. However, the onus to implement these palliatives is not only with the scholars whose tasks undoubtedly, have become more demanding than hitherto but particularly with the politicians, advisors, policy makers and administrators of the Nigeria polity.

The return of democracy in Nigeria’s political landscape in 1999 after decades of either brutal military dictatorship or truncated democracy brought several opportunities to citizens. Democracy to Northern Nigeria Muslims meant an avenue to return to the full application of Shari’ah Islamic law through the purview of operational 1999 constitution. However, the manners of the implementation of sharia’h in an environment of pervasive official sleazebag, infrastructural decay and lack of transparency created inertia, despondency and mistrust. If sharia’h is to have fruitful meanings, it has to be developmental. This work discusses all these, the history and the controversies that surrounds the application of shari’ah and insisted that sharia’h states of Nigeria should concentrate on the aspects that foster prosperity, good governance, equity in ownership and distribution of wealth while also exploring developmental micro- takaful and awkaf so as to improve the well beings of the poor.

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The PCA3 assay has shown significant potential amongst the initial studies carried out in Western countries. This assay performed in line with previous studies. We have shown this marker to perform independent of prostatic volume and have identified potential indications for its use in our setting. However, we have not observed the PCA3 assay to outperform the PSA level across the risk spectrum.• To evaluate the investigational role, ideal threshold and indications of the Prostate CAncer gene 3 (PCA3) assay in a South African context. • To better define the universality of the above marker since this is the pioneer study on the continent of Africa.• We prospectively evaluated 105 consecutive South African men referred for a prostate biopsy at two tertiary centres in the capital city, Pretoria. • Sequentially, PSA levels and post DRE urine samples were taken within 24 h before prostate biopsy. • The urine specimen was tested using the PROGENSA™ PCA3 assay and a score was generated as (PCA3 mRNA/PSA mRNA) × 1000. • The performance of this assay in predicting biopsy outcome was assessed, and compared with that of serum PSA.• Median patient age was 67 years with a positive biopsy incidence of 42.9%. • The higher the PCA3 score the greater the probability of a positive biopsy (P = 0.003). • This score performed independently of prostatic volume (P = 0.3889) or the presence of a concurrent primary malignancy (P = 0.804). • A threshold of 60 revealed a positive predictive value of 60% with an odds ratio of 4, whereas setting a limit of 35 revealed a positive predictive value of 54% and odds ratio of 3.5. • Using receiver operating characteristics for overall performance comparison, the PSA level (area under the curve 0.844) performed better than the PCA3 score (area under the curve 0.705).• PCA3 assay has shown consistency and performed in line with previous studies but it did not surpass serum PSA in this population. • A PCA3 assay threshold of 60 performed better than the conventional limit of 35. • This assay may have a potential niche in a certain subset of South African men that includes patients with larger glands, previous negative biopsies and altered baseline PSA levels.

Vector control techniques have made possible the application of PMSM motors for high performance applications where traditionally only dc drives were applied. The vector control scheme enables the control of the PMSM in the same way as a separately excited DC motor operated with a current-regulated armature supply where then the torque is proportional to the product of armature current and the excitation flux. Similarly, torque control of the PMSM is achieved by controlling the torque current component and flux current component independently. Torque Control uses PMSM model to predict the voltage required to achieve a desired output torque or speed. So by using only current and voltage measurements (and rotor position in sensor controled machine), it is possible to estimate the instantaneous rotor or stator flux and output torque demanded values within a fixed sampling time. The calculated voltage is then evaluated to produce switching set to drive the inverter supplying the motor. PMSM torque control has traditionally been achieved using Field Oriented Control (FOC). This involves the transformation of the stator currents into a synchronously rotating d-q reference frame that is typically aligned to the rotor flux. In the d-q reference frame, the torque and flux producing components of the stator current can separately be controlled. Typically a PI controller is normally used to regulate the output voltage to achieve the required torque. Direct Torque Control (DTC), which was initially proposed for induction machines in the middle of 1980’s (Depenbrock, 1984 and 1988; Takahashi, 1986), was applied to PMSM in the late 1990's (French, 1996; Zhong, 1997). In the Direct Torque Control of the PMSM, the control of torque is exercised through control of the amplitude and angular position of the stator flux vector relative to the rotor flux vector. Many methods have been proposed for direct torque control of PMSM among which Hysteresis based direct torque control (HDTC) and Space Vector Modulation direct torque control (SVMDTC). In 2009 Adam and Gulez, introduced new DTC algortim for IPMSM to improve the performance of hysteresis direct torque control. The algorithm uses the output of two hysteresis controllers used in the traditional HDTC to determine two adjacent active vectors. The algorithm also uses the magnitude of the torque error and the stator flux linkage position to select the switching time required for the two selected vectors. The selection of

According to FAO statistics, camel population in Sudan ranks the second in the world after Somalia with 4.5 millions heads. This population is quite important while the camel production appears, at least officially, very low. With a meat production of 49,880 tons and a milk production of 120,000 tons, camel production is far away from the potential. Even if these data did not cover the entire reality, it is obvious that camel production in Sudan is insufficiently valorized. Meat from young camels has been reported to be comparable in taste and texture to beef. Inspite of the increase in local camel meat consumption to 63,000 tons in 2009, yet camel meat is common in some parts of the country and milk consumption under gariss form is popular in rural areas where camel is generally reared. Camel diseases are the major constrains of production such as trypanosomiasis and mastitis. The research has to push in that way in order to innovate camel meat and milk sector. The modernization of meat and milk processing could be the motor for the improvement of camel production. Both in terms of research and of development, the identification of the main constraints for the camel sector is the way to propose a fruitful strategy.

Spermatic cord liposarcoma is rare, with fewer than a 100 reported cases in the world literature. We report on its presence in an elderly man who presented with a painless scrotal mass. The serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was also found to be elevated. Transrectal ultrasound biopsy of the prostate confirmed the presence of adenocarcinoma. This is the first report of prostatic adenocarcinoma in association with spermatic cord liposarcoma in the English literature. The treatment options for spermatic cord liposarcoma are discussed further.Key Words: Spermatic cord, paratesticular liposarcoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, synchronous, scrotal mass