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Having great influence over the Republican period, many sport institutions and sport politics were going back to the period of First Constitutional Monarchy. Since then, sport has begun to achieve to a new social meaning. Within the modernisation process, being the roots of many present sport branches, sport practices, which were considered as part of military education in the Ottoman period, were transformed into practices that had to be carried out by everyone in order to keep himself-herself in health and form. Especially in parallel to the establishment of the nation-state, sport was reorganized as a national field for all citizenships. For the newly constituted Turkish Republic, sport was turned to be an influential sphere of activity which would function for raising healthy, disciplined and patriotic citizens and for symbolising national unity in the international domains. Main expectations of founding elites were to bring up bodily strong and morally potent generation. Here, the main social role of women were to be symbols of modernity by participating into sport activities and to be good mothers who were capable of giving birth to healthy children of the nation. This paper aims to analyse the emergence of sport as a field of new modern nation state and its changing social meaning under the impact of great social transformation called modernisation in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian government's role in funding and managing amateur sports increased dramatically as part of the expansion of the postwar social welfare state. A case study of the government's involvement in Team Canada's participation at the 1978 World Hockey Championship reveals the deliberate attempt by Canadian hockey players, government officials, diplomats, and embassies, to improve Canada's image abroad after it had been damaged by the team's unsportsmanlike behaviour at the same championship the previous year. Ottawa's portrayal of this 1978 "charm offensive" as successful helped it justify its role in operating the Canadian national team. This article situates the government's role in the 1978 World Championship in the context of trends that began in the 1960s, when the government became more involved in sports, and charts a growing awareness of the potential for sport -- and especially hockey in the case of Canada -- to function not only as an important component of collective identity, but also as an integral part of the nation's foreign relations strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1940s, Puerto Rico enjoyed the benefits of a U.S. sponsored economic boom as a result of the Second World War. Taking advantage of this influx of capital, the Puerto Rican government's sport and recreation commission, led by Julio Enrique Monagas, sought out an island-wide plan to build sport and recreational facilities under a social justice ideology. The mass-produced athletic parks were built in both the major urban cities as well as in the rural towns, a process later dubbed a "sport revolution." The government, through its sports commission, claimed that the mass athletic construction project was to uplift society, as well as a long awaited push for athletic modernization. However, more than top-down government policies, the politics of sport and recreation entailed popular demands for even more and better parks and programming. Thus, at stake with the plan, also known as "Un parque para cada pueblo," was the negotiation over the terms of a hegemonic relation between the emerging Partido Popular Democrático, the citizenry, and in turn U.S. colonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International sporting competition has played a rôle in diplomacy since at least the ancient Olympiad. Competitors in international sporting events have always possessed the capacity to represent their governments and peoples—and, more latterly, sponsoring firms—not only to foreign governments but also to foreign populations and the global public more broadly. The rapid increase in the number and variety of international sporting competitions over the past 50 years has seen “the increase in people-to-people exchanges, both virtual and personal, across national borders.” The communicative power of international sport has increased dramatically by the information and communications technologies revolution over the past several decades, enabling the audience for major sporting events to expand to hundreds of million people. Yet, little study on how international sport relates to public diplomacy has occurred and remains not well understood. This analysis fills in this lacuna. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Distributive spending by a state is often thought to have an electoral connection, and the work on pork-barrel politics whereby spending is geographically targeted is extensive. However, there has been mixed empirical support for the two main hypotheses: (a) that it is targeted at marginal constituencies; or (b) that it goes to party strongholds. Using new data on discretionary sports grant spending in Ireland we offer and test a complementary hypothesis that focuses on the responsible minister as primary decision-maker. We find that the grants are targeted at the responsible minister's constituency. Moreover we test these using three measures of the dependent variable: euro value of the grants, success rate of grant applications and the number of grants allocated per constituency. Our hypothesis is supported in all three models, something we argue gives greater credence to the result. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers the author's insights on sporting governance in Great Britain. The author tackles the history and success of Great Britain in hosting sports events including London Olympics 2012, World Cup, and Paralympic games. Moreover, the author considers the significance of sporting success in Great Britain's economic development and international relations.

Sports was included in EU competences with the Lisbon Treaty. EU handles sports as a political and socio-economic instrument and assesses it as an international policy tool that can contribute to the realization of the goals of other policy areas such as economic, social and external relations policies. Although a supranational sports policy has not emerged yet, the EU has been increasing its effectiveness in this field through its programmes and funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the proceedings at the International Youth Forum of Compatriots on Sports sponsored by the Government Commission on Compatriots Living Abroad (GCCLA) held in Moscow, Russia, on April 13, 2013, and April 14, 2013. The article discusses presentations delivered by Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov, honored master of sports and state Duma deputy Svetlana Zhurova, and a statement adopted by the forum on the importance of the Olympic movement.

This article builds upon research on youth sport clubs conducted from a socio-cultural perspective by reporting on a study that inquired into the reasons why children aged 9–12 joined swimming clubs in France, Germany and Australia. Comprising three case studies it employed a mixed method approach with results considered within the framework of Côté and colleagues' Development Model of Sport Participation (DMSP). It identifies the importance of parents, the social dimensions of experience in the clubs and of appropriate competition in attracting the children to the clubs and keeping them there. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the extent to which, and the manner in which, the Chinese government managed its relationship with the Olympic movement following its re-engagement with international elite sport competition in the mid 1970s. Locating the analysis in the literature on globalisation, the article notes the limited research exploring the role of the state in managing the relationship between domestic and global sport. Based on extensive document analysis and interviews, the article provides an analysis of the governmental strategy to increase Chinese influence in the Olympic movement, produce a strong national Olympic squad of athletes and ensure success at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. It is argued that the Chinese state was not only effective in organising and concentrating resources to support its policy objectives, but was also able to incorporate aspects of market capitalism into its elite development system and, so far at least, generally manage effectively the tensions that arose from an increasingly wealthy, mobile and individualistic cohort of elite athletes and coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective Voters are more likely to reelect incumbents when political outcomes are positive. Although most scholars assume this is because voters explicitly credit politicians for good outcomes, this article investigates whether some voters simply opt for the status quo when they feel happy. Methods To distinguish these two voting models, I propose professional sports records as a proxy for electorate happiness unrelated to political performance. I test the impact of sports performance on incumbent mayoral elections in 39 American cities from 1948 to 2009. Results Winning sports records boost incumbents' vote totals and likelihoods of reelection, exceeding in magnitude the effect of variation in unemployment. In contrast, sports records following elections display no such relationship. Conclusion Retrospective voting is partly driven by feelings of happiness unrelated to political appraisal. However, I argue that the implications for democratic accountability are not as dire as many authors claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1941 to 1979 women in Brazil were forbidden by law to play the national sport of football and continue to struggle to participate this major aspect of the country’s social life. This paper focuses on the political ideas of Juliana Cabral, the captain of the Brazilian women’s football team that won the silver medal at the Athens Olympics in 2004. Against a background of organized political contestation of the gender structure in Brazilian sports, I use Paulo Freire’s concept of untested feasibility to chronical Juliana Cabral’s vision of gender justice in football as well as her actions to promote gender equality within football. This is a particularly important moment of contestation to document given that Brazil is scheduled to host two major world sports events this decade—the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Rio Olympics, which will highlight to the world once again the tensions within the gender social order in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the debate precipitated by the Thatcher government's (unsuccessful) attempt to secure a British boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Aware that it faced a struggle to win over the autonomous British Olympic Association, but with Thatcher in particular keen to support the United States, the government's case that the invasion required a specific response in the form of a boycott was steadily overshadowed as the public debate increasingly focused on arguments over human rights and détente and the use of state power. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this research is to deepen the relationship between football and socio-political conflict during periods of dictatorship. For this study we focus on public disorder occurring during and after the match pitting the Union Deportiva Las Palmas against Córdoba at Estadio Insular March 4, 1962. To do this we rely primarily on the documentation generated by the Francoist authorities, such as the Information Service of the Civil Guard, the Dirección General de Seguridad and the Civil Governor of Las Palmas; the official press of the time and the propaganda of the anti-Franco organizations. We explain this conflict as a result of the economic, social and political conditions that is lived in the years before on the city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, that generate a lot of discontent among all classes with the prevailing dictatorship. This investigation reveals the nationalist character of the conflict and the importance that it had for the Franco authorities, who undertook a series of actions to improve the situation of the islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport and politics have long been linked, but the Olympic Games represent the most political sports event of all. The following article focuses on two of the most important aspects of the Olympics (and sports 'mega-events' in general) that students of politics and international relations could make a major contribution towards: the use of the Olympics by states to showcase the host nation and the hoped-for 'legacies' that arise from them. Both aspects are, of course, interlinked: the 'legacies' are often put forward as the key rationale for the bidding for, and hosting of, the Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring community clubs implement centrally developed sports policy is a challenge for most sports. One hundred and eighty four (70% male, 68% aged 40 to 59 years) community Australian football club representatives (first-aid providers, administrators, parents, coaches, etc.) from across the country provided their perceptions of an Australian Football League-developed sports trainer policy and associated workforce training structure (jointly referred to hereafter as ‘the policy’) via an online survey. This article presents a qualitative analysis of the open-ended questions within the survey using the analytical lens of symbolic interactionism. Respondents generally supported the intent of the policy and identified many potential benefits of the policy, if adopted. They also provided insight into the organization and operation of community sports clubs and stressed that the volunteer intensive nature of community sport needs to be accommodated in the policy to enhance the likelihood of community-level acceptance and implementation. Successful community club implementation of this type of centrally developed micro-level sport policy requires that policy-makers understand and address the implementation context-related perspectives raised in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The United Kingdom-South Africa Sports Initiative was launched in 1994 to contribute to a sustainable and equitable sports development system in South Africa. The initiative was implemented in two phases. Phase I entailed planning and developing a national sports administration curriculum. In Phase II, planning was finalized and resources were provided for the development of a sports delivery system. and the program was monitored to identify (a) problems, constraints, and challenges: (b) solutions: and (c) an implementation plan. Coordinators (n = 5), lead facilitators (n = 2), facilitators (n = 10), and sports leaders (n = 9) were interviewed, and statistics were compiled on their race and gender. The conclusion of Phase II entailed monitoring different aspects of the sports leaders' course. The main trends identified through that process include the context, aims and objectives, style of presentation, and content of courses at different levels. Perceptions about ownership, management, and the possible impact of the initiative are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents findings of a proceeding held in Cologne, Germany, from June 28 to 29, 2012, on sports politics in Europe. The goal of the proceeding was to facilitate an exchange of aforementioned various disciplines, perspectives, and actors of European sport politics and science. International relationships were discussed, as well as access of economic sciences to the issue of European sport politics. Relevant factors including cost and application of various approaches to sport politics, were addressed.

The article reports on a conference on the connection between sports and nationalism in historical perspective, held in Prague, Czech Republic, from June 28-30, 2012. Papers and discussions revolved around the political aspects of sports, exemplified with such case studies as soccer in Denmark during the German occupation in World War II, the participation of the Soviet Union in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland, and international soccer matches between Hungary and Romania from 1936-2009.

Sports-diplomacy is a familiar but relatively under-explored area of theory and practice in diplomatic studies. Existing scholarship is akin to sports-diplomacy's practice: anecdotal, sporadic articles that are case specific. This analysis posits that in the modern, plural diplomatic environment, sports-diplomacy does have potential, but that will not be realised until further discussion and scholarship is undertaken. Specifically, the “gap” in the diplomatic studies literature needs filling, as well as addressing and discussing the question: “do the benefits outweigh the dangers of ‘mixing’ sport and diplomacy?” The article's purpose is rudimentary. It aims to prompt discussion and debate between theorists and practitioners from both diplomacy and sport, conducive to a more durable relationship between sports and diplomacy than currently exists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a report from a June 28-29, 2012 conference in Cologne, Germany on the establishment of a European sports policy. Topics of presentations given included the interaction between political science and sports science as specified by article 165 of the Lisbon Treaty, alleged marginalization of European sports research in the 1990s, and the history of the Champions League soccer tournament.

The European Union (EU) represents an emerging opportunity structure refining societal actors’ chances to get access to and influence over policymaking. While research has mainly focused on lobbying within the legislative arena, we provide evidence that competition policy can also be understood as a venue of interest group politics by taking the case of European football. The specific institutional features of competition policy have the potential to increase probability of access and lower costs for political action for certain interest groups, but also to limit potential benefits from interest group politics. Professional football players and clubs in Europe have used competition policy procedures as an avenue to challenge the supremacy of governing bodies such as UEFA in the game’s organizational structures. Whilst managing some impact in terms of policy, the challengers have attained only moderate influence in football’s sectoral governance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the views of several sports organizers, athletes, and scholars on the subject of the impact of sports on society including former Jamaican bobsled team member Devon Harris, former National Basketball Association (NBA) player Arvydas Sabonis, and Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) director of the CFR's Women and Foreign Policy Program Isobel Coleman. They examine issues including women in sports, baseball in China, and U.S. basketball player Kevin Sheppard. The article also discusses how politics have been influenced by sports.

Owing to the changes in its technological and economic environment, the national contexts that previously defined the world of sport have changed dramatically. The contribution of sport in defining national identity has been discussed by many scholars across a range of national contexts. However, there has not been a critical examination of the role of sport in articulating Hungarian identity. This is somewhat surprising given that Hungary has been very successful in international sporting competitions producing a society that is rich in sport-related collective memories. The objective of this article is to explore the relationship of sport and national identity in Hungary within the context of globalization and social change. Using document analysis and a survey of a representative sample (n = 1027) of the Hungarian adult population the research focuses on public attitudes to sport, and within these, the different aspects of national identity. The achievements of elite Hungarian athletes are emphasized by (sport) politicians and by the media, having an impact on the opinions and expectations of citizens. The results show that for the majority of Hungarian society elite-sport success is important, however, identification decreases in cases of failures and scandals. Issues that are not related to elite sport are not as prominent although these may strengthen national integration regardless of performance success.elite sport, globalization, Hungary, national identity, sport consumption [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supporters Direct, a sports policy initiative launched by the British Labour government in 2000, has consolidated its position in the intervening decade and experienced considerable success in setting up supporters’ trusts. This success has encouraged the European football governing body, UEFA, to give its backing to the establishment of the Supporters Direct model across European leagues. This chapter develops a broadly Marxist political economy of football to explain how and why, despite the increasing pressure of commercialization, the football business remains founded on an unstable commodity structure in which the motive forces of exchange value and profit ultimately fail to dominate football as a community asset. The assumed progressive nature of Supporters Direct is premised on the view that football has been commodified. However, as the chapter will explain, the argument that football presents as an unstable commodity structure furnishes an alternative view of Supporters Direct: that it is an integral part of a social policy aimed at the preservation and extension of commodified social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European policy has many implications on the formation of national policy and decision-making process. Although European Union has no direct competence in the area of sport, its value-added is apparent in the promotion of sport-related activities and the exchange of good practice, influencing sport policy in the member states. The aim of this article is to explore the impact of the European Union on Greek sport policy making. Focusing on the social dimension of sport, this article argues that the Europeanization of Greek sport policy is limited because of its reliance on weak and indirect mechanisms. Yet it perceives a kind of a selective adoption of EU initiatives and recommendations for Greece to accomplish particular goals and meet national priorities. One of the benefits of this interaction is that Greece has slowly entered into a “learning” process where EU provides a platform for sport-related policy transfer and exchange of ideas among member states. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The office of UK Minister for Sport was created in 1964 at a junior level in government and has had 14 post-holders up to 2011. In this period, sport has become increasingly politicised. However, decisions to bid for major events such as the 2012 Olympics are made at Cabinet level from which the Minister for Sport is excluded. If Sports Ministers do not get closely involved in high-level sports policy decisions, what do they actually do? This article looks at relevant aspects of government sports policy, the influence that Ministers for Sport may have had on it and the limitations of that influence. It then examines the activities of the Ministers in Parliament, including the proportion of their time actually spent on sport. Finally, it assesses the holders of the office themselves and, in particular, their prospects for promotion in government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the international sports boycott of apartheid, by the mid 1970s Botswana was not allowing black South African football teams to compete in Botswana, despite their immense popularity and influence in the country. Ironically, in 1975, the government agreed to host an exclusively white motor sport dominated by South Africans. This article argues that the government of Botswana succumbed to claims by the South African organisers of the race, that Botswana would benefit from international publicity and a tourism boost. Reported 'tremendous interest from State House in the race' further suggests that the first family may have prevailed on the government through President Sir Seretse Khama to host the race in Botswana. The government rode roughshod over resistance from tribal communities, local district leadership and some British expatriates worried about the negative social and environmental effects of the race. The government also disregarded the Tswana tradition of consultation with the people through a kgotla forum. The staging of the race ended abruptly in 1981. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of too few females coaching in high-performance Canadian sport contexts is well documented. There is extensive research and programing dedicated to addressing this issue; however, the number of women in high-performance coaching positions within Canada continues to decline. Mentorship is a best practice to advance women into competitive sport coaching roles, and a more recent finding suggests that sponsorship may also be necessary. In this article Canadian national/federal sport policies were analyzed in an effort to better understand how these Canadian sport policies inform and impact the mentorship and/ or sponsorship of women coaches. The analysis of four federal government sport policy documents--Actively Engaged, the Canadian Sport Policy, the Coaching Association of Canada's and the Sport Information Resource Center's Equity and Access Policy--revealed that none of these pertinent policy documents make explicit reference to mentorship and/or sponsorship programing with the intent to advance more women into high-performance sport coaching positions. As such, the major argument of this study is that the Canadian sport policy sector needs to create policy documents that practically inform programing geared towards nascent female sport coaches and that the voices of female coaches who have been impacted by Canadian sport policies and programing alike, need to be incorporated into these policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the literature on the urban legacy of the 2012 Olympics Games emerging in recent years has emphasized the form that development has taken and the ways in which this aligns (or not) with specific promises made in terms of regeneration before the Games. Though plenty of discussion of planning procedure has occurred in this context, less emphasis has been placed on how the process, rather than the products, of urban change has been envisioned through legacy planning and urban design, and the significance of this for regeneration. Given that London's much-heralded 'regeneration legacy' was, from the early days of the Olympic bid, portrayed as a long-term process aimed at addressing historical issues of socio-economic disparity in East London, and that planning and urban design would play key roles in anticipating it, this contribution to the literature is timely. The paper focuses on the period from 2008 to 2018, beginning with the launch of the what was called the Legacy Masterplan Framework. Drawing on empirical analysis of documents describing the main stages of legacy planning and design between these years, it then examines how regeneration as a 'futurescape' encompassing numerous aspects of timing and temporality has been anticipated, planned and evolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport law in general should have a global dimension, since sport in itself has one. Sport laws have a large impact on athletes, coaches, sport organizations and even national or international sport federations. The set of norms that apply to sport at a global level include only the autonomous global legal order implemented by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, the World Anti-Doping Agency and the UNESCO Convention against Doping in Sport. However, the legislative framework is different in each country, being based on the country's Constitution and on whether or not it has a specific law on sport at a national level. In the European Union's Treaty, sport is not specifically regulated, but there are extensions beyond the specific sport regulation, involving commercialisation of sport, social, cultural and educational policy objectives (represented in treaties, declarations, reports and white papers), that have a major impact on the sport field. In this context, it is important for each country to have a legislative framework that benefits sport and its organizations in all EU member states. The purpose of this article is to review the sport laws characteristic to European countries and Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis considers the evolution of China's mass sports policy through four distinct periods between 1949 and 2009. From 1949 to 1957 represented the initial stage which was concurrent with the establishment of 'New China'. In this period, mass sports policies focussed on enhancing fitness for labour and national defence, underpinning a new nationalism. From 1958 to 1976, mass sports policies were viewed as a political tool for social control, contributing to the establishment of the party's absolute leadership and enhancing a sense of esprit de corps and positive teamwork in different departments and areas. From 1977 to 1994, mass sports policy was focussed on the reform of the management system and the construction of a sports culture. From 1995 to 2009, policy moved onwards to equality of opportunity for participation. It is argued that China's mass sports policy has shifted from a unified national perspective to a more human-based standard supported by a variety of policy systems from national to local government. This account shows how mass sports policy has played an active political role in the nation's economic construction and cultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Physical Culture / Fizicka Kultura is the property of University of Belgrade - Faculty of Sport & Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In policy contexts, social exclusion can be experienced through the systematic marginalization of groups by inhibiting their ability to access resources and support. In this article, we consider the context of community sport development in rural Canada to discuss the implications of rationalized policy systems for rural citizens. We discuss instances where engagement with the sport system was constrained as well as the way that rural people responded in order to continue engagement in sport both within and outside of policy frameworks. A more inclusive sport policy system requires the acknowledgement of diverse social outcomes which may be realized through sport. But, in order for this to take place, policy makers and practitioners must acknowledge that these outcomes can exist outside of athlete development and must re-consider the ways that resources and support can be allocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Second World War emerged, sport's context changed from a sense of normalcy to increased political tension and eventually to war. Sports organizations in one way or another had to adapt. What happens to the claimed 'un-political sport' when the context in which it takes place becomes ever more politicized? Should sport take a stand or should it stick to the favourite position of Western sporting officials in the 1930s that 'sport and politics should not mix'? Examining the small, occupied nations in Europe in particular helps answer these questions, as does considering the attitudes and politics of the international sports organizations in the critical years leading into the war: Was it possible to keep the Olympics going? What happened is explored based on recent research with primary and secondary sources, archive materials from the IOC and other organizations, as well as international research literature. Sport's symbolic ambiguity as it related to peace and war was reflected in the different ways in which sportspeople and organizations reacted to WWII. Sport embraced contrasting actions, boycott and participation, watching and resisting, and still came out seemingly unstained. This enabled the idea of sport as a mainly un-political phenomenon to persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sino-US sporting exchanges between 1980 and 1984 largely paralleled the patterns of the larger bilateral relations between the two nations. The over-politicization of sports by the two governments – and especially by the PRC – created the parallelism. Curiously, scholars of sport and international relations have paid little attention to Sino-US athletic interactions in this period, an oversight that needs to be remedied in light of the reciprocal correlations between international sport and international politics. Indeed, Sino-US athletic exchanges in the context of their bilateral relations underscores the mutual connections between sport and diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the policy trends regarding sports for all that are included in the National Sports Promotion Plan (NSPP). The NSPP paved the way for the development of practical policies for sports for all in Korea. This study explored data contained in the first round to the fifth round NSPP, focusing on the overall development trends for sports for all in Korea, the main NSPP policies included in each round, the policy tasks and promotional efforts for sports for all that are suggested in the NSPP for each round, and the evolution of the NSPP based on duplicated or maintained policies as well as newly introduced policies. The NSPP policy tasks targeting sports for all revealed that multilateral efforts were implemented to increase the participation rate. Specifically, the policy tasks addressed the supplementation and expansion of facilities, the cultivation and allocation of instructors, and the development and dissemination of programs. However, these policy tasks have limitations in that the coverage is restricted to only the three issues above. New differentiated policy tasks regarding sports for all in the NSPP will be required in the future in order to maintain and enhance the existing policy tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the social inclusion policy strategies of the Turkish Ministry of Youth and Sport (MYS). Using a critical discourse analysis, based on Norman Fairclough's work (2012), the aim is to analyse the discourses used within policy-related documents regarding social inclusion, youth, and sport. In order to achieve this objective, we analysed 15 key documents, including annual activity reports, national youth and sport policy documents, and strategic plans produced by the Ministry. Findings revealed that the dominant discourses about young people seem to be embedded within neoliberal and neoconservative ideologies in which depoliticised notions of 'employment/apprenticeship' and 'the family' are put forward as solutions for the social inclusion of young people. However, such a discourse risks further sustaining the social exclusion of youth, denying their full citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intervertebral disc herniation (IDH) can cause back pain and/or radiculopathy and accounts for a significant portion of patients having spinal surgery in the USA. One of the most impactful and well-executed randomized trials to study diagnosis, treatments, and outcomes in patients with three commonly treated spinal conditions was the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). This study and the subsequent data analyses have resulted in numerous publications related to IDH. The purpose of this review is to summarize SPORT publications with IDH results to better understand what we have learned from this important landmark trial.Methods: Publications utilizing SPORT data that reported findings related to IDH patients were identified from Medline, PubMed, and PubMed Central. The primary findings pertaining to IDH were summarized.Results: There were 25 studies identified reporting findings related to IDH from the SPORT data published between 2004 and 2017. Publications in the following areas were summarized: epidemiology and baseline patient characteristics (1), treatment preferences and expectations (2), radiological and MRI (3), primary study objectives at two years (2), four years (1) and eight years (1), subgroup analyses (13), cost-effectiveness (1), and reherniation (1).Conclusions: This report reviewed the current state of SPORT publications related to IDH to identify and summarize what we have learned about diagnosis, patient characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness in patients with lumbar disc herniations. Many important findings are now published from this robust trial's data. Clinicians should incorporate these results into their clinical decision-making and during counseling patients presenting with lumbar disc herniations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research question: This paper explores the extent to which nations prioritise elite sport funding; whether such nations are more successful than those whose funding is more diversified; and, if the sports that receive the most funding are also the most successful. Research methods: Data on public expenditure for elite sport programmes (2011/2012) were collected on a sport-specific basis in 16 nations (n = 445 funded sports). The Herfindahl index and concentration ratios of the four/eight most funded sports (CR4/CR8) are used as proxies for prioritisation. Success was measured using top three and top eight places during the Olympic Games and World Championships. Descriptive analysis and linear regression are applied to identify the relationship between the distribution of funding and success. Results and findings: Generally, all sample nations are prioritisers. Nations with smaller total elite sport budgets tended to prioritise more. There is a slight negative association between the distribution of funding within a country and subsequent success, indicating that the sample countries that prioritise more tended to be less successful. Sample nations that diversify their funding more, are found to be successful in a wider range of sports. In addition, the data illustrated only low allocative efficiency for some nations. Implications: The study produced ambiguous conclusions that prioritisation as a deliberate strategic choice is an efficient way to invest funding. The findings have important implications for high-performance managers and suggest that a more diverse resource allocation policy may help to avoid unintended negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities Studies is the property of Zaporizhzhe State Engineering Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article responds to calls in this journal for increased attention to identity, culture, power and sport. It explores, for the first time, the lived realities of identity politics in a divided society, through interviews with 12 self-declared Irish nationalists and republicans that represented Northern Ireland. Important insights are revealed into national eligibility decisions for either Irish team, motivated mainly by 'shop window' visibility and being seen as the best of a peer group. Political and sporting nationalisms were not necessarily analogous. A significant original finding is that the lived experiences of being closer to 'the other' resulted in an overall reinforcement rather than dissolution of difference. Visual and oral 'national' symbols such as flag, and especially anthem, delineated such difference, being symbolic walls of the mind. 'Our wee country' was thus a polarised and polarising fantasy shield. The article concludes by reconsidering the role of sport as a lens through which to examine identity and its' place as part of the 'problem' and 'solution'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To ensure the sustainable development of physical and sport activities, it is imperative to pool the efforts of all the actors involved in promoting sport, whether state, private or the sports and Olympic movement. Thus follows the importance of the public sports policies coherence, particularly at the territorial level. Thus, the interaction of actors and their interdependence, has become a reality to be taken into consideration in any process of construction of public sports action. It is in this perspective that, within the framework of this reflection, we will focus our attention on the instruments of governance likely to provide us with certain answers as to the relationships between the various actors, and the coordination mechanisms through which public action in sport takes place, based on the concept of partnership as a tool of governance, and as a case study the partnership between the Ministries of Youth and Sport (MYS) and National Education (MEN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport played an important role in Aboriginal reserves that were established throughout Queensland, Australia, in the colonial era and continued into the 1980s. Despite the historical prominence of sport in these government-run settlements and church-based missions, little is known about either the role of sport as a mechanism of official control or its meanings to Aboriginal inmates of the reserves. The general administration of the reserves has been well explored, but sport has appeared mainly as a footnote in this broader narrative. Likewise, the meanings of sporting practices at a community level have been neglected. In this paper, the aim is to help rectify this situation by investigating both perspectives over the period 1897–1967. Official rationales for sport – the view from the office – are charted against the contours of Aboriginal policy to reach a better understanding of sport as a mechanism of control within the broader apparatus of government power. Aboriginal voices are sought in order to bring new perspectives – the view from the field – to understanding sport within and among communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]