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Trypanosoma minasense was isolated for the first time in blood axenic culture from a naturally infected marmoset, Callithrix penicillata, from Brazil. The parasite grew profusely in an overlay of Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium plus 20% foetal bovine serum, on Novy, McNeal and Nicolle medium (NNN), at 27 degrees C, with a peak around 168 hr. The morphometry of cultural forms of T. minasense, estimates of cell population size and comparative growth in four different media overlays always with NNN, were studied. The infectivity of cultural forms to marmosets (C. penicillata and C. jacchus) and transformation of epimastigotes into metacyclic-like forms in axenic culture in the presence of chitin derivates (chitosan) were evaluated.

A toxoplasmose é considerada uma doença parasitária fatal em primatas neotropicais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever, através de um estudo retrospectivo, os casos de toxoplasmose em primatas neotropicais. No período de 1999-2009 foram realizados 86 exames anatomopatológicos em primatas e a toxoplasmose foi a enfermidade mais comum (7/86), relatando-se um caso em sagui-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) e seis em bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba). Dois animais foram encontrados mortos e cinco morreram em poucos dias. Os sinais clínicos mais frequentes foram apatia e anorexia (5/7), distensão abdominal (4/7) e febre (3/7). Na necropsia observou-se esplenomegalia (4/7), hemorragia do trato digestório, linfonodos e bexiga (4/7), pulmões avermelhados (3/7) e hepatomegalia (2/7). No exame histopatológico evidenciou-se hepatite (7/7), esplenite (3/7), miocardite (2/7), enterite (2/7), linfadenite (1/7) e sialite (1/7) necróticas e, pneumonia intersticial (4/7). Em fígado, pulmões, baço, coração, linfonodos e glândula salivar havia taquizoítos de Toxoplasma gondii que foram também detectados pelo exame de imuno-histoquímica anti-T. gondii em fígado, baço e pulmões (5/7). A toxoplasmose pode causar alta mortalidade em colônias de primatas neotropicais e representar mais uma ameaça à conversação dessas espécies em cativeiro. Sendo assim, medidas preventivas devem ser tomadas para evitar a contaminação desses animais. Toxoplasmosis is considered to be a fatal parasitic disease in New World primates. The objective of this report was to describe, through a retrospective study, the toxoplasmosis cases in New World primates. From 1999 to 2009 eighty-six anatomopathological exams was performed in primates and toxoplasmosis was the most common disease (7/86). One case occurred in Black-Tufted-Marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and six in Brown-Howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba). Two monkeys were found death and five died within few days. The most common clinical signs were apathy and anorexia (5/7), abdominal distension (4/7) and fever (3/7). The main gross lesions were splenomegaly (4/7), hemorrhage in digestory system, lymph nodes and urinary bladder (4/7), reddish lungs (3/7) and hepatomegaly (2/7). Histopathological findings were necrotizing hepatitis (7/7), splenitis (3/7), myocarditis (2/7), enteritis (2/7), lymphadenitis (1/7) and sialitis (1/7), and interstitial pneumonia (4/7). In the liver, lungs, spleen, heart, lymph nodes and salivary gland there were tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii that also detected by immunohistochemistry against T. gondii in liver, spleen and lungs (5/7). Toxoplasmosis can cause high mortality in New World primate colonies and can be a threat to preservation of those species in captivity. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken to avoid the contamination of those animals.

S?o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (grant 2009/13506-4); CAPES/CNPq (A??o Transversal n. 06/2011 - Casadinho/Procad). State University of S?o Paulo J?lio de Mesquita Filho. School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. State University of S?o Paulo J?lio de Mesquita Filho. School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Institute for Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Institute for Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil Federal Rural University of Amaz?nia. Institute for Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil State University of S?o Paulo J?lio de Mesquita Filho. School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Centro Nacional de Primatas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. State University of S?o Paulo J?lio de Mesquita Filho. School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. State University of S?o Paulo J?lio de Mesquita Filho. School of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences. Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Ultrasound (B-mode) was used to analyze follicular events in 12 trained female owl monkeys (Aotus azarai infulatus). The animals were examined every 48 hours for over 90 days to measure and map follicular growth in both ovaries and to measure (using Doppler velocimetry) local hemodynamic changes during the peri-ovulatory stage. There were 44 follicular growth events, each with two or three follicular waves, and a mean SEM interval between events of 17 1.13 days. There were various hemodynamic changes during follicular growth; both vascular resistance index and pulsatility index decreased during the time when the follicle diameter peaked. Thus, both B-mode and Doppler ultrasound were useful for monitoring ovarian follicular events in owl monkeys.

This study investigated the feeding strategies of sympatric red howlers (Alouatta seniculus), saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru. The habitat types occupied during all behaviours and purely when feeding differed significantly between the three species (p

Los monos aulladores son primates neotropicales ampliamente distribuidos en el continente americano, en territorios forestales desde los 18° N, en el estado mexicano de Veracruz y 20° N en la península de Yucatán, México, hasta los 21° S en la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. De estas especies dos llegan en su distribución geográfica natural a la Argentina: Alouatta caraya y Alouatta fusca clamitans. Alouatta caraya con una amplia distribución en Sudamérica, es adaptable a distintos tipos de hábitat naturales. Si bien su aclimatación a las condiciones de cautiverio no es sencilla, paradójicamente responde satisfactoriamente, a las variables longevidad y reproducción, en condiciones ambientales fuera de su área de distribución natural. En este Trabajo de Tesis, se analizaron indicadores demográficos, genéticos y eto-ecológicos, (basados en patrón de actividad, alimentación y conducta social) que puedan tener efecto sobre el ajuste de los ejemplares a las condiciones de ambientes antropogénicos fuera del área geográfica de distribución del taxón. Los indicadores anteriormente mencionados se analizaron en grupos de Alouatta caraya que provienen del mascotismo y en un paraje cercano a La Cumbre, Córdoba. Los hallazgos obtenidos avalarían el desarrollo de un proceso de rehabilitación en los ejemplares analizados ya que los mismos han podido sobrevivir exitosamente, aclimatándose a los bosques exóticos y expresando un repertorio de conductas especie-específicas. Howler monkeys are widely distributed neotropical primates in the Americas, ranging from forest lands 18 ° N in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and 20 ° N on the peninsula Yucatan, to 21 ° S in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. Two species reach Argentina in their natural geographic distribution: Alouatta caraya and A. guariba clamitans. Alouatta caraya has a wide distribution in South America, being adaptable to different types of habitats. While its acclimatization to captivity conditions is not easy, paradoxically the species responds satisfactorily, with respect to longevity and reproductive variables, to different environmental conditions outside their natural geographic distribution. In this dissertation we analyzed demographic, genetic and ecological variables (based on activity pattern, feeding and social behavior) that could have an effect on the adjustment of the individuals to the conditions found in anthropogenic forest environments outside the geographic distribution of the taxon. The above indicators were analyzed in groups of Alouatta caraya rescued from pet trade, living in a man-modified forest environment near La Cumbre, Cordoba. The evaluation of these indicators suggested an adaptive response corresponding to the one expected for the species in its natural habitat. These findings would support a process of rehabilitation of the studied individuals since they could successfully survive and, acclimated to exotic forests, expressing a repertoire of species-specific behaviors. Fil: Bruno, Gabriela Alejandra. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Los primates son uno de los grupos de mamíferos más decomisados por la autoridades ambientales (SDA) en Bogotá, Colombia. Un total de 133 primates fueron confiscados en Bogotá durante el año 2008 y mantenidos en las instalaciones de la SDA. De ellos, 115 fueron secuenciados para el gen mitocondrial citocromo oxidasa II (mtCOII) y en 112 ejemplares, las secuencias obtenidas fueron de alta calidad. Esas secuencias se compararon con las obtenidas para ejemplares muestreados directamente en campo por nuestro grupo de investigación y con origen geográfico conocido. De ese modo, se pudo determinar las áreas geográficas, en el territorio colombiano, donde pueden liberarse esos ejemplares después del tratamiento de rehabilitación oportuno. Los resultados principales para las cinco especies de primates fueron como siguen: 1- Para Saguinus leucopus, los animales analizados pueden ser liberados en cualquier área geográfica dentro del rango de distribución de la especie, ya que solo se detectó un acervo genético sin estructura espacial. 2- Para los 14 Aotus sp. secuenciados procedentes de la SDA, se determinó que: uno de ellos pertenecía a A. vociferans, propio de la Amazonía; siete ejemplares pertenecieron a A. griseimembra, propio del valle del Magdalena hasta la costa Caribe colombiana; cuatro ejemplares representaron a A. brumbacki, de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia; y dos ejemplares se asociaron con A. azarae azarae del norte de Argentina y Paraguay, con lo cual se muestra que en Colombia se está recibiendo fauna ilegal procedente de otros países. 3- De los 14 Cebus albifrons secuenciados, dos pertenecieron al área geográfica de distribución de C. a. versicolor; uno al de C. a. pleei, 10 al de C. a. leucocephalus, y uno no pudo ser asignado ya que su secuencia mostraba gran divergencia respecto a los otros ejemplares secuenciados de esta especie. 4- Los dos Cebus capucinus secuenciados mostraron estar asociados a un acervo genético encontrado en el norte del Chocó, Sucre y Córdoba. 5- De 11 Cebus apella secuenciados, 10 mostraron pertenecer al acervo genético que se encuentra en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia y altamente relacionado a Cebus apella apella de la Guyana Francesa, aunque podrían representar un acervo propio de Colombia, C. a. fatuellus sensu Groves (2001). Un individuo no pudo ser relacionado con ningún grupo de los otros C. apella estudiados, ni con los taxones relacionados a la especie mencionada, pero, probablemente, con su propio estatus taxonómico (C. a. paraguayanus = C. cay, C. xanthosternos, C. nigritus).Genetic methods for the reintroduction of primates Saguinus, Aotus and Cebus (Primates: Cebidae) seized in Bogota, Colombia. Primates are one of more confiscated taxa by the environmental authorities in Bogota, Colombia. During 2008, 133 monkeys were confiscated; samples from 115 of them were sequenced by the mitochondrial cythocrome oxidase II gene (mtCOII) and 112 sequences obtained were of high quality. These sequences were compared with those obtained by our research group from individuals directly sampled in the field, with precise geographic origin. So, a more specific geographic area of the Colombian territory could be considered for a correct rehabilitation treatment during the reintroduction of these confiscated animals. The main results with five primate species were: 1- For all the specimens analyzed of Saguinus leucopus, they could be liberated in any geographical area of its distribution range, since only one gene pool was found. 2- For the 14 Aotus sp. individuals sequenced from the SDA (Environmental District Secretariat), one of them (A. vociferans) was coming from the Amazon, seven exemplars belonged to A. griseimembra from the Magdalena Valley and the Colombian Caribbean coasts, four individuals represented to A. brumbacki from the Colombian Eastern Llanos, and two were associated to A. azarae azarae from Northern Argentina and Paraguay (which means that illegal traffic of animals is arriving to Colombia from other South-American countries). 3-Out 14 Cebus albifrons sequenced, two belonged to the geographical area of C. a. versicolor, one to C. a. pleei, 10 to C. a. leucocephalus and one could be not assigned because its sequence yielded a great genetic divergence with respect to the other specimens sequenced of this species. 4- The two Cebus capucinus sequenced showed to be associated to a gene pool found in the Northern of Chocó, Sucre and Córdoba Departments. 5- Out 11 Cebus apella sequenced, 10 showed to belong to the gene pool presented in the Colombian Eastern Llanos and highly related (but differentiable) to Cebus apella apella from the French Guyana. It could be named C. a. fatuellus sensu Groves (2001). One exemplar sequenced could be not related with the other C. apella analyzed, nor the related taxa to the aforementioned species (C. a. paraguayanus =C. cay; C. xanthosternos; C. nigritus). Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 1049-1067. Epub 2010 September 01.

Avaliou-se a circulação de Campylobacter spp. em uma criação de primatas neotropicais macacos-de-cheiro (Saimiri spp.), clinicamente saudáveis, utilizados em investigações biomédicas. A análise foi feita no decorrer de sete anos não consecutivos, de 1995 a 1999, 2002 e 2003. Os resultados revelaram um maior índice de positividade no ano de 1996, em contraste com a ausência do agente em 2003. Os dados sugerem que as alterações realizadas no manejo animal, ao longo deste estudo, foram eficazes para a eliminação do Campylobacter spp. na criação de macacos-de-cheiro, levando os animais a uma melhor qualidade de vida e, consequentemente, obtendo-se um melhor produto para fins de pesquisas. The circulation of Campylobacter spp. in a breeding colony of clinically healthy neotropical primates squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) used in biomedical investigation was evaluated. Analyses were undertaken during seven non-consecutive years: 1995 to 1999, 2002 and 2003. Results revealed a higher rate of positivity in 1996, in contrast to the absence of the agent in 2003. The data suggest that the changes made in the animal management during this study were effective for the Campylobacter spp. elimination of the squirrel monkeys breeding colony, leading to a better quality of life and, hence, resulting in a better animal for research.

En Argentina encontramos cinco especies de primates: Alouatta guariba and Aotus Azarai Alouatta caraya, Cebus nigritus, and Cebus paraguayanus. Dos especies se encuentran en peligro de extinción (A. guariba and A. azarai). La mayor parte de los bosques que estas especies habitan se encuentran bajo una continua alteración antropogénica y la mayoría de las poblaciones de primates viven en zonas de bosque no protegidas. La Estación Biológica de Usos Múltiples de Corrientes (EBCo) es una institución académica y de investigación establecida en 2001. Sus metas principales son la protección de la flora y fauna en la Provincia de Corrientes, al norte de Argentina, y el desarrollo de un plan de educación ambiental en el área que rodea la estación. Presentamos en este trabajo una revisión de la historia de la EBCo, de los objetivos, y de los proyectos de investigación. Estos ultimos están vinculados a estudios de demografía, comportamiento y ecología de primates. Otros versan sobre el estudio sobre el estado de salud de los ecosistemas y sobre la mejora de la capacidad de conservacionistas y políticos para tomar decisiones mas informadas acerca de la explotación de los bosques, la conservación de la fauna y flora, y el estado de salud de las poblaciones humanas en la zona. In Argentina two (Alouatta guariba and Aotus Azarai) out of five species of non-human primates are endangered (Alouatta caraya, Cebus nigritus, and Cebus paraguayanus). However, most of the forests these species inhabit are under continuous anthropogenic alteration and many are not protected. The Estación Biológica de Usos Múltiples de Corrientes (EBCo) is an academic and research institution established in 2001, and its main goals are to ensure the protection of plant and animal species living in the province of Corrientes, northern Argentina, and to develop environmental education in the area surrounding the station. We present a short review of the history of the EBCO, its goals, research, and conservation projects. The main research projects are related to the study of demography, ecology, and behavior of primates in northern Argentina and to the study of ecosystem health aimed at identifying risk factors for disease transmission. Conservation-oriented activities are aimed at improving the ability of conservationists and policy-makers regarding timber exploitation, wildlife conservation, and human health. Fil: Zunino, Gabriel Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Kowalewski, Miguel Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. University of Illinois; Estados Unidos

Howler monkeys (Alouatta Lacèpéde, 1799) are folivores-frugivores with flexible diets depending on conditions. Here, we compare the diets of Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) in two riparian forests (island and mainland), in Porto Rico region, Upper Paraná River, Southern Brazil. Howlers were followed from October 2004 to September 2005 in the riparian forest of a 1,050 ha island and in the continuous riparian forest on the mainland (left bank of the river). The "scan sampling" method with instantaneous samples every 15 minutes was used. Besides vines, diet breadth was similar: 17 species consumed on the island versus 16 species on the mainland. Both consumed leaves followed by fruits more than any other food type (leaves: island - 65%, mainland - 49%, fruits: island - 24%, mainland - 46%). Even though the plant Cecropia pachystachya Trécul is less abundant in the mainland it was the item most consumed in both locations all year long, which suggests its importance for the howlers. Diet also varied both seasonally and between the island and mainland, apparently following changes in local abundance of each item and due to plant phenologies. Os bugios (Alouatta Lacèpéde, 1799) são primatas folívoros-frugívoros que podem adaptar suas dietas dependendo das condições do ambiente. O presente trabalho compara a dieta de grupos de Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) presentes em matas ciliares estruturalmente diferentes (ilha e continente), na região de Porto Rico, Alto rio Paraná, sul do Brasil. Os bugios-pretos foram seguidos de outubro de 2004 a setembro de 2005 em mata ciliar de uma ilha fluvial de 1050 ha e em mata ciliar contínua da margem esquerda do rio. Foi utilizado o método "scan sampling" em amostragens instantâneas com intervalos de 15 minutos. Além das lianas, 17 espécies foram consumidas na ilha versus 16 espécies no continente. Ambos os grupos consumiram mais folhas seguido de frutos do que qualquer outro tipo de alimento (folhas: ilha - 65%, continente - 49%, frutos: ilha - 24%, continente - 46%). Apesar de Cecropia pachystachya Trécul ser menos abundante no continente, foi o item mais consumido em ambas localidades durante todo o ano, o que sugere sua importância para os bugios. As dietas também variaram sazonalmente e entre os locais, aparentemente seguindo mudanças em abundâncias dos itens e devido à fenologia.

The region of Porto Rico, on the Upper Paraná River, is a contact zone between the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado, with elements of the Pantanal wetlands. During surveys from September 2003 to September to 2005, we recorded the presence of non-volant mammals on 14 islands and the adjacent riverbanks. Surveys were by foot and by boat, and we also interviewed local people about the mammals of the region. Sightings of three primate species - Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) (left margin of the river), C. libidinosus Spix, 1823 (right margin) and Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) (both margins and 12 islands) - were plotted on a satellite image. Alouatta clamitans Cabrera, 1940 was not recorded. However, interviews indicated that this species has occurred in this region in the past. The survey of mammals revealed the occurrence of 32 native species, a native genus with one or more unidentified species, and two introduced species [Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)]. The study discusses the permeability of the Paraná River to dispersal, as well as its potential as a geographical barrier to some species. Hypothesis on the local extinction of A. clamitans is also addressed. This study provides information that can be useful for promoting the conservation of this region. A região de Porto Rico, Alto Rio Paraná, é zona de contato entre a Mata Atlântica e o Cerrado, com influências do Pantanal. Este estudo levantou as espécies de primatas da região para a confecção de um mapa de ocorrências. Listou-se as ocorrências de mamíferos não-voadores, discriminando os registros entre os ambientes de ilhas e margens opostas. Para tanto, além do auxílio de entrevistas, as matas de 14 ilhas e das margens foram percorridas por terra e de barco durante setembro de 2003 a setembro de 2005. Pontos de avistamento dos primatas foram plotados em imagem de satélite. Três espécies de primatas foram registradas: Cebus nigritus somente na margem esquerda do rio e em uma ilha próxima do continente; C. libidinosus somente na margem direita e Alouatta caraya em ambas as margens do rio e em 12 ilhas. Alouatta clamitans não foi encontrada, porém sua ocorrência passada foi registrada durante as entrevistas. O levantamento listou a ocorrência de 32 espécies nativas, um gênero com espécie(s) não identificada(s) e duas espécies introduzidas (Lepus europaeus e Sus scrofa). Este trabalho discute a permeabilidade do Rio Paraná para a dispersão e barreira geográfica para certas espécies. Hipóteses para a extinção de A. clamitans são discutidas. Este estudo promove informações úteis para a conservação da região.

Necropsy findings in three cases of naturally occurring toxoplasmosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) obtained as wild catches from the Amazon region were described. Histopathological evaluation of the liver, spleen, kidneys and mesenteric lymph nodes showed multiple foci of inflammation and necrosis. Typical, well-defined morphologic Toxoplasma gondii cysts and free forms of the parasite were found by immunoperoxidase staining within inflammatory infiltrates. The presence of T. gondii in the studied colony could severely influence the results of experiments performed in the animals. Achados de necropsia em três casos de toxoplasmose ocorridos naturalmente em macacos-de-cheiro (Saimiri sciureus) obtidos de capturas na região Amazônica foram descritos. A avaliação histopatológica do fígado, baço, rins e linfonodos mesentéricos mostrou múltiplos focos de inflamação e necrose. Cistos morfológicos típicos e bem definidos de Toxoplasma gondii e formas livres foram detectados pelo método da imunoperoxidase com infiltrados inflamatórios. A presença de T. gondii na colônia de primatas estudada pode influenciar severamente os resultados de experimentos realizados nos animais.

Necropsy findings in three cases of naturally occurring toxoplasmosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) obtained as wild catches from the Amazon region were described. Histopathological evaluation of the liver, spleen, kidneys and mesenteric lymph nodes showed multiple foci of inflammation and necrosis. Typical, well-defined morphologic Toxoplasma gondii cysts and free forms of the parasite were found by immunoperoxidase staining within inflammatory infiltrates. The presence of T. gondii in the studied colony could severely influence the results of experiments performed in the animals.

The anatomy of peri-callosum arteries and its branches were studied in Cebus apella monkeys. Thirty cerebral hemispheres were dissected under magnifying glasses. After having been injected with coloured latex (neoprene 450) and fixed in formaldehyde solution at 10%. The peri-callosun arteries of bath antimeres represent terminal bifurcation branches of the inter-hemispheric artery in four different dispositions. Its branches were distributed in the following cerebral regions: a branch in the fronto-polar region; from one to branches in the superior frontal region; from one to four branches in the post-central region. In this sector, the artery contributed to vascularize the pre and post-central regions, where its branches are located obove the inter-hemispheric artery branches. It demonstrates a rich vascularization in this cortical area. The peri-callosum vessels ends up by distributing themselves in the medium parietal region of the encephalon. Estudou-se no primata Cebus apella a anatomia das artérias pericalosas e seus ramos em trinta hemisférios cerebrais dissecados sob lupa injetados com látex corado (Neoprene 450) e fixados em formol a 10%. As artérias pericalosas nos dois antímeros representaram ramos de bifurcação terminal da artéria inter-hemisférica em quatro diferentes arranjos, com ramos distribuídos para as seguintes regiões corticais: fronto polar, um ramo; frontal superior, de um a dois ramos; pré-central, de um a quatro ramos; pós-central, de um a quatro ramos. As atérias contribuíram para vascularizar as regiões pré e pós-central, onde seus ramos se superpuseram aos ramos da artéria inter-hemisférica, demonstrando a importância funcional desta área. Os vasos pericalosos terminaram se distribuindo na região parietal medial do encéfalo deste primata.

Estudou-se no primata Cebus apella a anatomia das artérias pericalosas e seus ramos em trinta hemisférios cerebrais dissecados sob lupa injetados com látex corado (Neoprene 450) e fixados em formol a 10%. As artérias pericalosas nos dois antímeros representaram ramos de bifurcação terminal da artéria inter-hemisférica em quatro diferentes arranjos, com ramos distribuídos para as seguintes regiões corticais: fronto polar, um ramo; frontal superior, de um a dois ramos; pré-central, de um a quatro ramos; pós-central, de um a quatro ramos. As atérias contribuíram para vascularizar as regiões pré e pós-central, onde seus ramos se superpuseram aos ramos da artéria inter-hemisférica, demonstrando a importância funcional desta área. Os vasos pericalosos terminaram se distribuindo na região parietal medial do encéfalo deste primata. The anatomy of peri-callosum arteries and its branches were studied in Cebus apella monkeys. Thirty cerebral hemispheres were dissected under magnifying glasses. After having been injected with coloured latex (neoprene 450) and fixed in formaldehyde solution at 10%. The peri-callosun arteries of bath antimeres represent terminal bifurcation branches of the inter-hemispheric artery in four different dispositions. Its branches were distributed in the following cerebral regions: a branch in the fronto-polar region; from one to branches in the superior frontal region; from one to four branches in the post-central region. In this sector, the artery contributed to vascularize the pre and post-central regions, where its branches are located obove the inter-hemispheric artery branches. It demonstrates a rich vascularization in this cortical area. The peri-callosum vessels ends up by distributing themselves in the medium parietal region of the encephalon.

A morphometric analysis of blood trypomastigotes identified as Trypanosoma minasense, T. saimirii, and T. rangeli harbored by squirrel monkeys from the Brazilian Amazon was performed. Additionally, morphological and biological comparative analyses were conducted of T. saimirii-like and T. rangeli development forms from haemoculture and xenodiagnosis. Illustrations are given of blood trypomastigotes as well as of developing flagellates in triatomine and axenic culture. Mean values of blood trypomastigotes of T. saimirii differ statistically from those of T. rangeli in only two out of ten morphological characters measured, and ranges overlapped. The developing forms of T. saimrii-like parasites were essentially identical in both xenodiagnosis and haemoculture to those of T. rangeli. Trypanosomes confirmed as T. rangeli were transmitted to mice by the bites of the great majority of triatomines that fed on T. saimirii-like infected monkeys. We conclude that, based on morphology and on the development in triatomine bugs and haemoculture, T. saimirii should not be considered a distinct species. We therefore propose T. saimirii to be a junior synonym of T. rangeli.

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of natural infections by trypanosome species in squirrel monkeys: Saimiri sciureus (Linnaeus) and Saimiri ustus (Geoffroy) caught respectively near 2 hydroelectric plants: Balbina, in the State of Amazonas, and Samuel, in the State of Rondonia, Brazil. A total of 165 squirrel monkeys were examined by thick and thin blood smears (BS), haemocultures and xenodiagnosis: 112 monkeys, 67.9%,(being 52.7% with mix infections) were positive to trypanosomes. Four species of trypanosomes were found in monkeys from the 2 areas: Trypanosoma (Tejeraia) rangeli Tejera or T. rangeli-like parasites in 58 squirrel monkeys (35.2%), Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) minasense Chagas in 55 (33.3%), Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) saimirii Rodhain or T. saimirii-like parasites in 53 (32.1%) and Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi Chagas in 17 (10.3%). As T. saimirii resembles T. minasense in blood-stream trypomastigotes and T. rangeli in cultural forms and in this survey almost all monkeys presenting trypanosomes morphologically indistinguishable from T. saimirii and/or T. minasense in BS were found through xenodiagnosis and/or haemoculture to be infected by T. rangeli, we suggest that the validity of T. saimirii needs to be evaluated.

The Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) is a method of historical biogeography that is used for detecting and connecting areas of endemism. Based on data on the distribution of Neotropical primates, we constructed matrices using quadrats, interfluvial regions and pre-determinated areas of endemism described for avians as Operative Geographic Units (OGUs). We codified the absence of a species from an OGU as 0 (zero) and its presence as 1 (one). A hypothetical area with a complete absence of primate species was used as outgroup to root the trees. All three analyses resulted in similar groupings of areas of endemism, which match the distribution of biomes in the Neotropical region. One area includes Central America and the extreme Northwest of South America, other the Amazon basin, and another the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco. A Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismo (PAE) é um método da biogeografia histórica que é usado para detectar e conectar áreas de endemismo. Baseando-se em dados de distribuição de primatas Neotropicais, construíram-se matrizes de dados utilizando-se quadrículas, regiões entre rios e áreas de endemismo pré-determinadas para aves como Unidades Geográficas Operacionais (OGUs). Codificou-se a ausência da espécie na OGU como 0 (zero) e a presença como 1 (um). Uma área hipotética com ausência total de espécies de primatas foi usada como grupo externo para polarização. Todas as três análises resultaram em grupos similares de áreas de endemismo, coincidindo com a distribuição de biomas na região Neotropical: uma área incluindo a América Central e o extremo Noroeste da América do Sul; outra, a Bacia Amazônica; e, uma terceira, a Mata Atlântica, Caatinga, Cerrado e Chaco.

The 2015 assessment of the conservation status of the Neotropical primates reported that 91 species and subspecies (42.5%) are threatened. This highlights the need to establish priority actions to mitigate the threats caused by human activities and promote the conservation of their populations and habitats. Ecuador is fifth-ranking of the Neotropical countries in terms of primate richness, with 22 taxa, 11 of which are threatened. Ongoing conservation actions need to be improved and new ones need to be designed. In this context, we are drawing up a Conservation Action Plan for the primates of Ecuador, which brings together the main organizations and experts involved in the study of Ecuadorian primates. The plan builds on previous work done by the organizations involved, and will be periodically modified and updated taking into account new information as it is generated. The multidisciplinary approach of this initiative was a key factor in promoting the fulfillment of the goal of this action plan, which is to reduce the extinction risk of the threatened primates in Ecuador, and generate information to properly assess species currently listed as Data Deficient before 2027. This plan is not only important for the information it presents, but also because it is a clear example of what can be achieved when the government, academia and society work together towards the common goal of improving the conservation status of Ecuadorian primates and their habitats.