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Copyright of Mural Internacional is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urgency of the research. The article presents the stages of formation of medicine and the health care system in the United States of America in the period from 1800 to 1850. It was stated that the then American medical system used bloodletting and the use of harmful drugs, they treated most diseases, which often led to the death of patients. However, the basis for the formation of a healthy lifestyle, which is now popular in the developed world, is partly due to the American health reformers. Target setting. It is established that two events in America gave impetus to the attention of society to the state of medicine. The first is a congressional initiative to help the sick and disabled who served in the Navy. The second is the period of the Civil War, which became one of the most important stages in the development of new practices and training of American doctors. Numerous popular health movements took place in parallel with the changes at the state level. In the 1830s, dozens of reformers emerged in favor of change in medicine and nutrition. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the activities of American pioneers of the health care system is one of the most difficult tasks, especially in the presented stages of development of medicine and the health care system. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The writing of the study took into account the work of researchers on healthy living in America, including some treatises of health reformers. The research objective. The main purpose of the study is to present a general overview of the situation in the medical field and the formation of the health care system in the study period. The statement of basic materials. It was found that the innovators offered alternative medicines and challenged traditional approaches, which caused a strong confrontation between official doctors. The performances of the advocates for a healthy lifestyle have received a common name – “People's Movement for Health”. The movement was found to be divided, as the advice of many reformers often differed greatly. However, in general, the following points can be distinguished: moderation in alcohol consumption, the need and benefits of exercise, reform in the field of nutrition, natural treatments and more. Conclusions. Reformers have criticized American medicine at the time for excessive use of decoctions or pills, but this criticism was based in part on the ideas of the Second Great Awakening, which in turn called society to physical and spiritual purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yearbook of the Faculty of Political Sciences / Godisnjak Fakultet Politickih Nauka Beograd is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Political Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the communist period, the Lemko community did not have its own separate ethnic organization in Poland. In the USA, the Lemkos were able to conduct social and political activities without any obstacles. Even before World War II, two important organizations were established: the Russophile Lemko-Soyuz and the Ukrainophile Organization for the Defense of Lemkivshchyna in America. The social and political transformation initiated by the elections of June 1989 changed the situation of national and ethnic minorities. The period of political transformation in Poland also activated the Lemkos, who also took advantage of these changes to formalize and develop their activities. The first postwar Lemko organization was the Lemko Association. As a counterbalance for Lemkos Association, Ukrainophiles created in Gorlice their own organization – Union of Lemkos. American activists also had to find their way in the new political circumstances. When the Soviet Union collapsed, not only did the ideological base of Lemko-Soyuz fall into ruin, but also its financial base. OOL found itself in a much better position than Lemko-Soyuz during the period of political transition in Eastern Europe. The anti-Moscow stance of the Ukrainianophile organization allowed it to remain credible and continue to fight for the interests of Ukraine. However, the organizations, both Polish and American, in their multifaceted activity still contribute to consolidation and preservation of Lemkos' cultural identity and preservation of their traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although non-therapeutic circumcision, the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis (NTC), has always been the exception and not the norm, there is a debate as to whether it is good or bad for health or somewhere in between, and whether parents have the right to elect it. It is good for health to have all of one’s body parts intact including the foreskin, which men value, while NTC is bad for health. It is painful and risky surgery and increasing numbers of men resent it having been forced on them when they could not object. The burden thus falls to physicians in the U.S., who stand virtually alone in performing NTC, to justify it on medical grounds. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has long advanced in the alternative the legal argument that parents have the right to right to elect circumcision based on their own religious, cultural, and personal preferences. However, as boys and men have the right to bodily integrity and self-determination; physicians are ethically and legally proscribed from operating on healthy children; and parents do not have the right to intrude into their son’s body and expose him to risks and harm him for reasons unrelated to medicine

Abstract Background Alcohol affects Indigenous communities globally that have been colonised. These effects are physical, psychological, financial and cultural. This systematic review aims to describe the prevalence of current (12-month) alcohol dependence in Indigenous Peoples in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America, to identify how it is measured, and if tools have been validated in Indigenous communities. Such information can help inform estimates of likely treatment need. Methods A systematic search of the literature was completed in six electronic databases for reports on current alcohol dependence (moderate to severe alcohol use disorder) published between 1 January 1989–9 July 2020. The following data were extracted: (1) the Indigenous population studied; country, (2) prevalence of dependence, (3) tools used to screen, assess or diagnose current dependence, (4) tools that have been validated in Indigenous populations to screen, assess or diagnose dependence, and (5) quality of the study, assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Results A total of 11 studies met eligibility criteria. Eight were cross-sectional surveys, one cohort study, and two were validation studies. Nine studies reported on the prevalence of current (12-month) alcohol dependence, and the range varied widely (3.8–33.3% [all participants], 3–32.8% [males only], 1.3–7.6% [females only]). Eight different tools were used and none were Indigenous-specific. Two tools have been validated in Indigenous (Native American) populations. Conclusion Few studies report on prevalence of current alcohol dependence in community or household samples of Indigenous populations in these four countries. Prevalence varies according to sampling method and site (for example, specific community versus national). Prior work has generally not used tools validated in Indigenous contexts. Collaborations with local Indigenous people may help in the development of culturally appropriate ways of measuring alcohol dependence, incorporating local customs and values. Tools used need to be validated in Indigenous communities, or Indigenous-specific tools developed, validated and used. Prevalence findings can inform health promotion and treatment needs, including funding for primary health care and specialist treatment services.

This article is an introduction to the subject matter of the main points of interest for the Armenian lobbying groups in the United States of America. This ethnic community has become the second-largest group of Armenians living outside the Republic of Armenia and currently the most politically active. Not only do they affect their host country policy and economy of the homeland, but Armenian Americans aim to act on behalf of the whole global diaspora. In particular, they are lobbying for the recognition of the Armenian genocide and adopting specific policies towards Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. The involvement of the Armenian minority in the United States of America goes beyond political and economic issues. Diaspora has managed to create academic centers at American universities researching Armenian culture, history, and language, as well as funding collections of Armenian art. In 2020 the construction of the Armenian Americans Museum will begin. The mission of the center will be to document the experience of Armenian migration. These initiatives are part of specific ethnic “soft power.” Armenian Americans lobbying groups have succeeded in passing Resolution 150 in the United States of America. Congress that recognizes as a genocide mass killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. This is the result of almost 50 years of diaspora operations, always blocked by the Turkish lobby. Although relatively few, compared to the entire United States of America population, the Armenian Americans community continues to pursue their goals successfully. In 2015, as part of the celebration of the anniversary of the Genocide, the Armenian diaspora established a series of charitable events and funded the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity. Today, the largest number of American Armenians live on the West Coast of the United States of America, and Los Angeles has become the center of the diaspora. As a result of the actions of its social organizations, state schools have created classes for pupils speaking Armenian. Since 2010, the days of remembrance of Genocide have been officially celebrated in California. To identify the most critical factors, this article is based on various data from official United States of America government sources, monographs, and scientific articles, as well as press materials and geopolitics web portals.

Drone airstrike in the territory of Iraq led to martyrdom of Major General Qasem Soleimani and nine of his companions. The present paper has collected the information through a library approach in order to answer the question of legal status of US action in the martyrdom of Major General Soleimani under international responsibility in violation of human rights obligations. This research is based on an assumption according to which US is responsible and the as a result, the related consequences can be sought under international law. Martyrdom of General Soleimani and his companions had been committed by US president direct order, according to his implicit statement. Therefore it is attributed to USA pursuant to article 4 of International law commission’s Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA 2001), and has been regarded breach of international obligations of the state in question in the realm of treaty and customary of international human rights. As such, both attribution and breach of international obligation, as two elements of internationally wrongful act have been realized and USA is regarded responsible in accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of ARSIWA 2001. USA as the wrongdoer state must provide a valid and persuasive Assurance of non-repetition (Article 30(b) of ARSIWA 2001), must compensate and provide satisfaction (Articles 36 and 37 of ARSIWA 2001). Satisfaction and Assurance of non-repetition must be valid and real and, in this situation, complete withdrawal of US forces from the region in question and specially Iraq, may make it achievable.

On 3 January 2020, USA government assassinated an Iranian high-ranking military official and some of his companions by a drone near the Baghdad Airport. This act of USA was conducted by the direct order of its president. This article has dealt with this question whether assassination of Major General Soleimani and his colleagues can be legally characterized as a crime against humanity? To answer this question, the author has tried to analyze and examine the subject in the light of the relevant international law documents and case-law. According to the findings of this research, given the illegitimate and protracted US sanctions against the Iranian nation as a widespread or systematic attack against the civilian population (including the ill persons) in accordance or to further the US policy, the assassination of General Soleimani and other Iranian nationals as a part of this widespread and organized attack may be qualified as a crime against humanity. In accordance with the finding of this article, it is suggested that good cause evidence and documents be provided for proving that the US is committing course of conduct as a widespread or systematic attack against the Iranian population. It is necessary that more researches concentrate on this subject and specifically on US sanctions against Iranian people

By applying different (competing) understandings of the term “popular”, this article showcases the criteria by which Popular Christian Music (labelled Contemporary Christian Music by the US music industry) can be described as “popular”. It compares Anglo-American and German-language Christian songs by means of close readings of the German band Koenige & Priester (Kings & Priests) and US singer Lauren Daigle. It argues that Christian music uses strategies of popularization comparable to secular popular music. Unlike secular music, however, for Popular Christian Music the Christian message is a central genre marker, which leads me to suggest that its popularity (in the sense of reaching a large audience beyond religious/evangelical circles) essentially depends on the polysemic properties of its lyrics.

The social question emerged in the 19th century, and there were three basic ways to deal with it. The position of the working class could be improved either by the state or by the workers’ movement and the unions, while the third possible actor was the entrepreneurial class itself. The principle whereby it took upon itself the obligation to look after the social security of its workers is described, particularly in American literature, as welfare capitalism, which was particularly widespread in the United States of America. Its heyday was the 1900–1930 period. This study presents a definition of this term and analyses the question of the motives and motivations behind the American entrepreneurs who started taking social care of their employees. The article shows that these motives were very diverse. Although welfare capitalism is primarily understood to be a pragmatic concept, the philanthropic motives involved also had some weight. It is pointed out that American welfare capitalism shared a number of features with the industrial paternalism that was widespread throughout Europe. Hence usage of the concept of welfare capitalism can also enhance research into the social policy of industrial works in the Czech lands. The text also provides a lively discussion of the success or failure of welfare capitalism and of its duration.

The paper follows the education of a group of Serbian students in the United States shortly after the end of World War I, thanks to the involvement of an American, Dr. Rosalia S. Morton. Efforts to implement educational cooperation, the experience and results of schooling in America, the perception of the role of the individual in the process of modernization of the country of origin, personal engagement, and the openness of the Serbian and Yugoslav society to influence from outside, are the subject of analysis.

The starting point of this article is the term, forced migration, as part of the conceptual proposition of Raúl Humberto Márquez Covarrubias (2012) and Raúl Delgado Wise (2012), it is used to problematize the long spatial migration process of Mexicans to the United States (US), through the twentieth’s century up until the beginning of the twenty-first century. The analysis is framed chronologically of the Mexican capitalistic development itself. The constancy that distinguish this migration process, with the distinct epochal particularities, contributed to the analysis and characterization of the most significant elements in this process. The conclusion is that forced Mexican migration to the US, is encouraged by the different structural contextual influences on the American, but also on the Mexican, side and form a long binational migration history with all its implications for our country.

Since March 2020, the global labor market has been exposed to exceptional shocks due to the outbreak of a global pandemic - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 crisis has threatened subjects and shaken relations in labor markets around the world, and employment levels in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) have begun to oscillate significantly. The aim of the research is to review the trends observed in the labor markets of the EU and the USA during the first and second quarters of 2020, and to review the projections of eminent authors related to future trends in the mentioned markets. The analysis of the unemployment rate, as well as the policies and measures taken by the EU and USA governments in order to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic, were used in making the final assessment which of these systems suffered more damage, and which of them responded more adequately to crisis. The descriptive and comparative method, analysis and synthesis technique, as well as content analysis of available domestic and foreign literature, were used for research purposes. The result of the research is reflected in the observation that both the EU and the USA responded to the economic and social emergency, and through a number of initiatives supported employees and companies in their labor markets in a timely manner. Finally, the so-far analysis results show that after the first six months of 2020 the American labor market has been much more affected by the pandemic than the European labor market.

Innovation is a powerful driver for companies around the world, enabling them to achieve success on this constantly changing economic environment through innovative competitive advantages. The purpose of the paper is to present the situation of the top 10 most innovative companies around the world for the period 2018-2020. From this point of view, the used methodology is based on the research of various secondary sources such as articles and reports. The findings show the dominating position held by American companies being challenged by the Asian companies.

Abstract In June 2012, a tick was found parasitizing a man in the city of São Paulo, who had recently returned from a visit to Pennsylvania, in the northeast of the United States. The tick was removed and sent to the São Paulo State Department of Health, where it was identified as a male of the species Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821), according to the literature and taxonomic keys. The tick was subjected to a PCR test to search for rickettsiae, but the result was negative. The fact that a human entered Brazilian territory unaware that he was parasitized by a hard tick not belonging to the national tick fauna is significant because of the possibility that an exotic species could be introduced and take hold in this country. Another major risk to public health is that this arthropod could be infected with the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii, as this ectoparasite is the main vector of Spotted Fever on the East Coast of North America.

This study examines how airlines in the United States report risk at a difficult and uncertain time as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The fundamental differences between the years 2019 and 2020 are identified using Leximancer, which is used to locate the key ideas and themes addressed in the risk reporting sections. Following the pandemic, the themes that addressed generic and recurring hazards were afforded less weight than themes that highlighted risks particular to day-to-day business and the stock market. The findings also point to the need for corporations to disclose future-oriented risks more fully in post-COVID-19 reporting, with an emphasis on unpredictability, stock volatility, and operational disruption. This study adds to the body of knowledge on risk profiling, particularly as it relates to the airline business, and it offers stakeholders and investors a glimpse into the general concerns of airlines. The inherent information imbalance between management and investors is lessened and transparency is increased because of this improved understanding of the market.

Desde la década de los setenta del pasado siglo, encontramos ejemplos de aeropuertos que han ido adquiriendo obra de artistas de reconocido prestigio que exhiben en sus instalaciones y forman parte de sus colecciones permanentes. Recientemente, algunos espacios aeroportuarios han optado por abrir galerías en las que se suce-den exposiciones periódicamente. El objetivo del presente trabajo es investigar, examinar y dar a conocer su rica y variada inmersión artística y cultural en un paseo de solaz y entretenimiento por algunos aeropuertos de Estados Unidos y Europa. / Since the past 1970 ́s, we can find examples of airports that have been acquiring the work of artists of well-known prestige to be exhibited at their facilities and accruing it to their permanent collections. Recently, airport authorities have staffed art galleries where exhibitions are periodically taking place. This herewith paper is aimed to research, examine and hand out their rich and variegated immersion in artistic and cultural backgrounds, an uplifting break for the imagination throughout some airports of the United States of America and Europe.

Following mass arrivals in Mexico’s northern border cities of people from many (especially Central American) countries seeking asylum in the United States, in late 2018 the Mexican government agreed to collaborate with the US on the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP), otherwise known as the “Remain in Mexico” programme. The Mexican government has pledged to host non-Mexican asylum seekers while they wait for their applications to be evaluated by US courts. Based on interviews with migrants and consulting government, academic and newspaper documentation, this paper analyses the emergence and development of this programme, which began in the city of Tijuana (Baja California) and has since been extended to other Mexican border cities.

Multinational and transnational corporations represent key actors in the globalization process and highly influence the way the world economy evolves. The aim of the paper is to briefly analyse the evolution of the world’s ten largest corporations by their total revenues, profits and number of employees in the period 2017-2018. The research is based on a quantitative method. The paper shows that these corporations have become huge business organizations and achieved impressive performances. Also, it reveals that the world’s largest corporations belong to several important domains, such as the petroleum refining industry or the banking and financial sector, and most of them are American and Chinese corporations.

The author considers the topic of this article to be significant for the public interest and highly important for Romania, as well as for the Member States of NATO and/or the European Union. In the late five years, the political evolution produced on the world scene mainly by the great powers (US, Russia, and China) and some emergent powers (Turkey, Iran, Brazil or others) have acquired real potential to endanger the global peace, including the security of European countries, EU member or non-member states. In this intricate and fluid context, Romania has to be very careful and focused to counteract, along with its Allies, the risks and threats coming from such state actors with obvious aggressive posture.

Background The emergency department (ED) serves as the front line for emergency patient care, a unique limbo between the realms of generalist care and specialists and outpatient and inpatient care. As the trend of utilizing emergency healthcare services has escalated in the past 10 years, it becomes interesting to look at the patient characteristics of those who have utilized the ED. This analysis can guide the operation of impartial care for all ED patients to ensure equal access and discourage disparity based on the patient's sex. Methods This cross-sectional analysis seeks to examine differences in the frequency of patient visits to the ED in the United States (US) based on the patient's sex. The study utilizes data from the period 2012 to 2021, which was derived from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). Results Analyzing both the rates of female and male visits to the ED on a year-by-year basis within the study period, it was observed that a higher proportion of females visit the ED, and, in general, both females and males have visited the ED less frequently in recent years. However, while the female sex has continued to represent the majority of ED patients, the gap between the majority female population and the minority male population has decreased, especially dramatically, in recent years. Additionally, using the compiled data and a linear regression model, predicted values were forecasted to continue this trend, with a general decrease in ED visits and a narrowing of the gap between females and males from 2022 to 2032. Conclusion As discussion and policy surrounding healthcare equity, primarily based on gender, becomes a more relevant topic, it is essential to discuss and analyze data to base new healthcare policy to ensure healthcare equality in all fields of medicine, including the ED and beyond. This study aims to identify and compare the difference in the frequency of ED visits between males and females to improve patient outcomes and further discussion regarding healthcare equity., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Aalam et al.)

Background: Refugees to the United States frequently have parasitic infections. If untreated, parasites can cause severe complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, management, and outcomes of eosinophilia as a biomarker for parasites., Methods: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal chart review of consecutive refugees attending 3 refugee clinics in Rhode Island that manage the health care of all pediatric and adult refugees., Results: Among 812 refugees who met inclusion criteria, 147 (18.1%) had eosinophilia upon arrival and almost half had ≥1 symptom. The rates and severity of eosinophilia in those with predeparture presumptive treatment records who did (112/115, 97.4%) or did not (488/498, 98.0%) receive predeparture antiparasitic treatment were similar. All refugees with eosinophilia had ≥1 parasitic test in the United States. The most common attributable parasites were Schistosoma and Strongyloides stercoralis . Overall, parasites were detected in 63 (42.9%) of 147 refugees with eosinophilia by either stool testing, serology, or blood smear, but testing was inconsistent and likely underestimated true incidence. Only some of the identified parasites typically cause eosinophilia. Forty-five (30.6%) refugees with eosinophilia received antiparasitics in the United States. Of 81 (55.1%) individuals who had repeat blood tests, eosinophilia had resolved in 52 (64.2%). Five individuals (3.4%) had alternative diagnoses, including eczema, myelofibrosis, and drug allergy., Conclusions: Our findings support Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations to screen for eosinophilia in newly arrived refugees. Follow-up after 3-6 months is critical to confirm resolution of residual eosinophilia, which frequently occurs after effective predeparture treatment or if eosinophilia persists, to diagnose active parasitic infections., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

US government quality measures prioritize pharmaceuticalization and care coordination to promote patient treatment adherence. How these measures affect outpatient mental health service delivery and patient-provider communication where psychiatrists and nonphysicians collaborate is understudied. Analyzing 500 hours of participant-observation, 117 appointments, and 98 interviews with 45 new patients and providers, I show that psychiatrists and social workers coordinated care by encouraging medications and seeing two mental health providers as the default treatment, irrespective of patient preferences. Ethnographic perspectives crucially account for models of service delivery and provider behaviors in researching treatment adherence.

Of the many questions on which our title invites reflection, one in particular has again achieved prominence in the United States: how is a politician who is Roman Catholic expected to vote when a measure purports to legalise what church teaching says is morally wrong? The debate has become increasingly acrimonious, to the point where senior prelates are among those who contend that President Biden and Speaker of the House Pelosi are unfit to receive Holy Communion since they subscribe to the ‘pro-choice’ position of the Democratic Party. The core question has become politicised, its public discussion poisoned by association with toxic elements of the so-called ‘culture wars’, at an impasse that is impairing effective leadership in the US Catholic Church, and an effective Catholic contribution to the common good of American society. I shall argue that this is as unnecessary as it is regrettable, and that a way through the impasse is to be found in mainline Catholic thinking about morality, law, and politics.

Background: Malignant cardiac neoplasms (MCNs), both primary and metastatic, are rare with few epidemiologic studies., Methods: This retrospective study used the Healthcare Utilization Project/Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2002 to 2018 to evaluate the co-occurrences with other malignancies, and mortality of MCNs in the USA., Results: The data contained 7207 weighted discharges of MCN. Median patient age was 51.4 years, 52.29 % were male, in-hospital mortality was 10.51 %, mean cost of hospitalization was $34,280 USD. Lung, mediastinum, and airways were the most common primary cancers associated with metastatic MCN., Conclusions: MCN are rare in the USA, however they carry a high in-hospital mortality, high morbidity, and hospital cost., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The focus of this research is to understand the sports gambling intentions of Gen Z (those born between 1997 and 2012) that can potentially lead to problematic gambling behavior. Rooted in the theory of planned behavior, the study delves into the roles of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control in shaping these intentions. A cross-sectional study of 513 Gen Z's in the United States was conducted. The partial least square structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship and compare the differences between males and females with multigroup analysis. The results indicate that attitude and perceived behavior control have a significant impact on this intention, while subjective norms do not exert substantial influence. Notably, gender differences are observed, with males showing a stronger association with perceived behavior control and females with attitude. The model effectively accounts for significant variations in sports gambling intention, highlighting a higher inclination among females as compared to males. This study provides a new perspective for analyzing disparities in sports gambling intention between genders and delves into the underlying motivations that can potentially contribute to the development of problematic gambling disorders. Given the significant societal impact and the adverse effects that gambling disorders have on those affected, it is imperative to conduct research aimed at understanding the reasons behind Gen Z's engagement in gambling. The findings can then be harnessed to inform the development of preventive programs aimed at curbing problematic gambling behaviors., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This study aimed to identify trends in the prevalence of negative emotions in the United States throughout the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and November 2021. This was a descriptive, repeated cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative survey data. Data originated from Gallup's COVID-19 web survey, encompassing 156,684 observations. Prevalence estimates for self-reported prior-day experience of sadness, worry, stress, anger, loneliness, depression, and anxiety were computed, plotted using descriptive trend graphs, and compared with 2019 estimates from the Gallup World Poll. Differences between estimates were evaluated by inspecting confidence intervals. Stress and worry were the most commonly experienced negative emotions between March 2020 and November 2021; worry and anger were significantly more prevalent than prepandemic. The prevalence of sadness, worry, stress, and anger fluctuated considerably over time and declined steadily to prepandemic levels by mid-2021. Distinctive spikes in the prevalence of several negative emotions, especially sadness and anger, were observed following the murder of George Floyd. Several negative emotions exhibited excess prevalence during the pandemic, especially in spring/summer 2020. Despite recent reductions to prepandemic levels, continued monitoring is necessary to inform policies and interventions to promote population well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores Donald Trump’s protectionist rhetoric relating to bilateral trade relations between Canada and the U.S. In particular, it presents how Trump’s isolationist economic platform evolved into trade war rhetoric and how this rhetoric affected Canada. To that end, the article analyzes President Trump’s statements and policies regarding the renegotiations of NAFTA, his administration’s tariff policies relating to imports of Canadian softwood lumber, steel and aluminum, and Trump’s opinions published in social media, mainly on Twitter. It also takes a comparative look on Donald Trump’s and Justin Trudeau’s ideological profiles to explain Trump’s lack of sympathy and hardline rhetoric against Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the 1991 events and their separation from the central government in Baghdad, the Kurdish parties waged a struggle between them for control of important sites in northern Iraq after the uprising that occurred after the Second Gulf War in 1990 and the defeat of the Iraqi government, which had become weak and unable to regain the areas of northern Iraq after the imposition of forces. The US-led International Coalition of Safe Zones in Northern Iraq has encouraged the main Kurdish parties to seize important areas in northern Iraq, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Dohuk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to investigate the trade between 58 developing countries based on the effects of the US and China by employing the gravity model for the period between 1991 – 2015. For this purpose, a new variable is proposed as the logarithm of a function of the distances of country dyads to the US and China (einf) to measure the relative external influence of the US and China. As the trade volumes of country dyads in the sample change severely, the gravity model is estimated by penalized panel quantile fixed effects estimator proposed by Koenker (2004). Potential model misspecification is investigated with a Hausman-type test adapted for panel quantile regression. Findings reveal that the US and China have trade altering influence on developing country dyads, varying according to different quantiles of the conditional bilateral trade distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first decade of the Republic of Lithuania, trade with the United States of America was not favorable. A temporary trade agreement was signed in 1925 without a consular section. This partially hampered the activities of Lithuanian consuls in the United States, as they were lacking some privileges. Consuls, especially Povilas Žadeikis, constantly raised the idea of the need for a consular agreement. The ambassador, Bronius K. Balutis, spoke about the need to have a permanent trade and consular agreement, but the government of Kaunas felt there was no rush. The idea of a consular agreement was strongly reinforced only after Žadeikis became the ambassador of Lithuania to Washington. The ambassador urged the government of the Republic of Lithuania to conclude and sign the agreement. However, it was not until 1940 that the text of the consular agreement was finally agreed upon, signed in Washington, and ratified by US Congress. Unfortunately, the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940 prevented the ratification of the consular agreement in the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, and exchange of said documents became impossible. The agreement was forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Çagdas Türkiye Tarihi Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study discusses Malaysia's stand and commitment in its foreign policy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts from 1957 to 2014. Malaysia's foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts is to prioritise security and stability in West Asia and the Middle East. A more critical aspect of Malaysia's commitment is the liberation of the Palestinian land from the Zionist regime's conquest and oppression, strongly supported by the major powers such as the United States and Britain. Although various peace negotiations have been held between Israel and Palestine, such concrete solutions have not been achieved adequately. The objective of this paper is to analyse the role of Malaysia in the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts from 1957 to 2014. This research uses qualitative methodology involving analysis of primary resources such as files, documents, Official Statements of Parliament of Malaysia, speech texts, and newspapers clipping from National Archive Kuala Lumpur and Tun Sri Lanang Library (PTSL). The result of this study proved that Malaysia had played a proactive and consistent role to seek a just and lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Politics & Security (IJPS) is the property of Inono Universitesi, Malatya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article breaks new conceptual ground by questioning orthodox interpretations of nation state agency in the global drug wars. Specifically, it challenges the David vs. Goliath conception of Colombia as a passive, client state simply abiding to the United States’ hegemonic war on drugs. It provides the first published analysis of Colombia’s leadership during the UN General Assembly Special Session on Drugs (UNGASS) in 2016. It argues that the UN served as a useful forum for Colombia’s displacement of state building dilemmas, including drug control, and that Bogota utilised the UN as a proxy negotiating mechanism with the US and other international donors.

American legal realism called for the development of a scientific approach to law. Following the same track, later authors turned to theories on the interpretation of literary or religious texts to understand legal interpretation and constitutional interpretation in particular. With Thomas Grey, Sanford Levinson, Robert Cover, Stanley Fish, Ronald Dworkin, Martha Minow and the deconstructionists inspired by Derrida’s writings (Jack Balkin and John Leubsdorf especially) the Law as literature branch of the Law and Literature movement made a highly precious contribution to constitutional theory.