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In this paper we report on the observations of TeV gamma ray sources performed by the air shower de- tector ARGO-YBJ. The objects studied in this work are the blazar Markarian 421 and the extended galactic source MGROJ1908+06, monitored during 2 years of operation. Mrk421 has been detected by ARGO-YBJ with a statisti- cal significance of 11 standard deviations. The observed TeV emission was highly variable, showing large enhance- ments of the flux during active periods. The study of the spectral behaviour during flares revealed a positive correla- tion of the hardness with the flux, as already reported in the past by the Whipple telescope, suggesting that this is a long term property of the source. ARGO-YBJ observed a strong correlation between TeV gamma rays and the X-ray flux measured by RXTM/ASM and SWIFT/BAT during the whole period, with a time lag compatible with zero, supporting the one-zone SSC model to describe the emission mechanism. MGROJ1908+06 has been detected by ARGO-YBJ with 5 standard deviation of significance. From our data the source appears extended and the measured extension is ext=0.48 +0.26 0.28 , in agreement with a previous HESS obser- vation. The average flux is in marginal agreement with that reported by MILAGRO, but significantly higher than that ob- tained by HESS, suggesting a possible flux variability. The large field of view ( 2 sr) and the high duty cycle allow a continuous monitoring of the sky in the declination band from 0 to 70 . In this paper we report on the ob- servations of two bright gamma ray sources, performed dur- ing 2 years: the blazar Mrk421 and the extended galactic source MGROJ1908+06.

""The ARGO-YBJ experiment is in stable data taking since November 2007 at the YangBaJing Cosmic Ray. Laboratory (Tibet, P.R.China, 4300 m a.s.l.). It exploits a full coverage and high altitude approach to the. small air showers detection. The detector is made of a single layer of RPCs operated in streamer mode, fully. instrumenting a central carpet of about 5700 m2, then a guard ring extends the partially instrumented area to. about 11,000 m2. The large field of view (∼ 2 sr) and the high duty cycle (≥ 85%) allow a continuous monitoring. of the sky in the declination band from -10. ◦. to 70. ◦. ; the detector operates with an energy threshold of a few. hundred GeV. Recent achieved results will be reported""

Cosmic ray antiprotons provide an important probe for the study of cosmic-ray propagation in the interstellar space and to investigate the existence of Galactic dark matter. Cosmic rays are hampered by the Moon, therefore a deficit of cosmic rays in its direction is expected (the so-called Moon shadow). The Earth–Moon system acts as a magnetic spectrometer. In fact, due to the geomagnetic field the center of the Moon shifts westward by an amount depending on the primary cosmic ray energy. Paths of primary antiprotons are therefore deflected in an opposite sense in their way to the Earth. This effect allows, in principle, the search of antiparticles in the opposite direction of the observed Moon shadow. The ARGO-YBJ experiment, in stable data taking since November 2007 with an energy threshold of a few 100s of GeV, is observing the Moon shadow with high statistical significance. Using about 1 year data, an upper limit of the p ¯ / p flux ratio in the few-TeV energy region is set to a few percent with a confidence level of 90%.

Biodiesel industrial effluent rich in crude glycerol (CG) was processed to produce value-added product. Under continuous culture system, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain CD16 immobilized within its biofilm, produced 3.2 L H2/day/L feed, over a period of 60 days at a hydraulic retention time of 2 days. The effective H2 yield by B. amyloliquefaciens strain CD16 was 165 L/L CG. This H2 yield was 1.18-fold higher than that observed with non-biofilm forming Bacillus thuringiensis strain EGU45. Bioprocessing of the effluent released after this stage, by recycling it up to 25% did not have any adverse effect on H2 production by strain EGU45; however, a 25% reduction in yield was recorded with strain CD16. Biofilm forming H2 producers thus proved effective as self-immobilizing system leading to enhanced process efficiency.

Yuejun Li,1,* Lili Gong,2,* Ruili Qi,2 Qian Sun,2 Xinxin Xia,3 Haihui He,1 Jianshu Ren,1 Ouning Zhu,1 Debin Zhuo1 1The Third Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, Hunan, 2State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Paeoniflorin (PF) is an active monoterpene glycoside extracted from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. PF has exhibited antitumor effects in various cancer types. However, the effects of PF in pancreatic cancer are largely unexplored. Here, we showed that PF suppressed growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines Capan-1 and MIAPaCa-2 and profoundly sensitized these cells to X-ray irradiation. Through microarray analysis, we identified HTRA3, a tumor-suppressor candidate gene, as the most increased gene upon PF treatment in Capan-1 cells. Ectopic expression of HTRA3 led to reduced cell proliferation and increased expression of apoptotic protein Bax, suggesting a tumor suppressive role of HTRA3 in pancreatic cancer cells. Together, our results provide a set group of genetic proofs and biological proofs that PF inhibited pancreatic cancer growth by upregulating HTRA3. Keywords: traditional Chinese medicine, X-ray irradiation, colony formation assay, microarray analysis, cancer inhibition

Li Qun Jiang,1 Ting Yu Wang,1 Thomas J Webster,2 Hua-Jian Duan,1 Jing Ying Qiu,1 Zi Ming Zhao,1 Xiao Xing Yin,1,* Chun Li Zheng3,* 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; 3School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally tothis work Abstract: Biodegradable nanomaterials have been widely used in numerous medical fields. To further improve such efforts, this study focused on the intracellular disposition of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) in macrophages, a primary cell of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Such interactions with the MPS determine the nanoparticle retention time in the body and consequently play a significant role in their own clinical safety. In this study, various dye-labeled CsNPs (about 250nm) were prepared, and a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was selected as a model macrophage. The results showed two mechanisms of macrophage incorporation of CsNPs, ie, a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway (the primary) and phagocytosis. Following internalization, the particles partly dissociated in the cells, indicating cellular digestion of the nanoparticles. It was proved that, after intracellular uptake, a large proportion of CsNPs were exocytosed within 24h; this excretion induced a decrease in fluorescence intensity in cells by 69%, with the remaining particles possessing difficulty being cleared. Exocytosis could be inhibited by both wortmannin and vacuolin-1, indicating that CsNP uptake was mediated by lysosomal and multivesicular body pathways, and after exocytosis, the reuptake of CsNPs by neighboring cells was verified by further experiments. This study, thus, elucidated the fate of CsNPs in macrophages as well as identified cellular disposition mechanisms, providing the basis for how CsNPs are recognized by the MPS; such information is crucial to numerous medical applications of CsNPs. Keywords: exocytosis, uptake, intercellular transport, chitosan nanoparticles, macrophages

Xue Shen,1 Tingting Li,1 Zhongyuan Chen,1 Yue Geng,1 Xiaoxue Xie,1 Shun Li,1,2 Hong Yang,1,2 Chunhui Wu,1,2 Yiyao Liu1,2 1Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, 2Center for Information in Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’sRepublic of China Abstract: Cancer diagnosis and treatment represent an urgent medical need given the rising cancer incidence over the past few decades. Cancer theranostics, namely, the combination of diagnostics and therapeutics within a single agent, are being developed using various anticancer drug-, siRNA-, or inorganic materials-loaded nanocarriers. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy of encapsulating quantum dots, superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanocrystals, and doxorubicin (DOX) into biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymeric nanocomposites using the double emulsion solvent evaporation method, followed by coupling to the amine group of polyethyleneimine premodified with polyethylene glycol-folic acid (PEI-PEG-FA [PPF]) segments and adsorption of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted small hairpin RNA (shRNA). VEGF is important for tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. These drug-loaded luminescent/magnetic PLGA-based hybrid nanocomposites (LDM-PLGA/PPF/VEGF shRNA) were fabricated for tumor-specific targeting, drug/gene delivery, and cancer imaging. The data showed that LDM-PLGA/PPF/VEGF shRNA nanocomposites can codeliver DOX and VEGF shRNA into tumor cells and effectively suppress VEGF expression, exhibiting remarkable synergistic antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. The cell viability was ~14% when treated with LDM-PLGA/PPF/VEGF shRNA nanocomposites ([DOX] =25 µg/mL), and in vivo tumor growth data showed that the tumor volume decreased by 81% compared with the saline group at 21 days postinjection. Magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging data revealed that the luminescent/magnetic hybrid nanocomposites may also be used as an efficient nanoprobe for enhanced T2-weighted magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging in vitro and in vivo. The present work validates the great potential of the developed multifunctional LDM-PLGA/PPF/VEGF shRNA nanocomposites as effective theranostic agents through the codelivery of drugs/genes and dual-modality imaging in cancer treatment. Keywords: doxorubicin, codelivery, dual-modality imaging, synergistic antitumor effects, VEGF shRNA

Minhua Wu,1,* Xiaoxia Ye,1,* Shengchun Wang,2,* Qinghua Li,3 Yinxuan Lai,4 Yanmei Yi1 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China; 4Health Management and Medical Examination Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally tothis work Purpose: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and metastasis by regulating genes expression. MiRNA-148b (miR-148b) had been reported to inhibit tumor progression in some kinds of cancers, but the functions of miR-148b in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional role of miR-148b in NPC. Methods: Expression of miR-148b in NPC tissues and cell lines was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MiR-148b was overexpressed in CNE2 and C666-1 cells by miR-148b mimic transfection. The effects of miR-148b on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined by colony formation assays, cell viability assays, and transwell assays. The target gene of miR-148b was investigated by luciferase assays, and the rescue experiment was performed. Results: MiR-148b was downregulated in NPC tissues and cell lines. Ectopic miR-148b expression significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of CNE2 and C666-1 cells. We identified that metastasis-associated gene 2 (MTA2) is a direct target of miR-148b. Rescue experiment demonstrated that the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-148b on C666-1 cell were partly reversed by restoration of MTA2 expression. Moreover, miR-148b expression was negatively related to mRNA level of MTA2 in NPC tissues. Conclusion: Our findings elucidate that miR-148b negatively regulates the growth, migration, and invasion of NPC cells, at least in part, by targeting MTA2. The present study indicates that miR-148b is a potential therapeutic agent for NPC. Keywords: miR-148b, metastasis-associated gene 2, proliferation, invasion, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Zhen-Hui Li,1,* Ding-Yun You,2,* De-Pei Gao,1 Guang-Jun Yang,1 Xing-Xiang Dong,1 Da-Fu Zhang,1 Ying-Ying Ding1 1Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 2Department of Science and Technology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Objectives: Most colorectal cancers are classical adenocarcinomas (AC), and less frequent subtypes include mucinous adenocarcinomas (MAC) and signet-ring cell carcinomas (SC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) findings that can help to differentiate MAC and SC from AC.Methods: CT scans of 168 patients with pathologically proven MAC and 67 patients with pathologically proven SC were analyzed, and 220 patients with classical AC were also included as a control group. CT findings of the three groups were compared and contrasted in terms of the bowel involvement patterns, contrast enhancement patterns, and presence or absence of bowel obstruction, intratumoral calcification, pericolic fat infiltration, and local tumor extension to adjacent organs. Statistical analyses were made by using the one-way analysis of variance, least significant difference test, and Pearson’s chi-square test.Results: Compared with classical AC, the MAC showed more severe (6.29±2.69 cm vs 4.57±1.74 cm, P

Guannan Yang, Zongjiang Zhao, Xinxue Zhang, Amin Wu, Yawei Huang, Yonghui Miao, Meijuan Yang School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Abstract: Renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and renal tubular interstitial fibrosis are the main pathological changes of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is a common cause of end-stage renal disease. Previous studies have suggested that berberine (BBR) has antifibrotic effects in the kidney and can reduce apoptosis and inhibit the EMT of podocytes in DN. However, the effect of BBR on the renal tubular EMT in DN and its mechanisms of action are unknown. This study was performed to explore the effects of BBR on the renal tubular EMT and the molecular mechanisms of BBR in DN model KKAy mice and on the high glucose (HG)-induced EMT in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells. Our results showed that, relative to the model mice, the mice in the treatment group had an improved general state and reduced blood glucose and 24-h urinary protein levels. Degradation of renal function was ameliorated by BBR. We also observed the protective effects of BBR on renal structural changes, including normalization of an index of renal interstitial fibrosis and kidney weight/body weight. Moreover, BBR suppressed the activation of the Notch/snail pathway and upregulated the α-SMA and E-cadherin levels in DN model KKAy mice. BBR was further found to prevent HG-induced EMT events and to inhibit the HG-induced expression of Notch pathway members and snail1 in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells. Our findings indicate that BBR has a therapeutic effect on DN, including its inhibition of the renal tubular EMT and renal interstitial fibrosis. Furthermore, the BBR-mediated EMT inhibition occurs through Notch/snail pathway regulation. Keywords: berberine, EMT, renal interstitial fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, Notch/snail pathway

Ye Wang,1,* Qi-Wei Yang,1,2,* Qing Yang,2,* Tie Zhou,1 Min-Feng Shi,1,3 Chen-Xia Sun,4 Xiu-Xia Gao,4 Yan-Qiong Cheng,1 Xin-Gang Cui,2 Ying-Hao Sun1 1Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, 2Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, 3Reproductive Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 4The Reproductive Center, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Disordered copper metabolism plays a critical role in the development of various cancers. As a nanomedicine containing copper, cuprous oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) exert ideal antitumor pharmacological effects in vitro and in vivo. Prostate cancer is a frequently diagnosed male malignancy prone to relapse, and castration resistance is the main reason for endocrine therapy failure. However, whether CONPs have the potential to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer is still unknown. Here, using the castration-resistant PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line as a model, we report that CONPs can selectively induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo without affecting normal prostate epithelial cells. CONPs can also attenuate the stemness of cancer cells and inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway, both of which highlight the great potential of CONPs as a new clinical castration-resistant prostate cancer therapy. Keywords: cuprous oxide nanoparticle, prostate cancer, CRPC, nanomedicine, Wnt signaling pathway

Biao-Qi Chen,1 Ranjith Kumar Kankala,1,2 Ai-Zheng Chen,1,2 Ding-Zhu Yang,1 Xiao-Xia Cheng,1 Ni-Na Jiang,1,2 Kai Zhu,3,4 Shi-Bin Wang1,2 1Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 3Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 4Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Abstract: Attempts to reflect the physiology of organs is quite an intricacy during the tissue engineering process. An ideal scaffold and its surface topography can address and manipulate the cell behavior during the regeneration of targeted tissue, affecting the cell growth and differentiation significantly. Herein, silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles were incorporated into poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) to prepare composite scaffolds via phase-inversion technique using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The SF nanoparticle core increased the surface roughness and hydrophilicity of the PLLA scaffolds, leading to a high affinity for albumin attachment. The in vitro cytotoxicity test of SF/PLLA scaffolds in L929 mouse fibroblast cells indicated good biocompatibility. Then, the in vitro interplay between mouse preosteoblast cell (MC3T3-E1) and various topological structures and biochemical cues were evaluated. The cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and their relationship with the structures as well as SF content were explored. The SF/PLLA weight ratio (2:8) significantly affected the MC3T3-E1 cells by improving the expression of key players in the regulation of bone formation, ie, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC) and collagen 1 (COL-1). These results suggest not only the importance of surface topography and biochemical cues but also the potential of applying SF/PLLA composite scaffolds as biomaterials in bone tissue engineering. Keywords: super critical fluids, surface topography, bone engineering, cellular adhesion, alkaline phosphatase

Geogenic and anthropogenic activities can leads to agriculture soil pollution and land degradation. Many cost-effective and environment friendly strategies are applied to improve soil fertility, reduce soil pollution and human health risks caused by consumption of metals contaminated vegetables. In this study we evaluate the effects of rice husk biochar (RHB), biochar from corn cob (CCB) and biochar from peanut shells (PNB) on the bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil, its bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzymes activities in Lactuca sativa L. plants. RHB, CCB and PNB amendments significantly (P≤0.05) increased Lactuca sativa L. biomass production (39%, 65% and 100%) as well as soil fertility. Amendments of PNB, RHB and CCB significantly (P≤0.05) increased soil available phosphorous (P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, but markedly reduced bioavailable concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (31%, 20% and 22%) arsenic (As) (33%, 22% and 27%), and lead (Pb) (46%, 24% and 32%). In addition, CCB and PNB amendments significantly (P≤0.01) decreased the shoot accumulation of Pb, Cd and As, while RHB amendment increased the shoot accumulations of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr). The reduction in PTEs accumulation may be linked with increased sorption of PTEs by biochars. Furthermore, amendments of CCB and PNB significantly (P≤0.05) suppressed the activities of SOD (53% and 69%), POD (22%, 31%) but stimulated (38% and 31%) with amendment of RHB. However, RHB, CCB and PNB amendments significantly (P≤0.05) suppressed the activity of CAT (21%, 41% and 48%) in Lactuca sativa L. plants. PNB was the most effective soil amendment as compared with RHB and CCB. However, to fully elucidate the effects of the tested biochars, long-term field trails are needed.

Atmospheric stability affects wind turbine wakes significantly. High-fidelity approaches such as large eddy simulations (LES) with the actuator line (AL) model which predicts detailed wake structures, fail to be applied in wind farm engineering applications due to its expensive cost. In order to make wind farm simulations computationally affordable, this paper proposes a new actuator disk model (AD) based on the blade element method (BEM) and combined with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) to model turbine wakes under different atmospheric stability conditions. In the proposed model, the upstream reference velocity is firstly estimated from the disk averaged velocity based on the one-dimensional momentum theory, and then is used to evaluate the rotor speed to calculate blade element forces. Flow similarity functions based on field measurement are applied to limit wind shear under strongly stable conditions, and turbulence source terms are added to take the buoyant-driven effects into consideration. Results from the new AD model are compared with field measurements and results from the AD model based on the thrust coefficient, the BEM-AD model with classical similarity functions and a high-fidelity LES approach. The results show that the proposed method is better in simulating wakes under various atmospheric stability conditions than the other AD models and has a similar performance to the high-fidelity LES approach however in much lower computational cost.

© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Discontinuities, such as joints and beddings, usually play a significant role in the seismic response and corresponding failure process of slopes, especially for anti-dip rock slide according to field observations. Shaking table tests associated with numerical analyses are carried out in this paper to explore the effect of seismic wave on response of jointed anti-dip rock slopes. Shaking table tests involve anti-dip rock slope models with different rock types and different excitation intensities. Ten accelerometers are installed inside each slope model to monitor the dynamic response and spectrum shifting characteristics. It is found that the area of failure zone in the soft rock anti-dip slope is approximate 1.5 times the size of that in the hard rock anti-dip slope. Meanwhile, the width and ridge number of the fast Fourier-transformation spectrum along the slope surface can reveal the internal damage features within the anti-dip rock slopes, and the multiple failure planes can also be recognized according to the variation of distance between the innermost and outermost ridges in the fast Fourier-transformation spectrum. Moreover, the distinct element method incorporating a damage model is used to interpret the test results and to identify the main influencing factors for seismic instability. It is found that the failure pattern of a jointed anti-dip rock slope is more sensitive to bedding inclination than to joint inclination.

© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. The published version of this article, unfortunately, contained error. A compass went unconverted in the upper-right corner of Fig. 1. Given in this article is the correct image. The original article has been corrected.

Ya Jie Wang,1 Qi Li,1 Hong Bin Xiao,1 Yu Jie Li,1 Qing Yang,1 Xiao Xi Kan,1 Ying Chen,1 Xiao Ni Liu,2 Xiao Gang Weng,1 Xi Chen,1 Wei Yan Cai,1 Yan Guo,1 He Fei Huang,1 Xiao Xin Zhu11Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 2Beijing Institute of Hepatology and Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaAbstract: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main obstacle limiting the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Looking for novel anti-MDR agents is an important way to conquer cancer drug resistance. We recently established that chamaejasmin B (CHB), a natural biflavone from Stellera chamaejasme L., is the major active component. However, its anti-MDR activity is still unknown. This study investigated the anti-MDR effect of CHB and the underlying mechanisms. First, it was found that CHB inhibited the growth of both sensitive and resistant cell lines in vitro, and the average resistant factor (RF) of CHB was only 1.26. Furthermore, CHB also displayed favorable anti-MDR activity in KB and KBV200 cancer cells xenograft mice. Subsequent study showed that CHB induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis both in KB and in resistant KBV200 cancer cells. Further studies showed that CHB had no influence on the level of Fas/FasL and activation of procaspase 8. However, CHB-induced apoptosis was dependent on the activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3. Moreover, CHB treatment resulted in the elevation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, attenuation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria into cytoplasm both in KB and KBV200 cells. In conclusion, CHB exhibited good anti-MDR activity in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms may be related to the activation of mitochondrial-dependant intrinsic apoptosis pathway. These findings provide a new leading compound for MDR therapy and supply a new evidence for the potential of CHB to be employed in clinical trial of MDR therapy in cancers.Keywords: drug resistance, chamaejasmin B, apoptosis, anticancer, Bax/Bcl-2