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In this article, the author examines the notion of state-owned entities in the practice of international organisations, and the different approaches to the extension of investor status to state-owned entities under international investment agreements. As a result of the analysis, the author formulates the characteristics of state-owned entities as investors in the international legal context and establishes that in the vast majority of cases state-owned entities are not excluded from the investor concept, and therefore shall be covered by the protection of international investment agreements.

In this article, the author examines the status of state-owned companies as claimants under the 1965 Washington Convention on the settlement of investment disputes between States and nationals of other States and the competence of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes to consider claims of the stateowned companies. The paper considers possible limitations of the right of action of the state-owned companies, reflected in the so-called “Broches test”. As a result of the analysis of the case law of international investment tribunals the author concludes that the right of recourse to international investment arbitration shall in any case be available for the state-owned companies which perform a commercial function. In addition, the author proposes an algorithm for determining whether a state-owned company, which is authorized to exercise elements of state power, has the right of action.

Purpose: To assess efficacy and safety profile of intravitreal brolucizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in real clinical practice.Patients and Methods. This study enrolled 21 patients with nAMD (treatment-naïve), including 12 women, 9 men, mean age was 73.5 ± 9.8 years. One patient was excluded from the study after 3 intravitreal injection (IVI) due to the development of the intraocular inflammation (IOI). All patients received 5 IVI of brolucizumab (in total, 100 injections). All patients were determined best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), central macular thickness (CMT), and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) were evaluated by optical coherence tomography. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before IVI, after 1 minute, 30 minutes. Patients were examined before treatment, after 3 and 5 IVI.Results. The average follow-up period for patients was 31 ± 2.5 weeks, the average interval after 3 loading doses was 8.4 ± 1.2 weeks, the average interval between 4 IVI and 5 IVI was 10.7 ± 1.9 weeks. The BCVA improved significantly after 3 IVI and after 5 IVI of brolucizumab (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant decrease in CMT and PED height (p < 0.001), as well as a resolution of all types of fluid (p < 0.001). All patients showed a significant increase in IOP immediately after injection (1 min) with normalization of IOP after 30 min. One case of IOI was registered 16 weeks after the start of treatment, cured by IVI of dexamethasone implant Ozurdex.Conclusion. Patients with nAMD (treatment-naïve) who received 5 IVI of brolucizumab demonstrated a significant improvement of morphological and functional parameters. Brolucizumab has shown efficacy in the treatment of nAMD despite a small risk of IOI.

Atmospheric sounding using the Tu-134 Optik aircraft-laboratory was conducted in September 2020 over the seas of the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean, namely the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi and Bering seas. Unique samples of atmospheric aerosols at altitudes from 200 and up to 10,000 m were taken, including samples for the identification of cultivated microorganisms and their genetic analysis. Data on the concentration and diversity of bacteria and fungi isolated from 24 samples of atmospheric aerosols are presented; the main phenotypic and genomic characteristics were obtained for 152 bacterial cultures; and taxonomic belonging was determined. The concentration of cultured microorganisms detected in aerosols of different locations was similar, averaging 5.5 × 103 CFU/m3. No dependence of the number of isolated microorganisms on the height and location of aerosol sampling was observed. The presence of pathogenic and condto shitionally pathogenic bacteria, including those referred to in the genera Staphylococcus, Kocuria, Rothia, Comamonas, Brevundimonas, Acinetobacter, and others, as well as fungi represented by the widely spread genera Aureobasidium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, capable of causing infectious and allergic diseases were present in most analyzed samples. Obtained data reveal the necessity of systematic studies of atmospheric microbiota composition to combat emerging population diseases.

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS type 1) is a disease characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations resulting from the involvement of multiple endocrine and non-endocrine organs in the pathological process. APS type 1 is a rare genetically determined disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. Mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) lead to a disruption of the mechanism of normal antigen expression and the formation of abnormal clones of immune cells, and can cause autoimmune damage to organs. Within APS type 1, the most common disorders are primary adrenal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, and chronic candidiasis. Some understudied clinical manifestations of APS type 1 are autoimmune pathological processes in the eye: keratoconjunctivitis, dry eye syndrome, iridocyclitis, retinopathy, retinal detachment, and optic atrophy. This review presents the accumulated experimental and clinical data on the development of eye damage of autoimmune nature in APS type 1, as well as the laboratory and instrumental methods used for diagnosing the disease. Changes in the visual organs in combination with clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency and candidiasis should lead the clinical doctor to suspect the presence of APS type 1 and to examine the patient comprehensively. Timely genetic counselling will allow early identifi cation of the disease, timely prescription of appropriate treatment and prevention of severe complications.

Currently, thrombolytic therapy (TLT) for pulmonary embolism (PE) is recommended only for patients with high-risk PE. At the same time, in real practice, TLT is often performed in hemodynamically stable patients. The main contradiction arises due to the different risk-benefit ratio of TLT in comparison with anticoagulant monotherapy.Aim. To assess the benefits of TLT, compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) monotherapy, in hemodynamically stable patients with PE in reducing mortality, recurrence of PE and risk of bleeding.Material and methods. Randomized controlled trials were searched in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Of the 3050 publications found, 100 papers were selected for a detailed study. As a result of detailed analysis, 7 randomized clinical trials (n=1611) remained according to established criteria.Results. TLT in hemodynamically stable patients with PE, in comparison with UFH, showed a tendency to decrease in the inhospital death rate: 2,39% vs 3,68 (odds ratio (OR): 0,73; 95% confidence interval (СI): 0,34-1,57), and a decrease in the composite endpoint (death and/or recurrent PE): 3,14% vs 5,15% (OR: 0,61; CI: 0,37-1,01). There was a significant increase in the number of major bleeding: 8,81% vs 2,70% (OR: 3,35; 95% CI: 2,06-5,45). TLT in hemodynamically stable patients with PE to a greater extent can reduce the pulmonary blood pressure, perfusion defects according to lung scintigraphy, as well as the need for therapy intensification. However, the heterogeneity of studies and the small number of participants require caution when interpreting their results.Conclusion. TLT in patients with PE and stable hemodynamics tends to reduce mortality and/or recurrence of PE, but increases the incidence of major bleeding. Further studies need to determine the phenotypes of hemodynamically stable patients with PE who would benefit from TLT.

Background. Development of early-ripening spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is an important task for Russian breeders. Knowledge of the genetics of ultraearly varieties – sources of valuable genes that determine an earlier-maturing type of plant development –will be used to work out methods for obtaining source material for breeding.Materials and methods. The ultra-early lines Rico (k-65588, var. erythrospermum Koern.) and Rimax (k-67257, var. lutescens (Alef.) Mansf.), and cvs. ‘Max’ (k-57181, var. lutescens) and ‘Leningradskaya 6’ (k-64900, var. lutescens) were studied. Alleles of the Vrn and Ppd genes were identified by PCR according to known publications, and genomic DNA was isolated from 3-day-old seedlings by the CTAB method.Results. In the environments of Northwest Russia, the Rimax and Rico lines are characterized by the highest rate of development before heading among the spring wheat accessions from the VIR collection. In the Rimax and Rico genotypes, the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Ppd-D1 genes were found. Genotypes with different alleles of Ppd-D1 and Vrn-B1 were identified in the Rimax line. Under conditions of a long day (18 hours), in the population of F2 (F3) Rico × Rimax hybrids, the ratio of phenotypes with a high development rate to all others was observed as 1 : 15 (χ2 1: 15 = 0.64). Under a short day (12 hours), 5 clearly tested groups were identified in F2 with the ratio 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1 (χ2 = 3.03; χ2 0.05 = 9.48), which indicates the manifestation of cumulative polymerization.Conclusion. Each of the Rimax and Rico lines has two pairs of independent duplicated genes that determine a high development rate. Under short-day conditions, these genes can interact like cumulative polymers. The Rimax and Rico lines, due to their high development rate, are valuable source material to be used in breeding for earliness.

Traumatic injury to the upper anterior teeth is common in young children, especialy when it is combined whit orthodontic problem – overjet. This paper reports the presence of traumatized maxillary permanent central incisors which are successfully restored whit wax-up technique. Case report: The case describe the treatment of traumatized maxillary permanent central incisors whit wax-up technique. A 9-year-old girl came to the dental clinic with an injury of the two maxillary central incisors with oblique partial crown fracture without pulp exposure. Traumatized anterior teeth require quick functional and esthetic repair, and wax-up technique is commonly used for their restoration. The wax-up technique seems to be a promising restorative option. This is a rational restorative alternative and less invasive prosthodontic treatment. The patient and the parents are satisfied whit the result which confirmed the success of the rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the concentration of total protein, as well as the composition and abundance of culturable microorganisms in atmospheric aerosols collected over the Vasyugan marshes and the Karakan pine forest during a flight in September 2018 at altitudes from 500 to 7000 m. The determined concentrations of total protein in Karakan samples were on average much less than those for the same area in September of other years. The concentration and composition of microorganisms in aerosol samples were determined by cultural methods and isolate genotyping. Altitude dependences of concentrations of total protein and culturable microorganisms were revealed. A rather stable altitude profile of culturable microorganism concentration was found over the Vasyugan marshes. No microorganisms were found at altitudes 4000 and 5500 m over the Karakan pine forest. Non-spore-bearing and spore-forming bacteria, as well as molds and yeast-like fungi, were isolated from aerosol samples. A high concentration of cosmopolitan psychrotolerant yeast Aureobasidium, capable of causing severe mycoses, and opportunistic bacteria Acinetobacter were found. A great similarity of composition and an atypically high abundance of non-spore-bearing bacteria and psychrotolerant yeast-like fungi were revealed in samples taken at altitudes of 1000 and 500 m in both studied regions, which may be a consequence of large-scale horizontal transport of layers of atmospheric air contaminated with microorganisms.

This study aimed to follow the neurotoxic effect of peat smoke on adult outbred rats and its influence on central nervous system (CNS) parameters in first-generation offspring. Under experimental conditions, exposure to peat smoke was carried out on adult male Wistar rats for 24 h. After the end of the exposure, an open field test (OFT), electroencephalography (EEG), and histological analysis of the testes and brains of smoke-exposed males were performed, after which they were mated with intact females to obtain F1 offspring. Stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and body weight at 4, 7, 14, and 21 postnatal days, as well as behavior in the OFT and EEG parameters during puberty (3 months), were assessed. The results of the examination of F0 males showed a significant increase in motor activity and anxiety in the open field test and a violation of EEG parameters. Histopathologically, peat smoke caused a sharp increase in shadow cells (homogeneous cells with pale-stained cytoplasm, in which the cell and nuclear membranes are not visualized) and degeneratively altered neurons in the brain; we found no changes in the testicles. Peat smoke exposure during preconception did not affect neonatal mortality and weight gain in F1 offspring. Adult females born to peat-smoke-exposed males showed an increase in locomotor activity, and the behavior of adult F1 males did not differ from the control. In F1 males, a statistically significant increase in slow-wave activity indices in the delta band was observed.

The series of Co(II), Fe(II), and Ni(II) mononuclear coordination compounds of [CoL(NCS)2]·3DMSO (1), [CoL(H2O)2](ClO4)2·DMSO (2), [CoL(H2O)(EtOH)][CoCl4]·2H2O (2a), [FeL(NCS)2]·DMSO (3), and [NiL(NCS)2]·CH3CN (4) composition (where L is 2,6-bis(1-(2-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)hydrazineylidene)ethyl)pyridine), with an [MLA2] coordination unit (where A is a pair of apical monodentate ligands), was synthesized. In compounds 1, 2, 2a, and 3, the ligand L is pentadentate, and cobalt and iron ions are placed in a heavily distorted pentagonal pyramidal coordination environment, while in 4 the Ni(II) ion is hexacoordinated. Easy plane-type magnetic anisotropy (D = 13.69, 11.46, 19.5, and 6.2 cm−1 for 1, 2, 2a, and 4, respectively) was established for cobalt and nickel compounds, while easy axis-type magnetic anisotropy (D = −14.5 cm−1) was established for iron compound 3. The cobalt coordination compounds 1 and 2 show SIM behavior under a 1500 Oe external magnetic field, with effective magnetization reversal barriers of 65(1) and 60(1) K for 1 and 2, respectively. The combination of Orbach and Raman relaxation mechanisms was shown to adequately describe the temperature dependence of relaxation times for 1 and 2. CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations were performed to model the parameters of the effective spin Hamiltonian for the compounds under study.

The development of linguistic and cultural competence of students is possible on the basis of the dialogue of cultures. The text-centric (textoriented) principle of the Russian language and Literature teaching is regarded as fundamental in the aspect of the dialogue of cultures. It contributes to the formation of the dialogue thinking and allows students to form the systematic view of the world and culture.

Background: Biological components of atmospheric aerosol affect the quality of atmospheric air. Long-term trends in changes of the concentrations of total protein (a universal marker of the biogenic component of atmospheric aerosol) and culturable microorganisms in the air are studied. Methods: Atmospheric air samples are taken at two locations in the south of Western Siberia and during airborne sounding of the atmosphere. Sample analysis is carried out in the laboratory using standard culture methods (culturable microorganisms) and the fluorescence method (total protein). Results: Negative trends in the average annual concentration of total protein and culturable microorganisms in the air are revealed over more than 20 years of observations. For the concentration of total protein and culturable microorganisms in the air, intra-annual dynamics is revealed. The ratio of the maximum and minimum values of these concentrations reaches an order of magnitude. The variability of concentrations does not exceed, as a rule, two times for total protein and three times for culturable microorganisms. At the same time, for the data obtained in the course of airborne sounding of the atmosphere, a high temporal stability of the vertical profiles of the studied concentrations was found. The detected biodiversity of culturable microorganisms in atmospheric air samples demonstrates a very high variability at all observation sites. Conclusions: The revealed long-term changes in the biological components of atmospheric aerosol result in a decrease in their contribution to the atmospheric air quality index.

Objective: to identify the factors influencing the level of infrastructure development created in the framework of public-private partnership projects in the regions of the Russian Federation.Methods: general scientific methods of cognition were used in the process of research; methods of system analysis, which make it possible to comprehend the patterns of infrastructure development, the optimal ways and methods of managing partner projects; statistical and structural-functional analysis, enabling to identify the dependence on internal and external factors; methods of generalization and grouping.Results: public-private partnership is one of the mechanisms that have proven useful for the development of infrastructure of regions and municipalities. The article emphasizes the importance of PPP projects in the Russian practice, as well as the need for further research to improve its effectiveness. On the basis of the regions’ ranking by the level of public-private partnership development, presented by the “PPP Development Center” Association, the analysis of various factors was carried out that allow determining the place of a region in this ranking. Also, the analysis results are presented, which show the implementation of projects to create an innovative PPP infrastructure in the Republic of Tatarstan, as a result of which the thesis about the impact of the selected factors on the development of PPP was confirmed. The main activities contributing to the development of PPP in the Republic of Tatarstan are identified, and recommendations to improve its efficiency are formulated.Scientific novelty: based on the data of the ranking of the Russian Federation subjects, a regression model was made, describing the relationship between the level of public-private partnership development in the region and such factors as the proximity of the Russian Federation subject to the capital, the unemployment rate in the region and the number of large profitable enterprises in its territory - potential subjects of public-private partnership. The conditions of effective development of regional projects in the sphere of public-private partnership are revealed and systematized.Practical significance: the results can be used as recommendations for the development of regional infrastructure in the framework of public-private partnership projects.

Modern paradigm of development of the country and its regions, consisting in the combination of environmental and economic policies, today gets the greatest urgency and importance. This is due to the fact that environmental policy covering system of measures aimed at rational use of natural resources, their protection and restoration is increasingly implemented in the economic strategy of the developed countries of the world economy. Development of methodological bases of formation and implementation of regional policy in the field of environmental security is an essential condition for achieving sustainable socio-economic development of the country and its regions. The purpose of this article is the theoretical approaches and practical recommendations for the improvement of regional policies in the field of environmental security. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve a number of problems, which include the investigation of the features of the state policy in the sphere of environmental security and analysis of existing threats to environmental security in the region. People’s activity influences environment. The expansion and deepening of processes of interaction between human society and nature leads to disruption of ecological balance, an aggravation of contradictions between nature and society, the appearance of socially-environmental problems. In this connection, requirements of complex economic development of regions put in the forefront the problem of an optimum combination of the accelerated growth of productive forces and harmonious development of environment. Each region is characterized by its own research and solution of problems of rational wildlife management which is connected with prevalence of this or that kind of resources, their use, level of economic and technological development. Underestimation of issues of preservation of ecological equilibrium while locating enterprises can result in the subsequent sharp increase of expenses environment actions. These issues should be taken into account in the process of definition the ways of rationalization of resources consumption at regional level.

The article analyzes the information presented in the media and Internet resources related to the problem of the attitude of various segments of the Armenian society to Armenia’s integration policy, including the issues of Armenia’s participation in the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as the problems of Armenia’s cooperation with the EU.

The use of a developed experimental model of a natural fire made it possible to assess the consequences of 24 h exposure to peat combustion products in albino rats. Peat smoke exposure leads to behavioral disturbances in rats, characterized by an increase in locomotor activity and an increased level of anxiety. Indicators of brain bioelectrical activity of the exposed animals supported the state of anxiety and psychoemotional stress. Epigenetic changes in the blood cells of exposed animals were revealed under 24 h exposure to peat smoke, characterized by a decrease in the level of global DNA methylation.

We demonstrate an adaptive wave-front shaping of optical beams transmitted through fiber bundles as a powerful resource for multisite, high-resolution bioimaging. With the phases of all the beamlets delivered through up to 6000 different fibers within the fiber bundle controlled individually, by means of a high-definition spatial light modulator, the overall beam transmitted through the fiber bundle can be focused into a beam waist with a diameter less than 1 μm within a targeted area in a biotissue, providing a diffraction-limited spatial resolution adequate for single-cell or even subcellular bioimaging. The field intensity in the adaptively-focused continuous-wave laser beam in our fiber-bundle-imaging setting is more than two orders of magnitude higher than the intensity of the speckle background. Once robust beam focusing was achieved with a suitable phase profile across the input face of the fiber bundle, the beam focus can be scanned over a targeted area with no need for a further adaptive search, by applying a physically intuitive, wave-front-tilting phase mask on the field of input beamlets. This method of beam-focus scanning promises imaging speeds compatible with the requirements of in vivo calcium imaging.

Introduction. A climate pattern with marine features is typical for St. Petersburg. Vagaries of weather and climate conditions in the last decade specify the timeliness of this work, the purpose of which is to outline the expected level of the open air pollution in St. Petersburg by the “decision tree” method. Materials and Methods. Current data of weather observations carried out at station 26063 (St. Petersburg) from 2006 to 2014 are studied and processed. Within the framework of the study, the data were considered on the vertical profile of the atmosphere obtained through radiosounding the atmosphere of St. Petersburg at 00.00 and 12.00 UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) at Voeykovo station. Research Results . In the course of the investigation, the dependence of the atmospheric air pollution level on the synoptic process and the inertial factor was established which made it possible to figure a scheme for forecasting the air pollution level in the form of the decision tree by expertise. Accuracy of the predictive determination of the expected air pollution group in St. Petersburg was calculated on the dependent material and topped 90% (nighttime hours) and 91% (daytime hours) for a cold period; and - 84% (nighttime hours) and 87% (daylight hours) for a warm period of the year. This suggests that the proposed schemes allow obtaining a more efficient prediction of the atmospheric air pollution level in a cold period of the year. Discussion and Conclusions . In conclusion, basic outcomes and inferences are summarized. - Archives of baseline standard meteorological data and data of the atmosphere radiosounding, as well as synoptic situations and information on the level of atmospheric air pollution in St. Petersburg for the period from 2006 to 2014, are formed. - Groups of synoptic processes typical for St. Petersburg from 2006 to 2014 are established. - Schemes for forecasting the atmospheric air pollution level are developed using the “decision tree” method with accuracy of 84-91%. The research results are applicable for forecasting the urban air pollution level.

Aim. To perform the comparison of the heart structural and functional parameters in abdominal obesity patients depending on the presence epicardial fat tissue verified by echocardiographically defined thickness of the fat deposition.Material and methods. Totally, 108 normotensive males included, with no clinical signs of cardiovascular diseases, age 46-55 y. o. (mean age 48,7±2,0 y. o.), with abdominal obesity (waist circumference >94 cm). The assessment included lipid profile and glycemia, echocardiography, bifunctional ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with the assessment of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in aorta, and augmentation index.Results. Epicardial obesity patients had higher left ventricle (LV) myocardial mass index (119,4±8,9 g/m2 vs 100,4±15,9 g/m2, р

Particular concern at the present stage is the health effects of wildfires’ smoke. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of paternal biomass-smoke exposure on offspring’s behavior and cognitive abilities. Male rats were exposed to biomass smoke for four hours/day, five days/week, for four weeks. Average concentration of carbon monoxide and particulate matter of 2.5 μm PM2.5 in the chamber during exposure were 28.7 ± 5.3 mg/m3 and 1.9 ± 0.5 mg/m3, respectively. At the same time, high concentrations of furfural and acetaldehyde were detected in the air environment of the exposure chambers. Offspring was obtained by mating of experimental males with untreated females, immediately after the end of the exposure and after 60 days (long-term period). Offspring were tested by using the Morris water maze and open field at three months of age. Male and female offspring born by mating immediately after exposure demonstrated decreased exploratory behavior, locomotor activity, and spatial navigation, as well as increased anxiety levels. Locomotor and exploratory activity in rats of both sexes from progeny obtained after long-term exposure to smoke had no statistically significant differences when compared to the control; however, the females showed a high level of anxiety and impaired cognitive functions. The recovery period after biomass-smoke intoxication, comparable in duration of spermatogenesis in rats, was an important factor in reducing the risk of developing central nervous system (CNS) disorders in offspring.

There is a difference of space loss depending on the time of premature extraction and the type of the prematurely extracted teeth. The aim of the study is to determine the space loss according to the time and the type of the extracted teeth. Material and methods: We studied 90 children 6 to 9 years old with premature loss of one or more primary teeth divided into three groups according to the severity of the orthodontic deformation. We used two biometric methods – the Moyers method and measured the mesial and distal movement of the adjustment teeth by drawing perpendicular lines towards the middle line. Results: The average amount of space lost is 0,033 mm for the first group, 2,2 for the second and 3,16 for the third group. The lack of space when the first primary molars are extracted is 0,37 mm in the upper jaw and is due to medicalization of the second primary molar. In the lower jaw the loss of space is – 1,12mm. The lack of space when the second primary molars are prematurely extracted is 1,2 for the upper and 1,45 for the lower jaw. Conclusion: The time is a significant factor for the loss of space. The reduction of space increases when the premature extraction is done before more than two months and when second primary molars are extracted.

A malocclusion is a misalignment of teeth or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. The aim of this presentation is to show the percentage of the children with malocclusions and comparison between children with mild and severe malocclusions from rural and urban regions Materials and methods: 1200 children between 5 and 6 years old from North-eastern Bulgaria (600 urban and 600 rural) were examined. WHO standards were applied and the data was collected in WHO statistic forms, which were modified accordingly. The children were divided in 3 groups-healthy, with mild and with severe malocclusions according to Angles classification. Results: More than a half of the urban children are healthy – 51,5% and the biggest percentage of the malocclusions are mild – 31,3%, only 17,2% have severe malocclusions. The rural children are without malocclusions – 23,8% and – 39,2% of them are with severe orthodontic deformations. Relative shares of children with malocclusions from the urban – 48,5% and rural regions – 76,2% The relative share of the healthy children from both urban and rural regions is 37,7%. The relative share of the children with malocclusions from urban and rural regions is 62,3%. Conclusion: A little percent of the rural children are without malocclusions and more of them are with severe ones. We suggest that specialist have to work on better prevention in these regions.

70 pregnant women with the threat of miscarriage and with intrauterine hematoma in the first trimester and 20 pregnant women observed in maternity welfare clinics were examined. Clinical, laboratory and instrumental methods of research were used. Features of gestation in the both groups were studied by analyzing data of ultrasonic scanning, dopplerometry, cardiotocografy; histological study of placentae and material from uterine cavity after spontaneous miscarriage was made. Chorion detachment is often combined with the inflammatory changes of fetal ovum and endometrium elements. Prolongation of pregnancy is possible in the majority of cases but meanwhile relaps of the threat of miscarriage and disorder of fetus condition in form of adaptation reduction often arise.

Цель. Изучение воздействия гепатотропных вирусов (HBV и HCV) на развитие аутоиммунных процессов к (3-клеткам поджелудочной железы и их секреторную функцию у больных СД типа 2. Материалы и методы. Обследовали 173 больных с клиническим диагнозом СД типа 2. Все больные были разделены на группы в зависимости от обнаружения у них серологических маркеров HBV- и HCV-инфекции и репликативной активности вирусов: 1-я группа (п=7) - больные СД 2 типа, инфицированные HBV, фаза репликации (HbsAg + антиНВс, R+); 2-я группа (п=68) - инфицированные HBV, нерепликативная фаза (антиНВс, R-); 3-я группа (п=23) ? инфицированные HCV, фаза репликации (анти-HCV, R +); 4-я группа (п=13) - инфицированные HCV, нерепликативная фаза (анти-HCV, R-); 5-я группа (п=62) - неинфицированные больные СД 2 типа. Определяли антитела к декарбоксилазе глутаминовой кислоты (GADA) и антител к островковым клеткам (цитоплазматическим компонентам бета-клеток) (ICA) в сыворотке крови, уровень С-пептида. Результаты. Анализ показал значимо более высокую частоту выявления GADA у больных, инфицированных HBV и HCV (в группе 1-й - 57,1%; во 2-й - 36,7%; в 3-й - 34,8%; 4-й ? 53,9% соответственно), в сравнении с больными СД 2 типа, неинфицированными HBV и HCV (в группе 5-й ? 9,7%). Проведенный анализ показал высокую частоту выявления 1СА у больных, инфицированных HBV и HCV, в сравнении с больными СД типа 2, неинфицированными HBV и HCV. Отмечалось снижение уровня С-пептида к 3-у году течения СД у инфицированных и неинфицированных больных, которое прогрессировало с увеличением длительности СД. Выводы. У HBV- и HCV-инфицированных больных СД типа 2 наблюдается высокая частота обнаружения антител к р-клеткам: GADA в 39,6% и ICA в 25% случаев. У больных СД типа 2, инфицированных HBV и HCV, с увеличением длительности заболевания быстрее прогрессирует снижение секреции инсулина, чем у неинфицированных больных. Одним из патогенетических механизмов снижения секреции инсулина может являться аутоиммунная агрессия, направленная к р-клеткам, инициированная HBV- и HCV-инфекцией. У 36% HBV- и HCV-инфицированных больных СД типа 2 обнаружены как антитела к р-клеткам, так и низкая секреция инсулина, что свидетельствует о развитии у них аутоиммунного сахарного диабета.