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Aim The first comprehensive checklist of European phytosociological alliances, orders and classes (EuroVegChecklist) was published by Mucina et al. (2016, Applied Vegetation Science, 19 (Suppl. 1), 3-264). However, this checklist did not contain detailed information on the distribution of individual vegetation types. Here we provide the first maps of all alliances in Europe. Location Europe, Greenland, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Cyprus and the Caucasus countries. Methods We collected data on the occurrence of phytosociological alliances in European countries and regions from literature and vegetation-plot databases. We interpreted and complemented these data using the expert knowledge of an international team of vegetation scientists and matched all the previously reported alliance names and concepts with those of the EuroVegChecklist. We then mapped the occurrence of the EuroVegChecklist alliances in 82 territorial units corresponding to countries, large islands, archipelagos and peninsulas. We subdivided the mainland parts of large or biogeographically heterogeneous countries based on the European biogeographical regions. Specialized alliances of coastal habitats were mapped only for the coastal section of each territorial unit. Results Distribution maps were prepared for 1,105 alliances of vascular-plant dominated vegetation reported in the EuroVegChecklist. For each territorial unit, three levels of occurrence probability were plotted on the maps: (a) verified occurrence; (b) uncertain occurrence; and (c) absence. The maps of individual alliances were complemented by summary maps of the number of alliances and the alliance-area relationship. Distribution data are also provided in a spreadsheet. Conclusions The new map series represents the first attempt to characterize the distribution of all vegetation types at the alliance level across Europe. There are still many knowledge gaps, partly due to a lack of data for some regions and partly due to uncertainties in the definition of some alliances. The maps presented here provide a basis for future research aimed at filling these gaps. This project was funded by the Czech Science Foundation (grant no. 19-28491X). LM was supported by Iluka Chair of Vegetation Science & Biogeography, Murdoch University, Perth; IB, JAC and JL by the Basque Government (IT936-16); TMH by the European Social Fund (POCH and NORTE 2020) and National Funds (MCTES) through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia postdoctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/115057/2016) and project UIDB/04033/2020; AC and FK by the Slovenian Research Agency (P1-0236 to AC and program for Young Researchers to FK); SR by the University of Latvia (AAp2016/B041/Zd2016/AZ03); and KS by the Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985939).

The issue of the operation and control of the performance of valve dischargers and varistors in the electricity system zipper protection system is considered

Frequency dependences of polarization transformation of the microwave radiation after its passing through a 2D periodic structure along three crystallographic directions is experimentally measured. It is shown that over all three directions the initial linear polarization holds on but nonmonotonically rotates with peaks at certain resonance frequency, which is due to the geometric asymmetry of the periodic structure. It is established for the first time that the polarization of the radiation that passes through the 2D structure along the [110] direction sharply rotates by an angle of up to 70°. It is shown that the external magnetic field allows the polarization rotation to be controlled by shifting the frequency dependence of the polarization rotation angle to the region of low frequencies with a coefficient of ≈3 GHz/T.

The range system (RS) is one of the essential detectors of the spin physics detector (SPD) which is currently under preparation for the second interaction point of the NICA collider. RS provides identification of muons and can also be used as a coarse hadronic calorimeter. The SPD range system design and geometry modeling are presented as well as the main results of RS prototype tests.

The paper provides initial materials characterizing the complicated history of formation, natural soils and lithological-geomorphological conditions of the Jizzakh steppe before the beginning of reclamation development. It is shown that on the basis of soil-lithological and geomorphological zoning, the Jizzakh steppe is divided into a number of natural regions belonging to different levels (altitude levels) of the piedmont plain. In total, 22 districts have been identified within the Jizzakh steppe, including the foothill margins. On the piedmont plain itself, the regions are combined into two high-altitude levels: the upper step and the lower step or blanket zone. These two levels differ sharply in terms of drainage conditions and soil salinity. The upper level, covering the upper and middle parts of the alluvial fan, the high interconal Zaamin-Sanzar plain and the Lomakino plateau, is characterized by a weak manifestation of salinity due to relatively good drainage, except for the sloping depressions of the Lomakino plateau. In contrast to the upper level, the lower level, located in the blanket zone of the piedmont plain, is characterized by active natural salinization because of the poor drainage. The saline sediments of the Zaamin cone delta are characterized by the greatest thickness. To a lesser extent, the rocks of the Sanzar cone delta, which are drained by deep gullies, are salinized. The Khavast sloping plain is characterized by a strongly saline upper two-meter layer, with salt and gypsum content decreasing with depth. Thus, it is shown that high salinity and gypsum bearing rocks, as well as high groundwater salinity of the cone delta zone are the source of modern salt accumulation in soils of foothill Golodnostepskaya plain, as well as in soils of the cone delta zone of Djizak steppe.

Introduction. The development of oxidative stress and nonspecific inflammation is one of the leading factors in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated urination disorders in metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the specific mechanisms of these processes are not entirely clear. The purpose of the study. To study the activity of reactive oxygen species production and the functional state of mitochondria in the prostate and bladder and their role in the dysfunction of these organs using an experimental model of MS induction in rats. Material and methods. In 10 adult mongrel male rats MS was induced by keeping them on a high-calorie diet with an increased content of carbohydrates and fats for 3 months. 10 rats kept on a standard vivarium diet served as controls. The development of MS was confirmed by characteristic changes in the biochemical analysis of blood (hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia). In both series of rats, sections of the native prostate and bladder were examined by laser confocal microscopy and stained with fluorescent probes that characterize the activity of the production of reactive oxygen species (dichlorofluorescein-DCF) and the functional state of the mitochondria (tetramethylrodamine ether – TMRE). The activity of a number of intracellular enzymes (AST, ALT. Alkaline phosphatase, LDH) was investigated in the tissues and urine. Results. In rats with MS, the development of BPH and hypertrophy of the bladder were revealed, confirmed histologically. The study of sections of both organs by confocal microscopy revealed a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species by their cells and a decrease in the functional activity of mitochondria, which indicated the development of oxidant stress and tissue hypoxia. In the prostate, this was accompanied by a decrease in the secretory activity of the prostate glands, and in the bladder – the release of cytoplasmic enzymes from damaged cells into the urine, indicating cell damage. Conclusion. The causes of the development of a non-specific inflammatory process in the prostate and bladder, leading to dysfunction of these organs in MS, are increased production of reactive oxygen species and the development of tissue hypoxia.

Successful domestication and introduction into culture of new forms of rubber-bearing dandelions require not only determination of the content and quality of rubber in them, but also accurate species identification and genetic certification of valuable lines and forms. The objects of our study were three samples of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin KAZ08-023, L2, Sary Jaz, brown-seeded and pink-seeded forms of Taraxacum hybernum Stev., as well as along one sample of Taraxacum brevicorniculatum Korol., Taraxacum glaucanthum (Ledeb.) DC., and Taraxacum officinale L. The aim of our work was to search of RAPD, ISSR, and SSR markers for the unambiguous identification of all studied dandelion forms. The RAPD primers OPD-07 and FS-10 are best suited for the detection of interspecific polymorphism, while the RAPD primers FS-10, OPC-05 and OPC-08 can be used for the detection of intraspecific dandelion polymorphism. The ISSR primers HB10, ISSR17, and ISSR36 were most effective for detecting interspecific polymorphism. For identification of the brown-seeded and pink-seeded forms of T. hybernum, primers HB10 and ISSR38 can be used. Primers HB10 and ISSR14 are best suited for identifying the three studied kok-saghyz samples. SSR primers TKS0091, TKS0097, TKS0107, and TKS0110 are suitable for SSR identification of pink-seeded and brown-seeded forms of T. hybernum. Only locus TKS0111 is suitable for unambiguous SSR identification of all three studied kok-saghyz samples.

This article discusses a method for producing cyclopentanone and cyclopentene on the basis of wateracid effluents from caprolactam production during pyrolysis of the calcium salt of adipic acid at different temperatures. The compound of the obtained liquid product has proved by the method of chromatographic analysis and the dependence of the yields of cyclopentanone on the process temperature has investigated. A qualitative analysis of calcium adipate by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has carried out, and the possibility of using zinc salts as process catalysts has studied.

In situ illumination of liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) samples makes it possible for a wide range of light-dependent chemical and biological phenomena to be studied by the powerful analytical technique. However, the position of an NMR sample deep within the bore of the spectrometer magnet renders such illumination challenging. Here, we demonstrate the working principles of a sample illumination device (NMRtorch) where a lighthead containing an LED array is positioned directly at the top of an NMRtorch tube which is inserted into the NMR spectrometer. The wall of the tube itself acts as a light guide, illuminating the sample from the outside. We explore how this new setup performs in a number of photo-NMR applications, including photoisomerisation and photo-chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarisation (photo-CIDNP), and demonstrate the potential for ultraviolet (UV) degradation studies with continuous online NMR assessment. This setup enables users of any typical liquid-state spectrometer to easily perform in situ photo-NMR experiments, using a wide range of wavelengths.

It has been studied the seasonal dynamics of helminthiasis of predatory animals in the territory of Karakalpakstan. The material was collected in 2017–2020 on the territory of Karakalpakstan. 273 predatory animals and dogs were subjected to a complete helminthological study by the method of K.I. Skyarbin (1928). In addition, 165 fecal samples were examined by helminthicaprological methods and using the compression method. As a result of the studies conducted in the biocenoses of Karakalpakstan, it was found that 53 species of helminthes parasitize in the body of wild predatory mammals, which belong to 39 genera, 25 families, 13 orders, 4 classes and 3 types. Of these, 17 species (32%) were cestodes, 4 (7.6%) were trematodes, 3 (5.7%) were acanthocephales, and 29 species (54.7%) were nematodes. In Karakalpakstan, predators become infected with helminthes throughout the year. The highest level of invasion was recorded in autumn (63.5%), followed by summer (55.7%), winter (46.3%) and spring (24.4%). We note that the infestation of animals increases 2.6 times in autumn compared to spring. In the conditions of Karakalpakstan, the season has a certain effect on the helminthes fauna of wild animals.

Genomics of radiation-induced damage The potential adverse effects of exposures to radioactivity from nuclear accidents can include acute consequences such as radiation sickness, as well as long-term sequelae such as increased risk of cancer. There have been a few studies examining transgenerational risks of radiation exposure but the results have been inconclusive. Morton et al. analyzed papillary thyroid tumors, normal thyroid tissue, and blood from hundreds of survivors of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and compared them against those of unexposed patients. The findings offer insight into the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis and characteristic patterns of DNA damage associated with environmental radiation exposure. In a separate study, Yeager et al. analyzed the genomes of 130 children and parents from families in which one or both parents had experienced gonadal radiation exposure related to the Chernobyl accident and the children were conceived between 1987 and 2002. Reassuringly, the authors did not find an increase in new germline mutations in this population. Science , this issue p. eabg2538 , p. 725

The cyclocondensation of cross-conjugated enynones, dienynones, and trienynones (easily available due to low-cost starting compounds) with arylhydrazines leads to the regioselective synthesis of pyrazole derivatives (dihetaryl-substituted ethens, buta-1,3-diens, and hexa-1,3,5-triens) or results in 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles in good yield. The reaction path is controlled by the character of the substituent in enynone: the pyrazoles are obtained from the reaction of substrates that contain five-membered heteroaromatic substituents with arylhydrazines, and the 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles are obtained from the reaction of 1,5-diphenylpent-1-en-4-yn-3-one with arylhydrazines consistently. Despite the presence of a substituent, cyclocondensation of 2-hydrazinylpyridine with all of examined cross-conjugated enynones leads to the formation of pyrazoles. The reaction does not require special conditions (temperature, catalyst, inert atmosphere). The cyclocondensation pathways are determined by the electronic effect of an electron-rich five-membered heteroaromatic ring in the substrate. The synthesis allows use of various substituents and functional groups in enynone and hydrazine. The present method features high yields and simplicity of the product purification. The obtained pyrazoles possess fluorescent properties with a quantum yield up to 31%.

Currently there are several effective synthetic methods for preparing various N-mono- and N,N-dialkylated imidazole derivatives with a very wide variety of biological activities including antiplatelet and anticoagulation effects. The present work reports N-mono- and N,N-dialkylation of 2-methyl-, 2-ethyl-, and 4-nitroimidazoles using (adamantyl-1)bromomethylketone. The synthesized compounds were identified by elemental analyses and PMR and IR spectroscopy. Five compounds having antiplatelet properties were found in in vitro investigations of the antiplatelet and anticoagulation activity in blood of healthy volunteers. The anticoagulation effects of these compounds on the maximum aggregation amplitude were comparable with that of acetylsalicylic acid and even exceeded it with respect to the duration of inhibition of the platelet release reaction.

Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. grows mainly in the northern and central Cis-Urals in the Republic of Bashkortostan; in total, 22 localities are known. In the case of naturalization, the species becomes dominant and forms communities of the Urtico dioicae–Heracleetum sosnowskyi association. Five cenopopulations of H. sosnowskyi were studied in 2016–2019 in the Krasnokamsky, Tatyshlinsky, and Yanaulsky districts of Bashkortostan. The total density of the species in these cenopopulations is high (41–92 plants/m2), and the effective density (density of generative individuals) is 1.9–3.4 plants/m2. The biomass can reach 2.3–4.6 kg/m2. The share of the species in the community is high (77.8–96.8%). According to the majority of parameters of both vegetative and generative spheres, the cenopopulation located near the village of Tashkinovo takes the leading position, whereas the minimum values of all parameters are registered for the cenopopulation located near the village of Razdolye in the Krasnokamsky district. H. sosnowskyi poses a serious threat to the ecosystem biodiversity in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Mathematical modeling technique based on solving the nonlinear Maxwell’s equations (Eqs.) rigorously using the decomposition approach on nonlinear autonomous blocks partially filled by the nonlinear media with a “strong” nonlinearity (NABs) and reliable engineering method for numerical computation of microwave and photonic nonlinear 3D devices engaging strong nonlinearities, applicable in CAD, were developed. To determine the NAB descriptors the iterative computational process for solving the nonlinear 3D diffraction boundary problems with the non-asymptotic radiation boundary conditions on the NAB bounds was performed using the projection method. The iteration method of recomposition of NABs is developed using the linearization of its descriptors. Using the computational algorithm for solving nonlinear diffraction boundary problems performed as NABs and improved computation algorithm of determination of bifurcation points the nonlinearity thresholds in the magnetic nanoarrays at microwaves were numerically simulated.

Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden in the Republic of Bashkortostan is distributed mainly in the northern and central Ural piedmont, a total of 20 localities are known. Upon naturalization, the species becomes the dominant and forms the communities of the association of Urtico dioicae - Heracleetum sosnowskyi . In 2016-2019 5 cenopopulations of H. sosnowskyi were investigated in the Krasnokamsky, Tatyshlinsky and Yanaulsky districts of Bashkortostan. The total density of the species in cenopopulations is high and amounts to 41-92 individuals/m, the effective one (density of generative individuals) is 1.9-3.4 individuals/m, while biomass can reach 2.3-4.6 kg/m. The proportion of the species in the community is high - 77.8-96.8%. According to most indicators of both vegetative and generative spheres, the cenopopulation located near the village of Tashkinovo leads, while the minimum values for all parameters are noted in the cenopopulation near the village of Razdolye in the Krasnokamsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. H. sosnowskyi poses a serious threat to the biodiversity of the ecosystems of the Republic of Bashkortostan.