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Based on the low‐cost and relatively high catalytic activity, considerable efforts have been devoted towards developing redox‐active transition metal (TM)‐oxygen electrocatalysts for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) while the role of redox‐inactive alkaline earth metals has often been neglected in OER. Herein, for the first time, we developed a novel ternary intermetallic CaFe6Ge6 precatalyst, whose surface rapidly transforms into a porous ultrathin Ca−Fe−O heteroshell structure during alkaline OER through the oxidative leaching of surficial Ge. Benefiting from synergistic effects, this highly efficient OER‐active material with distinct Ca−Fe−O layers has a large electrochemical surface area and more exposed active Fe sites than a Ca‐free FeOx phase. Also, the presence of Ca in Ca−Fe−O is responsible for the enhanced transport and activation of hydroxyls and related OER reaction intermediate as unequivocally illustrated by a combination of quasi in‐situ Raman spectroscopy and various ex‐situ methods.

To enable a fast and automatic deep learning-based QSM reconstruction of tissues with diverse chemical shifts, relevant to most regions outside the brain.A UNET was trained to reconstruct susceptibility maps using synthetically generated, unwrapped, multi-echo phase data as input. The RMS error with respect to synthetic validation data was computed. The method was tested on two in vivo knee and two pelvis data sets. Comparisons were made to a conventional fat-water separation pipeline by applying a commonly used graph-cut algorithm, both without and with an extended mask for background field removal (FWS-CONV-QSM and FWS-MASK-CONV-QSM, respectively). Several regions of interest were segmented and compared. Furthermore, the approach was tested on a prostate cancer patient receiving low-dose-rate brachytherapy, to detect and localize the seeds by MRI.The RMS error was 0.292 ppm with FWS-CONV-QSM and 0.123 ppm for the UNET approach. Susceptibility maps were reconstructed much faster ( 10 s) and completely automatically (no background masking needed) by the UNET compared with the other applied techniques (5 min 51 s and 22 min 44 s for CONV-QSM and FWS-MASK-CONV-QSM, respectively. Background artifacts, fat-water swaps, and hypointense artifacts between I-125 seeds of a patient receiving low-dose brachytherapy in the prostate were largely reduced in the UNET approach.Deep learning-based QSM reconstruction, trained solely with synthetic data, is well-suited to rapidly reconstructing high-quality susceptibility maps in the presence of fat without needing masking for background field removal.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) visualizes brain structures at increasingly higher resolution and better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as field strength increases. Yet, mapping the BOLD response to distinct neuronal processes continues to be challenging. Here, we performed 3T and 7T-fMRI analysis of motor-task activation and resting-state connectivity with adjusted SNR. We then applied graph theory to analyze resting-state neuronal networks detected by fMRI after a simple motor task. Despite adjusted SNR, 7T achieved a higher functional specificity of the BOLD response than 3T-fMRI. Following the motor task, 7T-fMRI therefore enabled the detection of an ‘offline replay’ that was directly linked to brain regions associated with memory consolidation. These findings reveal how memory processing is initiated even after simple motor tasks and begins earlier than previously shown. Thus, the superior capability of 7T-fMRI to detect subtle functional dynamics promises to improve diagnostics and therapeutic assessment of neurological diseases.

Microstructure imaging seeks to noninvasively measure and map microscopic tissue features by pairing mathematical modeling with tailored MRI protocols. This article reviews an emerging paradigm that has the potential to provide a more detailed assessment of tissue microstructure—combined diffusion-relaxometry imaging. Combined diffusion-relaxometry acquisitions vary multiple MR contrast encodings—such as b-value, gradient direction, inversion time, and echo time—in a multidimensional acquisition space. When paired with suitable analysis techniques, this enables quantification of correlations and coupling between multiple MR parameters—such as diffusivity, urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm28963:mrm28963-math-0001, urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm28963:mrm28963-math-0002, and urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm28963:mrm28963-math-0003. This opens the possibility of disentangling multiple tissue compartments (within voxels) that are indistinguishable with single-contrast scans, enabling a new generation of microstructural maps with improved biological sensitivity and specificity.

Improving the utilization of tumor tissue from diagnostic biopsies is an unmet medical need. This is especially relevant today in the rapidly evolving precision oncology field where tumor genotyping is often essential for the indication of many advanced and targeted therapies. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines now mandate molecular testing for clinically actionable targets in certain malignancies. Utilizing advanced stage lung cancer as an example, an improved genotyping approach for solid tumors is possible. The strategy involves optimization of the microdissection process and analysis of a large number of identical target cells from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens sharing similar characteristics, in other words, single-cell subtype analysis. The shared characteristics can include immunostaining status, cell phenotype, and/or spatial location within a histological section. Synergy between microdissection and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) enhances the molecular analysis. We demonstrate here a methodology that illustrates genotyping of a solid tumor from a small tissue biopsy sample in a time- and cost-efficient manner, using immunostain targeting as an example.

This paper investigates to what extent the 1998 reform of Sweden's public old-age pension system contributed to the increase in extensive margin labor supply among older workers seen in the country in recent decades. We use a large data set containing all males and females born in Sweden between 1927 and 1950 and observe their retirement behavior during 1991-2012. The data show that the reform changed the incentives to remain in the labor force ambiguously: although it induced an income effect towards later retirement through lower replacement levels, it also implied a lower price on leaving the labor market under some assumptions. We use an econometric model in which the economic incentives to stay in the labor market are measured by Social Security Wealth, defined at each hypothetical retirement age, and a variable measuring the implicit tax, imposed by the income security system, on staying in the labor force. The point estimates from our econometric model, which should be interpreted with caution, suggest that at most a small part of the increase in labor force participation of the elderly can be attributed to the pension reform.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jhc-10.1369_00221554221124163 for Effect of Antigen Retrieval on Genomic DNA From Immunodissected Samples by Donald J. Johann, Ik Jae Shin, Adam Roberge, Sarah Laun, Erich A. Peterson, Meei Liu, Matthew A. Steliga, Jason Muesse, Michael R. Emmert-Buck and Michael A. Tangrea in Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry

Smart glasses are an emerging digital technology designed to assist employees at a variety of industrial workplaces (1,2). This study applied facial thermography to examine the change of the forehead temperature after having worked on an assembly task with smart glasses for 30 min.METHODSTwelve adults (29.0±9.0 yrs) took part in this study. All participants had to complete a complex construction task realized by a toy model consisting of 75 parts. Two different smart glasses (Microsoft HoloLens and MagicLeapOne) and a tablet (Lenovo) were used to provide the subjects with visual instructions. The forehead temperature was measured before and after the assembly task using a thermal camera system (FLIR-ThermaCam-SC3000). The local maximum forehead temperature was determined using the ThermaCAM-RP software. A two-way rmANOVA (α= 0.05) with factors time (tpre and tpost) and medium (Tablet, HoloLens, MagicLeap) was carried out. RESULTSWorking with three media resulted in the following changes of forehead temperatures (mean and SD): Tablet: (34.95±0.52)°C to (34.41±0.81)°C, HoloLens: (34.95±0.45)°C to (34.67±0.58)°C and MagicLeap: (35.02±0.50)°C to (35.53±0.48)°C. The two-way rmANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between medium and time at temperature (p

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the value-added selective oxidation of renewable organic substrates are the most promising reactions to supply electrons and protons for the synthesis of sustainable fuels. To meet industrial requirements, new methods for a simple, fast, environmentally friendly, and cheap synthesis of robust, self-supported, high surface area electrodes are required. Herein, we report on a novel in liquid plasma electrolysis approach for the growth of hierarchical nanostructures on nickel foam. Under retention of the morphology, iron could be incorporated into this high surface area electrode. For the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and benzyl alcohol, the iron free plasma treated electrode is more suitable reaching current densities up to 800 mA/cm² with Faradaic efficiencies above 95%. For the OER, the iron incorporated nickel foam electrode reached the industrially relevant current density of 500 mA/cm² at 1.473±0.013 VRHE (60 °C) and showed no activity decrease over 140 h. The different effects of the iron doping is rationalised using MeOH doping and in situ Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, we could separate changes in intrinsic activity per active site and number of active sites for the OER as well as reveal diffusion limitations of the organic oxidation reactions which we explain with respect to the surface morphology. We anticipate that the plasma modified high surface area nickel foam could potentially be applied for various electrocatalytic processes.

Many governments introduced temporary adjustments to counter the economic and health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. We study the importance of already existing government transfers and pandemic measures to mitigate individual income losses during the pandemic in Sweden using a difference-in-differences approach and population-wide data on monthly earnings and government transfer payments. We find that labor earnings dropped by 2.7 percent in 2020. Existing transfers and pandemic measures reduced earnings losses to 1.5 percent. These average effects mask considerable differences in income losses, which were, by and large, evened out by existing transfers and pandemic measures.

Background: Due to the absence of robust biomarkers, and the low sensitivity and specificity of routine imaging techniques, the differential diagnosis between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) is challenging. High-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) opened up new possibilities regarding the analysis of pathological alterations associated with neurodegenerative processes. Recently, we have shown that quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) enables visualization and quantification of two major histopathologic hallmarks observed in MSA: reduced myelin density and iron accumulation in the basal ganglia of a transgenic murine model of MSA. It is therefore emerging as a promising imaging modality on the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes. Objectives: To assess QSM on high-field MRI for the differential diagnosis of PD and MSA. Methods: We assessed 23 patients (nine PDs and 14 MSAs) and nine controls using QSM on 3T and 7T MRI scanners at two academic centers. Results: We observed increased susceptibility in MSA at 3T in prototypical subcortical and brainstem regions. Susceptibility measures of putamen, pallidum, and substantia nigra reached excellent diagnostic accuracy to separate both synucleinopathies. Increase toward 100% sensitivity and specificity was achieved using 7T MRI in a subset of patients. Magnetic susceptibility correlated with age in all groups, but not with disease duration in MSA. Sensitivity and specificity were particularly high for possible MSA, and reached 100% in the putamen. Conclusion: Putaminal susceptibility measures, in particular on ultra-high-field MRI, may distinguish MSA patients from both, PD and controls, allowing an early and sensitive diagnosis of MSA.