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Esta dissertação realiza a análise do discurso de oposição do PSDB durante o governo do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). A partir de uma perspectiva que reúne a abordagem da Análise de Discurso e elementos da Ciência Política, o trabalho tem como objetivos, com base nos posicionamentos dos líderes tucanos1 sobre corrupção, política econômica e programas sociais, compreender que condições de emergência marcaram a estruturação de um discurso de oposição à gestão petista. Além disso, serão investigadas quais as estratégias de articulação discursiva utilizadas pelo PSDB. O corpus da pesquisa foi composto pelos pronunciamentos proferidos, em plenário, pelos líderes do PSDB na Câmara dos Deputados. O estudo também utiliza declarações de outros personagens importantes na hierarquia tucana, retiradas do jornal Folha de São Paulo. Para melhor contextualizar o enfrentamento entre oposição e governo, este trabalho coletou, também no periódico, manifestações de integrantes do governo e líderes do PT., This dissertation performs discourse analysis of the opposition PSDB during the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( 2003-2010 ). From a perspective herding approach the Analysis of Discourse and elements of Science Policy, the study is aimed based on placements of toucan’s leaders on corruption, economic policy and social programs, understand which emergency conditions marked the structuring of a discourse of opposition to PT management. Besides articulation strategies discoursive used by the PSDB will be used investigated. The corpus of research was composed by the pronoucements delivered, in plenary by leaders of PSDB in the Chamber of Deputies. The study also uses statements of other important characters in the hierarchy tucana, taken from the newspaper Folha de São Paulo. This work also collected at regular and PT leaders to better contextualize the coping between opposition and government.

El presente estudio describe la problemática laboral de los jóvenes del Partido de General Pueyrredon y las acciones llevadas a cabo por los actores del Sistema de Relaciones Laborales en el período 2003-2010. En el análisis utilizamos técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas, con datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares y de entrevistas en profundidad a referentes locales, tomando como parámetro el concepto de Diálogo Social. Los resultados nos permiten afirmar, por un lado, mejoras en la calidad del empleo para este grupo etario, mientras persisten situaciones de déficit ocupacional para un sector más vulnerable dentro de esta población. Por otro, que las estrategias destinadas a mejorar la inserción social y ocupacional de los jóvenes son ejecutadas en forma articulada entre los distintos actores involucrados., This study describes the labour problems of the youth of Partido de General Pueyrredon and the actions undertaken by agents of the Employment Relations System in the period 2003 to 2010. In order to carry out the analysis, we have used quantitative and qualitative techniques, with data from the EPH (Permanent Household Survey) and in-depth interviews to local referrals, from a Social Dialogue perspective.The results allow us to state, on the one hand, the existence of improvements in the quality of employment for this age group, although occupational shortfalls remain for the most vulnerable part of this population. On the other hand, that strategies intended to improve social and occupational integration of young people are executed in a coordinated manner among the various agents involved., Fil: Perri, Mariana Silvina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina., Fil: Labrunée, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina.

This study makes a critical analysis of the Bolivarian economic policy period (2003-2010), according to the results obtained in the main macroeconomic indicators. It confronts objectives set out in official planning documents of the measures effectively adopted and the obtained results, trying to find discrepancies and consistencies. By examining ex post facto the behavior of key economic aggregates, it has been established that since 2003 the emphasis is in State interventionism, legal, monetary and fiscal arrangements are set which allow to use public spending to expand domestic consumption and public investment. Controls and regulations are extended to various sectors of production, going so far as to expropriate private companies since 2006. The pace and intensity of intervention measures are marked by the movement of oil revenue, particularly in the global oil market, on which there is no domestic control. They developed social programs financed by special funds from oil industry. It was found that the policy neither follows the guidelines laid out nor achieves the designed goals, simply adopting the windings of oil prices. Responses to external shocks are taken and implemented with delay applying recipes identical to those of previous governments. Economic growth is marked by progress and setbacks. Highlighted as positive aspects are the improvement in employment levels and reduction in the number of households in poverty, but inflation continues and external dependence has increased., Neste estudo se efetua uma análise crítica da política econômica bolivariana, período (2003-2010), baseado nos resultados obtidos nos principais indicadores macroeconômicos. Confronta objetivos plasmados em documentos oficiais de planificação com as medidas efetivamente adotadas e os indicadores econômicos, tratando de achar discrepâncias e consistências. Examinando ex post facto, o comportamento dos agregados econômicos fundamentais se pôde estabelecer que a partir de 2003, se acentua o intervencionismo do Estado, se configuram arranjos legais, monetários e fiscais que permitem utilizar o gasto público para expandir o consumo nacional e a inversão pública. Estendem-se controles e regulações a diversos setores produtivos chegando ao extremo de expropriar empresas privadas a partir de 2006. O ritmo e a intensidade das medidas intervencionistas estão marcados pelo vaivém do ingresso petroleiro, determinado no mercado petroleiro mundial, sobre o qual não se tem controle doméstico. Estabeleceram-se programas sociais financiados com fundos especiais provenientes da atividade petroleira. Encontrou-se que a política adotada não segue as pautas traçadas, nem alcança os objetivos projetados, adequando-se simplesmente à sinuosidades do preço do petróleo. As respostas aos shocks externos se dão de maneira tardia e aplicam receita igual que em governos anteriores. O crescimento econômico está marcado pelos avances e retrocessos. Ressalta como fato positivo melhoras no nível de emprego e a redução do número de famílias em situação de pobreza, embora persista a inflação e se tenha incrementado a dependência externa., Este estudio efectúa un análisis crítico de la política económica bolivariana, período (2003-2010), a la luz de los resultados obtenidos en los principales indicadores macroeconómicos. Confronta objetivos plasmados en documentos oficiales de planificación con las medidas efectivamente adoptadas y los indicadores económicos, tratando de hallar discrepancias y consistencias. Examinando ex post facto, el comportamiento de los agregados económicos fundamentales se pudo establecer que a partir de 2003, se acentúa el intervencionismo del Estado, se configuran arreglos legales, monetarios y fiscales que permiten utilizar el gasto público para expandir el consumo nacional y la inversión pública. Se extienden controles y regulaciones a diversos sectores productivos llegando al extremo de expropiar empresas privadas a partir de 2006. El ritmo y la intensidad de las medidas intervencionistas están marcados por el vaivén del ingreso petrolero, determinado en el mercado petrolero mundial, sobre el cual no se tiene control doméstico. Se desarrollan programas sociales financiados con fondos especiales provenientes de la actividad petrolera. Se encontró que la política adoptada no sigue las pautas trazadas, ni alcanza los objetivos diseñados, adecuándose sencillamente a las sinuosidades del precio del petróleo. Las respuestas a los shocks externos, se toman con rezago y aplican recetario idéntico al de gobiernos anteriores. El crecimiento económico está signado por avances y retrocesos. Resalta como hecho positivo mejoras en el nivel de empleo y la reducción del número de hogares en situación de pobreza, aunque persiste la inflación y se ha incrementado la dependencia externa.

This study makes a critical analysis of the Bolivarian economic policy period (2003-2010), according to the results obtained in the main macroeconomic indicators. It confronts objectives set out in official planning documents of the measures effectively adopted and the obtained results, trying to find discrepancies and consistencies. By examining ex post facto the behavior of key economic aggregates, it has been established that since 2003 the emphasis is in State interventionism, legal, monetary and fiscal arrangements are set which allow to use public spending to expand domestic consumption and public investment. Controls and regulations are extended to various sectors of production, going so far as to expropriate private companies since 2006. The pace and intensity of intervention measures are marked by the movement of oil revenue, particularly in the global oil market, on which there is no domestic control. They developed social programs financed by special funds from oil industry. It was found that the policy neither follows the guidelines laid out nor achieves the designed goals, simply adopting the windings of oil prices. Responses to external shocks are taken and implemented with delay applying recipes identical to those of previous governments. Economic growth is marked by progress and setbacks. Highlighted as positive aspects are the improvement in employment levels and reduction in the number of households in poverty, but inflation continues and external dependence has increased., Neste estudo se efetua uma análise crítica da política econômica bolivariana, período (2003-2010), baseado nos resultados obtidos nos principais indicadores macroeconômicos. Confronta objetivos plasmados em documentos oficiais de planificação com as medidas efetivamente adotadas e os indicadores econômicos, tratando de achar discrepâncias e consistências. Examinando ex post facto, o comportamento dos agregados econômicos fundamentais se pôde estabelecer que a partir de 2003, se acentua o intervencionismo do Estado, se configuram arranjos legais, monetários e fiscais que permitem utilizar o gasto público para expandir o consumo nacional e a inversão pública. Estendem-se controles e regulações a diversos setores produtivos chegando ao extremo de expropriar empresas privadas a partir de 2006. O ritmo e a intensidade das medidas intervencionistas estão marcados pelo vaivém do ingresso petroleiro, determinado no mercado petroleiro mundial, sobre o qual não se tem controle doméstico. Estabeleceram-se programas sociais financiados com fundos especiais provenientes da atividade petroleira. Encontrou-se que a política adotada não segue as pautas traçadas, nem alcança os objetivos projetados, adequando-se simplesmente à sinuosidades do preço do petróleo. As respostas aos shocks externos se dão de maneira tardia e aplicam receita igual que em governos anteriores. O crescimento econômico está marcado pelos avances e retrocessos. Ressalta como fato positivo melhoras no nível de emprego e a redução do número de famílias em situação de pobreza, embora persista a inflação e se tenha incrementado a dependência externa., Este estudio efectúa un análisis crítico de la política económica bolivariana, período (2003-2010), a la luz de los resultados obtenidos en los principales indicadores macroeconómicos. Confronta objetivos plasmados en documentos oficiales de planificación con las medidas efectivamente adoptadas y los indicadores económicos, tratando de hallar discrepancias y consistencias. Examinando ex post facto, el comportamiento de los agregados económicos fundamentales se pudo establecer que a partir de 2003, se acentúa el intervencionismo del Estado, se configuran arreglos legales, monetarios y fiscales que permiten utilizar el gasto público para expandir el consumo nacional y la inversión pública. Se extienden controles y regulaciones a diversos sectores productivos llegando al extremo de expropiar empresas privadas a partir de 2006. El ritmo y la intensidad de las medidas intervencionistas están marcados por el vaivén del ingreso petrolero, determinado en el mercado petrolero mundial, sobre el cual no se tiene control doméstico. Se desarrollan programas sociales financiados con fondos especiales provenientes de la actividad petrolera. Se encontró que la política adoptada no sigue las pautas trazadas, ni alcanza los objetivos diseñados, adecuándose sencillamente a las sinuosidades del precio del petróleo. Las respuestas a los shocks externos, se toman con rezago y aplican recetario idéntico al de gobiernos anteriores. El crecimiento económico está signado por avances y retrocesos. Resalta como hecho positivo mejoras en el nivel de empleo y la reducción del número de hogares en situación de pobreza, aunque persiste la inflación y se ha incrementado la dependencia externa.

En el presente estudio nos proponemos, en primer lugar, indagar acerca de la problemática laboral de los jóvenes del Partido de General Pueyrredon en el período 2003-2010. En segundo lugar, describir las acciones que llevan a cabo los actores del Sistema de Relaciones Laborales y sus interrelaciones. Para el análisis, utilizamos técnicas cuanti y cualitativas, con datos provenientes de la EPH y de entrevistas en profundidad a referentes locales, tomando como perspectiva el concepto de Diálogo Social. Los resultados nos permiten afirmar, por un lado, que hubo mejoras en cuanto a la calidad del empleo para este grupo etario, al tiempo que persisten situaciones de déficit ocupacional para un sector más vulnerable dentro de esta población. Por el otro, que las estrategias destinadas a mejorar la inserción social y ocupacional de los jóvenes son ejecutadas en forma articulada entre los distintos actores involucrados., Fil: Perri, Mariana Silvina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina.

This study sought to analyse antimicrobial pressure, indications for treatment, and compliance with treatment recommendations and to identify possible problem areas where inappropriate use could be improved through interventions by the network of the local Swedish Strategic Programme Against Antibiotic Resistance (Strama) groups. Five point-prevalence surveys were performed in between 49 and 72 participating hospitals from 2003 to 2010. Treatments were recorded for 19 predefined diagnosis groups and whether they were for community-acquired infection, hospital-acquired infection, or prophylaxis. Approximately one-third of inpatients were treated with antimicrobials. Compliance with guidelines for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with narrow-spectrum penicillin was 17.0% during baseline 2003-2004, and significantly improved to 24.2% in 2010. Corresponding figures for quinolone use in uncomplicated cystitis in women were 28.5% in 2003-2004, and significantly improved, decreasing to 15.3% in 2010. The length of surgical prophylaxis improved significantly when data for a single dose and 1 day were combined, from 56.3% in 2003-2004 to 66.6% in 2010. Improved compliance was possibly the effect of active local feedback, repeated surveys, and increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance. Strama groups are important for successful local implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sweden.

This thesis aims at critically reviewing the type of discourses employed by the Centre-Left Coalition educational authorities to devise the English language policy launched by the former Minister of Education Sergio Bitar in 2003. This investigation also aims at exploring the discursive strategies used by those authorities to persuade Chileans to become Spanish-English bilingual citizens. I will observe how command of English is understood by the authorities by focusing on the text they employ to link language proficiency with economic development; globalisation; information, technology and knowledge society; and equality as it is worded within the language policy documents. I have employed a critical perspective to discourse analysis, i.e. CDA. This methodology will allow me to examine the microstructures of the language policy texts and relate them to the contextual macrostructures of contemporary Chile that trigger the composition of such texts. Thus, I will explore not only the historical, but also the contextual features of the language policy discourses which, in turn, makes embedded ideologies hidden in the discourse emerge and, hence, expose the goals that stake-holders may have had at the moment of policy creation and implementation. The critical analysis of the policy discourse has revealed some interesting patterns employed by the policy makers to devise the policy and to inculcate foreign language implementation in the Chilean educational system. For instance, the instrumentalisation of English, the commodification of the foreign language and the neoliberal reasoning embedded in those processes. This ideology is the result of 40 years’ exposure to an economic, political and cultural hegemonic common-sense arguments which has shaped the Chilean citizen reasoning and behaviour.

This thesis aims at critically reviewing the type of discourses employed by the Centre-Left Coalition educational authorities to devise the English language policy launched by the former Minister of Education Sergio Bitar in 2003. This investigation also aims at exploring the discursive strategies used by those authorities to persuade Chileans to become Spanish-English bilingual citizens. I will observe how command of English is understood by the authorities by focusing on the text they employ to link language proficiency with economic development; globalisation; information, technology and knowledge society; and equality as it is worded within the language policy documents. I have employed a critical perspective to discourse analysis, i.e. CDA. This methodology will allow me to examine the microstructures of the language policy texts and relate them to the contextual macrostructures of contemporary Chile that trigger the composition of such texts. Thus, I will explore not only the historical, but also the contextual features of the language policy discourses which, in turn, makes embedded ideologies hidden in the discourse emerge and, hence, expose the goals that stake-holders may have had at the moment of policy creation and implementation. The critical analysis of the policy discourse has revealed some interesting patterns employed by the policy makers to devise the policy and to inculcate foreign language implementation in the Chilean educational system. For instance, the instrumentalisation of English, the commodification of the foreign language and the neoliberal reasoning embedded in those processes. This ideology is the result of 40 years’ exposure to an economic, political and cultural hegemonic common-sense arguments which has shaped the Chilean citizen reasoning and behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: This study used the InterVA-4 computerised model to assign probable cause of death (CoD) to verbal autopsies (VAs) generated from two rural areas, with a difference in health service provision, within the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance site (HDSS). This study aimed to compare CoD by gender, as well as discussing possible factors which could influence differences in the distribution of CoD between the two areas. DESIGN: Data for this study came from the Matlab the HDSS maintained by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) since 1966. In late 1977, icddr,b divided HDSS and implemented a high-quality maternal, newborn and child health and family planning (MNCH-FP) services project in one half, called the icddr,b service area (SA), in addition to the usual public and private MNCH-FP services that serve the other half, called the government SA. HDSS field workers registered 12,144 deaths during 2003-2010, and trained interviewers obtained VA for 98.9% of them. The probabilistic model InterVA-4 probabilistic model (version 4.02) was used to derive probable CoD from VA symptoms. Cause-specific mortality rates and fractions were compared across gender and areas. Appropriate statistical tests were applied for significance testing. RESULTS: Mortality rates due to neonatal causes and communicable diseases (CDs) were lower in the icddr,b SA than in the government SA, where mortality rates due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were lower. Cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) due to CDs (23.2% versus 18.8%) and neonatal causes (7.4% versus 6%) were higher in the government SA, whereas CSMFs due to NCDs were higher (58.2% versus 50.7%) in the icddr,b SA. The rank-order of CSMFs by age group showed marked variations, the largest category being acute respiratory infection/pneumonia in infancy, injury in 1-4 and 5-14 years, neoplasms in 15-49 and 50-64 years, and stroke in 65+ years. CONCLUSIONS: Automated InterVA

Objetivo. Describir las características epidemiológicas de la mortalidad por cáncer en Trujillo Metropolitano en el período 2003-2010. Material y método. El estudio es de tipo observacional descriptivo retrospectivo utilizando los certificados de defunción con diagnóstico de cáncer como causa básica de muerte y los datos oficiales del Censo Poblacional del año 2007. La clasificación topográfica de los diagnósticos de cáncer se hizo de acuerdo a la Décima Revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades. Se calculó la frecuencia y tasas de mortalidad estandarizada por edad. Resultados. El cáncer fue la causa de muerte de 4 200 personas, 44 % hombres y 56 % mujeres. El promedio anual de muertes por cáncer fue 525. El cáncer de estómago, cuello uterino y próstata fueron las principales causas de la mortalidad por cáncer. Tres de cada cinco defunciones ocurrieron en mayores de sesentaicinco años. Entre los hombres las principales causas de muerte por cáncer fueron los tumores de estómago, próstata y pul món; en las mujeres, cuello uterino, estómago y mama. La mortalidad en la niñez representó 1,5 % del total de muertes por cáncer; las leucemias, tumores del sistema nervioso y linfomas fueron las principales causas de muerte por cáncer en este grupo de edad

Background: Early diagnosis of HIV is important for the prognosis of individual patients, because antiretroviral treatment can be started at the appropriate time, and for public health, because transmission can be prevented. Methods: Data were collected from 767 HIV patients who were diagnosed in Sweden during 2003-2010 and were infected in Sweden or born in Sweden and infected abroad. A recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) was applied to BED-EIA test results (OD-n less than 0.8), CD4 counts (greater than= 200 cells/mu l), and clinical information. A recent infection classification was used as indicator for early diagnosis. Time trends in early diagnosis were investigated to detect population changes in HIV testing behavior. Patients with early diagnosis were compared to patients with delayed diagnosis with respect to age, gender, transmission route, and country of infection (Sweden or abroad). Results: Early diagnosis was observed in 271 patients (35%). There was no statistically significant time trend in the yearly percentage of patients with early diagnosis in the entire study group (p = 0.836) or in subgroups. Early diagnosis was significantly more common in men who have sex men (MSM) (45%) than in heterosexuals (21%) and injecting drug users (27%) (p less than 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) in both univariate and multivariable analyses. The only other factor that remained associated with early diagnosis in multivariable analysis was young age group. Conclusion: Approximately one-third of the study patients were diagnosed early with no significant change over time. Delayed HIV diagnosis is a considerable problem in Sweden, which does not appear to diminish., Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [K2008-56X-09935-17-3, K2001-35 56X-0095-20-6, 623-2011-1100, 623-2013-8905]; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency [SWE-2006-018]; EU project: SPREAD [QLK2-CT-2001-37 01344]; EU project: EHR [LSHP-CT-2006-518211]; EU project: CHAIN; Collaborative HIV and Anti-HIV Drug Resistance Network [223131, 260694]