Search

Soil salinity is considered crucial for seed germination, seedling growth, and crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Seed priming can be an effective solution to improve maize germination and growth, under salinity stress. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming with NaCl and salinity stress on germination and growth of maize variety Arun-2. Before sowing, eighty maize seeds were soaked in 5g/L aqueous NaCl solution for 12 hours at 27-degree Celsius. Primed and unprimed seeds were sown in 10-liter capacity plastic pots and watered with 200mL of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/L saline solutions at two days intervals. Germination percentage, shoot length, and number of leaves per plant were measured to access the germination and growth parameters. The results showed that priming seeds with NaCl solution significantly (P

Excessive salt consumption is strongly linked to the chronic diseases development, highlighting the urgent need for effective salt-reduction strategies in food products. However, reducing salt content often compromises both food preservation and flavor. In this study, we hypothesized that curcumin could enhance the flavor perception of sodium chloride while compensating for its antimicrobial effect in reduced-salt applications. To test this, we developed a curcumin/γ-cyclodextrin/sodium chloride complex (IC), using γ-cyclodextrin as a carrier, and evaluated its antimicrobial and flavor-enhancing properties. The complex's formation was confirmed through various analytical techniques. Results from electronic tongue and sensory evaluations demonstrated that the IC enhanced the perception of saltiness and imparted unique aromatic characteristics compared to standard sodium chloride. GC-IMS analysis identified key aroma contributors, such as aldehydes and alcohols. Additionally, antimicrobial tests revealed that the IC efficiently mediated the sono/photodynamic inactivation of Shewanella putrefaciens and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In summary, the IC offers a multifunctional approach, enhancing flavor, reducing salt, and enabling antimicrobial activity, while promoting practical uses of sono/photodynamic technology in low-sodium foods. • Curcumin/γ-Cyclodextrin/NaCl inclusion complex was prepared in one step. • The inclusion complex mediated sono/photodynamic bactericidal effects. • The inclusion complex exhibited a distinctive fatty and vanilla flavor profile. • The inclusion complex enhanced saltiness compared to conventional salt. • The inclusion complex was a healthy salt subsitute that reduced salt and enhanced aroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yields of H 2 O 2 and H 2 formed in the sonolysis of aqueous solution under noble gas are representative indexes for understanding the chemical effects of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles. In this study, the yields of H 2 O 2 and H 2 formed under Ar were evaluated as a function of the concentration of NaCl or KI. When these yields were analyzed by using a normalization technique, it was confirmed that the yields of H 2 were more clearly related to Ar solubility than those of H 2 O 2, suggesting that H 2 is a more real probe to understand the chemical effects of cavitation bubbles in water. The effects of NaCl on sonochemical formation of oxidants were also compared with those of KI. When aqueous t- butanol solution was sonicated, the yields of H 2 and the maximum temperature attained in a collapsing bubble (bubble temperature) decreased with increasing solution temperature and salt concentration, suggesting that these parameters affected the quantity related to the number (and/or size) of active bubbles as well as the quality related to the bubble temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of NaCl perturbed preheat–treated egg white proteins' (EWPs) physicochemical and structural properties to modulate the foaming property (FP). The results revealed that NaCl regulated the salinolysis (5 mM) – salt precipitation (50 mM) – gradual or complete coverage with hydrated Na+ of the hydration layer (100–300 mM) – enhanced Cl− hydration repulsion (500 mM) of EWP, showing a gradual decrease in aggregates particle size, and reversibility of structural freedom, including moleculer flexibility and surface hydrophobicity. Whereas preheating temperature affected the secondary structure rearrangement and tertiary conformation exposure, and excessive temperature reduced foaming capacity while enhanced foam stability, with a tight correlation between NaCl–mediated EWPs' FP and the extent of Na+ covering the hydration layer. The findings provide a theoretical basis for processing factors to modulate the protein hydration layer to influence the functional properties. [Display omitted] • NaCl enhanced solubility of aggregates along with reversible surface structure. • FTIR reflected the changes of protein water molecule layer. • Preheating at 66 °C greatly improving foam stability. • 500 mM Na+ completely occupied the hydration layer of EWPs. • 5 mM NaCl promoted the foaming capacity of 60 °C preheated treated EWPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the gel properties, structural characteristics, and NaCl loading capacity of hydrogels formed by the interaction between soybean protein isolate (SPI) and konjac glucomannan (KGM). Molecular docking analyses revealed that the interaction between SPI and KGM primarily involved hydrogen bonding. With the increase in KGM content, the network structure was denser and more stable, resulting in hydrogels with stronger thermal stability and better mechanical properties. As the KGM addition to the hydrogel increased to 3%, the gel strength increased by 4.37 times and the water holding capacity increased by 15.69%. Fluorescence inversion microscopy showed that the SPI-KGM hydrogel effectively loaded Na+ salts. Increasing KGM content from 2 to 3% led to a 22.19% increase in Na+ loading rate and a 34.50% increase in release capacity. Furthermore, water holding capacity and gel strength improved by 22.62% and 4.37 times, respectively. The SPI-KGM hydrogel also demonstrated good 3D printing capabilities. This study explores the potential of sodium-loaded hydrogel as a polymer for enhancing Na+ distribution and facilitating Na+ release in low-salt food matrices.Graphical Abstract: This study investigated the gel properties, structural characteristics, and NaCl loading capacity of hydrogels formed by the interaction between soybean protein isolate (SPI) and konjac glucomannan (KGM). Molecular docking analyses revealed that the interaction between SPI and KGM primarily involved hydrogen bonding. With the increase in KGM content, the network structure was denser and more stable, resulting in hydrogels with stronger thermal stability and better mechanical properties. As the KGM addition to the hydrogel increased to 3%, the gel strength increased by 4.37 times and the water holding capacity increased by 15.69%. Fluorescence inversion microscopy showed that the SPI-KGM hydrogel effectively loaded Na+ salts. Increasing KGM content from 2 to 3% led to a 22.19% increase in Na+ loading rate and a 34.50% increase in release capacity. Furthermore, water holding capacity and gel strength improved by 22.62% and 4.37 times, respectively. The SPI-KGM hydrogel also demonstrated good 3D printing capabilities. This study explores the potential of sodium-loaded hydrogel as a polymer for enhancing Na+ distribution and facilitating Na+ release in low-salt food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the response of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium to food preservative-related stresses, such as lactic acid and sodium chloride (NaCl). S. Typhimurium cells were exposed to 1 µg/mL of ciprofloxacin (CIP), 0.2% lactic acid (LA), 6% NaCl, CIP followed by LA (CIP-LA), and CIP followed by NaCl (CIP-NaCl). The untreated S. Typhimurium cells were the control (CON). All treatments were as follows: CON, CIP, LA, NaCl, CIP-LA, and CIP-NaCl. The phenotypic heterogeneity was evaluated by measuring the antimicrobial susceptibility, bacterial fluctuation, cell injury, persistence, and cross-resistance. The CIP, CIP-LA, and CIP-NaCl groups were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin, showing MIC values of 0.70, 0.59, and 0.54 µg/mL, respectively, compared to the CON group (0.014 µg/mL). The susceptibility to lactic acid was not changed after exposure to NaCl, while that to NaCl was decreased after exposure to NaCl. The Eagle phenomenon was observed in the CIP, CIP-LA, and CIP-NaCl groups, showing Eagle effect concentrations (EECs) of more than 8 µg/mL. No changes in the MBCs of lactic acid and NaCl were observed in the CIP, LA, and CIP-LA groups, and the EECs of lactic acid and NaCl were not detected in all treatments. The bacterial fluctuation rates of the CIP-LA and CIP-NaCl groups were considerably increased to 33% and 41%, respectively, corresponding to the injured cell proportions of 82% and 89%. CIP-NaCl induced persister cells as high as 2 log cfu/mL. The LA and NaCl treatments decreased the fitness cost. The CIP-NaCl treatment showed positive cross-resistance to erythromycin (ERY) and tetracycline (TET), while the LA and NaCl treatments were collaterally susceptible to chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), piperacillin (PIP), and TET. The results provide new insight into the fate of antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium during food processing and preservation.

This study investigated the impact of NaCl on the physical properties of cornstarch–methyl cellulose (CS–MC) mixtures and their gels prepared with rice flour in a model system. Opposite trends were observed, showing that NaCl led to decreased viscosity of the CS–MC mixtures (liquid-based), whereas a more stable and robust structure was observed for the rice-flour-added gels (solid-based) with the addition of NaCl. The interference of NaCl with the CS-MS blend’s ability to form a stable gel network resulted in a thinner consistency, as the molecules of the CS-MS blend may not bind together as effectively. On the contrary, NaCl showed the potential to enhance the protein network within CS–MC gels prepared with rice flour, thereby contributing to an augmentation in the stability or firmness of the cooked gels. Careful utilization of NaCl to optimize the physical properties of the CS–MC blends, as well as the gels based on rice flour, should be performed.

Empirical evidence indicates that NaCl can improve the quality of mung bean starch sheet jelly (MBSS) when properly incorporated. In this study, by comparison with a sample without NaCl, the influences of NaCl (1.5–8%, w/w) on the physicochemical and structural properties of mung bean starch (MBS) and the quality of MBSS were investigated. MBS with added NaCl had greater gelatinization temperature and pasting parameters but lower gelatinization enthalpy than native MBS. With the addition of NaCl, the drying rate of MBSS first accelerated and then declined in the oven-drying process. The addition of NaCl improved the cooking properties of MBSS but decreased the hardness of cooked MBSS. Rheological results implied that the linear viscoelastic region of cooked MBSS decreased with the NaCl addition, and the storage modulus and tan δ were more frequency-dependent than the loss modulus of cooked MBSS. The addition of NaCl gradually increased the toughness of dried MBSS and the overall acceptability of cooked MBSS. Furthermore, NaCl decreased the structure order degree of starch in MBSS. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the quality of MBSS had a significant correlation with the molecular and lamellar order of starch. Overall, NaCl could improve the quality of MBSS by regulating the thermal, gelatinizing, and structural properties of MBS.

Deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaus longirostris) has a significantly high catch yield and is a highly important food source for human nutrition in terms of its nutritional value. The reduction of salt content in seafood products while preserving taste poses a significant challenge. The aim of this study is to reduce the NaCl ratio used in the shrimp marination process by substituting it with KCl and masking the resulting bitterness from KCl using natural flavor enhancers, such as yeast extracts. The marinated shrimp were prepared using 50% KCl instead of 50% NaCl. In order to mask the bitter taste caused by KCl and enhance the flavor, two different types of yeast extracts obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were utilized in the formulation. Nutritional composition, Na and K contents, amino acid composition, color measurement, bacteriological quality, pH changes, and sensory evaluations were conducted to assess the impact of salt reduction and yeast extracts on the sensory, chemical, and physical attributes of the products. L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-leucine, L-valine, and L-lysine were found to be higher in samples with Levex Terra yeast extract. Despite a 50% reduction in NaCl content, the addition of yeast extract led to an increase in the umami taste due to the elevation of amino acids present. Yeast extracts can offer a promising solution for enhancing the sensory qualities of seafood products with reduced salt content by conducting more detailed sensory development examinations.

This study focuses on the evaluation of the influence of sodium chloride on soil quality in selected locations in the Moravian-Silesian Region. A pilot study was performed in which soil samples were collected at distances of 5 m, 10 m and 20 m perpendicular to the road. The soil samples were analyzed in laboratories to demonstrate the occurrence and possible influence of de-icing material on soil and environmental quality in the vicinity of roads.

This study conducts a comparative electrochemical evaluation of three types of pearlitic steels used in flexible pipelines for oil transport in marine environments. The steels have been manufactured with chemical composition and geometry variations to optimize operation performance under adverse conditions. Electrochemical tests were conducted using solutions simulating marine environments with NaCl and CO2, and at high temperatures. The results indicated that spheroidized (SC) steel demonstrated the best corrosion resistance under these specific conditions. Additionally, the Raman spectroscopy characterization technique was used to analyze the layers of corrosion products formed during the tests, identifying the presence of FeCO3 (siderite) and other corrosive oxides. These discoveries are valuable for selecting and improving materials in flexible pipelines used in oil production in marine waters. The study highlights the importance of the cementite morphology present in pearlite as a relevant factor in the corrosive behavior of steels, contributing to the development of more efficient and durable solutions for the offshore oil and gas industry.

Using Meyerozyma guilliermondii YB4, which was isolated and screened from southern Sichuan pickles in the laboratory, as the experimental group, we investigated the changes in growth, total ester content, and volatile flavor substances of M. guilliermondii YB4 under different NaCl concentrations. The growth of M. guilliermondii YB4 was found to be inhibited by NaCl, and the degree of inhibition increased at higher NaCl concentrations. Additionally, the total ester content of the control group (CK) was significantly lower compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The application of NaCl also resulted in distinct changes in the volatile profile of YB4, as evidenced by E-nose results. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were employed to analyze the volatile compounds. A total of 148 and 86 volatiles were detected and identified using GC-MS and GC-IMS, respectively. Differential volatiles among the various NaCl concentrations in YB4 were determined by a variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis in partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). These differentially expressed volatiles were further confirmed by their relative odor activity value (ROAV) and odor description. Ten key contributing volatiles were identified, including ethanol, 1-pentanol, nonanal, octanal, isoamyl acetate, palmitic acid ethyl ester, acrolein, ethyl isobutanoate, prop-1-ene-3,3’-thiobis, and 2-acetylpyrazine. This study provides insights into the specificities and contributions of volatiles in YB4 under different NaCl concentrations. These findings offer valuable information for the development of aroma-producing yeast agents and the subsequent enhancement in the flavor of southern Sichuan pickles.

To investigate the effects of KCl substitution for NaCl in different proportions on lipid oxidation in pork processing, 3% or 4% of NaCl, which was partly replaced by 15%, 30%, 45%, or 60% of KCl, respectively, were added to the minced longissimus muscles, then kinetic law of lipid oxidation was studied after treatment at different temperature. The results showed that at a fixed salt content and composition, both the primary and the secondary lipid oxidation rate constants increased with the increasing temperature. At a fixed temperature, lipid primary oxidation rate constants decreased with the increasing of KCl substitution proportion at a 3% salt content, while which first increased and then decreased with the KCl substitution proportion when salt concentration was fixed at 4%, reaching a maximum at 45% of KCl proportion. The Arrhenius equation analysis showed that at 3% salt concentration, the activation energies of both lipid primary oxidation and lipid secondary oxidation increased linearly with the increasing of KCl substitution proportion (P0.05). Therefore, partial replacement of NaCl with KCl could improve the lipid oxidation stability in pork linearly with the substitution proportion if total salt concentration is at about 3%, and no significant effect was observed if total salt content was at about 4%.

The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of salt concentration on the corrosion behaviour, including the role of hydrodynamic conditions, of two broad classes of ferrous engineering materials. These are comprised of alloys, typified by a low-alloy steel (UNS G43400) that corrodes actively in aqueous conditions and a range of passive-film-forming stainless steels (UNS S31600, UNS S15500 and UNS S32760). Corrosion monitoring employed electrochemical (potentiodynamic polarisation) techniques. Three concentrations of aerated sodium chloride were utilised: 0.05 wt% NaCl, 3.5 wt% NaCl and 10 wt% NaCl. In quiescent, liquid impingement and solid/liquid impingement conditions, the corrosion rate of the low-alloy steel was observed to peak at 3.5 wt% NaCl, followed by a reduction in 10 wt% NaCl solution. These findings expand the range of previously reported trends, focused on static conditions. Such corrosion rate/salinity trends were observed to be dictated by the progress of the anodic reaction rather than influence on the cathodic reaction. Detailed studies were undertaken using segmented specimens to facilitate comparisons of the influence of hydrodynamic variations on corrosion behavior; these revealed that such variations influence the corrosion rates of low-alloy steel to a much lesser extent than the effect of changes in salinity. For the stainless steels, in quiescent and flowing conditions, when surface passive films are stable, there was a constant increase in corrosion rate with salinity. In solid-liquid conditions, however, the periodic film-destruction/repassivation events resulted in a similar corrosion rate/salinity trend to that displayed by the low-alloy steel, but with a much larger effect of hydrodynamic conditions. Additonally, the study revealed an underlying influence of stainless steel composition that mirrored, to an extent, the corrosion behaviour in pitting/re-passivation situations

The aim of this paper was to evaluate sensory quality of commercial boiled chicken sausages and boiled pork sausages with different salt content. Descriptive sensory analysis was used. The basic physicochemical parameters of samples were also determined. The results showed that the chicken sausage sample with 3.42% salt and the pork sausage sample with 3.03% salt had better sensory quality compared to the samples with 2.43 and 3.30% salt, respectively. Chicken sausages with lower salt content had a less pronounced odour, aroma, taste, and softer consistency with significant differences (P < 0.05) comparing to the sample with higher salt content. The difference in salt content between pork sausages was smaller than between chicken sausages, but also significant (P < 0.05). The sample with lower salt content had better sensory quality, but the differences between all sensory properties, except the colour of two samples, were not significant (P > 0.05).

Topological superconductivity emerging in one- or two-dimensional hybrid materials is predicted as a key ingredient for quantum computing. However, not only the design of complex heterostructures is primordial for future applications but also the characterization of their electronic and structural properties at the atomic scale using the most advanced scanning probe microscopy techniques with functionalized tips. We report on the topographic signatures observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules, iron (Fe) atoms and sodium chloride (NaCl) islands deposited on superconducting Pb(111). For the CO adsorption a comparison with the Pb(110) substrate is demonstrated. We show a general propensity of these adsorbates to diffuse at low temperature under gentle scanning conditions. Our findings provide new insights into high-resolution probe microscopy imaging with terminated tips, decoupling atoms and molecules by NaCl islands or tip-induced lateral manipulation of iron atoms on top of the prototypical Pb(111) superconducting surface.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi SLS dan NaCl yang dapat menghasilkan formula terbaik pada formulasi sabun cair ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera L.). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Simplex Lattice Design. Dibuat 8 formula dengan variasi konsentrasi SLS dan NaCl yang berbeda, kemudian dicari parameter viskositas, bobot jenis, ketahanan busa, dan pH. Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan one sample t-test untuk melihat perbedaan antara hasil prediksi software design expert dari metode optimasi dengan hasil pengujian laboratorium. Hasil pengujian parameter sediaan sabun cair ke 8 formula diperoleh formula yang memiliki nilai desire ability yang paling mendekati 1 merupakan formula optimum yaitu pada konsentrasi SLS sebesar 180 g dan NaCl 65 g. Kemudian dilakukan uji one sample t test antara nilai prediksi software dengan nilai parameter laboratorium. Nilai signifikansi yang diperoleh untuk parameter viskositas, bobot jenis, ketahanan busa dan pH secara berturut turut yaitu 0.570; 0.245; 0.882; 0.069. yang berarti tidak ada perbedaan nilai parameter antara di software dengan di laboratorium. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan formula dengan variasi SLS sebesar 180 g dan NaCl sebesar 65 g merupakan formula terbaik dalam formulasi sabun cair ekstrak lidah buaya yang menghasilkan nilai yang memenuhi persyaratan kualitas yakni viskositas 3270 Cp, Bobot Jenis 1.079 g/ml, ketahanan busa 67%, dan nilai pH 6.73.

In the present study, hydroponic experiments were performed to explore the mechanistic role of H2S (NaHS (donor of H2S); 40 μM) in alleviating NaCl stress in brinjal and tomato seedlings by analyzing the growth, pigments content, gas exchange parameters, and contents of inorganic nitrogen and activities of enzymes involved in N2 metabolism. While NaCl at 20 mM declined the growth (tolerance index (TI) and plant height), pigment content (total chlorophyll and Chl a/b), and gas exchange parameters (intercellular CO2 concentration; Ci, net photosynthetic rate; A, transpiration rate; E, stomatal conductance; Gs). It also variably affected the inorganic N (NO3−, NO2− and NH4+) content, and the enzymes involved in nitrate (nitrate reductase; NR and nitrite reductase; NiR), and ammonium (glutamine synthetase; GS, glutamate synthase; GOGAT and Glutamate dehydrogenase; GDH) assimilation, whereas the supplementation of H2S showed considerable improvement in all the studied parameters. Furthermore, the addition of H2S scavenger hypotaurine (HT; 200 μM) to NaCl + NaHS seized all the recovery on the above parameters caused by the NaHS treatment, suggesting the role of exogenous H2S. While, the addition of an inhibitor of H2S generation propargylglycine (PAG; 100 μM) to NaCl treatments further declined the growth more than NaCl treatment alone, implying the role of endogenous H2S. Altogether, our study highlights the modulatory role of endogenous and exogenous H2S in conferring NaCl stress tolerance in brinjal and tomato seedlings by maintaining the ion homeostasis and the C/N ratio.

Soil and irrigation water salinity are major limiting factor to citrus industry in arid environments.The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different salt stress levels on growth and ion uptake of three-month-old citrus rootstocks; sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana). Six levels of NaCl-salinity were used, 0.7 (control), 2, 4, 8, 12 and 15 dS m−1. Salinity increment from 2.0 to 15.0 dS m−1 significantly reduced seedlings height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content index and chlorophyll fluorescence by one to three folds. In addition, leaf and root N concentration reduced by 10%–50%, P 6%–50%, K 8%–47%, Ca+2 7%–51% and Mg+2 7%–50% when salt stress in the irrigation water increased from 2.0 to 15.0 dS m−1. Conversely, salt stress increment (2.0–15.0 dS m−1) increased leaf stomatal resistance (5 folds), proline concentration (1 fold), Na+ and Cl− in the leaf (10 fold) and root (4 fold) when compared to control (0.7 dS m−1). In term of rootstock, Volkamer had higher seedling height, stem diameter, and root constituents (length, fresh and dry weight) than sour orange. While sour orange had higher leaf Cl−, Ca+2 and Mg+2, Volkamer lemon had higher N, Na+, K+, and P. However, root nutrient (N, Na+, Cl−, P and Mg+2) from Volkamer had consistently higher concentration compared to sour orange at 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 15.0 dS m−1. Therefore, we believe that the Volkamer rootstock is more tolerant to salt stress than sour orange.

Various abiotic stresses may affect the germination, growth, and yield of direct-seeded vegetable crops. Seed priming with effective antioxidant mediators may alleviate these environmental stresses by maintaining uniformity in seed germination and improving the subsequent health of developing seedlings. Salt-induced stress has become a limiting factor for the successful cultivation of Brassica rapa L., especially in Southeast Asian countries. The present study was performed to elucidate the efficacy of seed priming using selenium (Se) in mitigating salt-induced oxidative stress in turnip crops by reducing the uptake of Na+. In this study, we administered three different levels of Se (Se-1, 75 μmol L−1; Se-2, 100 μmol L−1; and Se-3, 125 μmol L−1) alone or in combination with NaCl (200 mM). Conspicuously, salinity and Se-2 modulated the expression levels of the antioxidant genes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The upregulated expression of stress-responsive genes alleviated salt stress by scavenging the higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The stress ameliorative potential of Se (Se-2 = 100 μmol L−1) enhanced the final seed germination percentage, photosynthetic content, and seedling biomass production up to 48%, 56%, and 51%, respectively, under stress. The advantageous effects of Se were attributed to the alleviation of salinity stress through the reduction of the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and H2O2. Generally, treatment with Se-2 (100 μmo L−1) was more effective in enhancing the growth attributes of B. rapa compared to Se-1 (75 μmo L−1) and Se-3 (125 μmo L−1) under salt-stressed and non-stressed conditions. The findings of the current study advocate the application of the Se seed priming technique as an economical and eco-friendly approach for salt stress mitigation in crops grown under saline conditions.

Many plant species adapted to semi-arid environments are grown in the Sahelian region in northern Africa. One such species is Acacia seyal (Delile), a multipurpose leguminous tree grown in various agroecological zones, including saline soils. These challenging arid and semi-arid environments harbor a diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities that can develop symbiotic associations with plants to improve their hydromineral nutrition. This study compared the effects of native AMF communities isolated from semi-arid sites (high, moderate, and low salinity zones Ndiafate, Ngane, and Bambey, respectively) and the AMF Rhizoglomus aggregatum on the development and phosphate nutrition of A. seyal seedlings subject to three salinity treatments (0, 340, and 680 mM). Plant height, dry matter weight of the shoots and roots, and phosphorus uptake from the soil were measured. Plants inoculated with AMF native species from each site that were provided with up to 340 mM of NaCl had greater shoot height than plants grown under 680 mM salinity. At NaCl concentrations above 340 mM, shoot and root development of A. seyal seedlings diminished. However, dry matter production of shoots (7%) and roots (15%) improved following AMF inoculation compared with the control (respectively 0.020 and 0.07 g for shoots and roots). When inoculated with AMF isolates from the high salinity zone (Ndiafate), phosphate content/nutrition was increased by 10% around 30 days after inoculation compared with non-inoculated seedlings (2.84 mg/kg of substrate). These results demonstrate that native AMF inoculants are capable of helping plants withstand environmental constraints, especially those exposing plants to harsh climatic conditions. We discuss insights on how AMF influences the interplay between soil phosphorus and perceived salinity that may have implications for broader relationships between plants and symbiotic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Senescence is a programmed cell death process and is important in the growth, development and flowering process of the plant. Delaying senescence has a very important effect on agriculture in terms of product yield. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and strigolactone (GR24) are growth regulators that affect plant development and senescence. Salt stress accelerates the senescence process. The aim of this study is to increase crop yield by delaying senescence by the application of auxin and GR24 under stress conditions, because the delay of senescence causes the prolongation of the vegetative process and the formation of more apical tips. In this case, the seedling produces more fruit. Materials and Methods: In this study, senescent cotyledons of sunflower seedlings were used as experimental material. Half of the developing sunflower seedlings were irrigated with Hoagland solution, and the other half was irrigated with 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. IAA and GR24 were applied by spraying on seedlings that are grown both in Hoagland solution and under salt stress. Results: The degree of senescence of the cotyledons of the plants was determined in terms of the percentage of green area. When the green area percentage of cotyledons of seedlings grown in Hoagland solution was 50, all cotyledons were harvested. After that, fresh weight, pigment contents, total protein, malondialdehyde, and proline levels, peroxidase enzyme activities of cotyledons were determined. The application of IAA and GR24 to the cotyledons of seedlings grown in the salt medium significantly delayed the senescence. Conclusion: This study was conducted in the plant growth chamber under controlled conditions. Results showed that the application of IAA and GR24 to leaves can ameliorate the adverse effects of salt stress and delay senescence due to the activation of chlorophyll components and modulation of photosynthesis as well as antioxidant defense capacity. The effect of IAA is more precise when all analyzes are considered. More importantly, showed that all findings (except MDA and Proline) IAA and GR24 promote senescence in Hoagland in this research. Delaying senescence contributes to basic science. It is desired to increase fruit and vegetable yield by delaying senescence. It is suggested that this information can be used practically in the field of agriculture. On the other hand in this study, we can say that IAA and relatively GR24 can play an important role in the protection of plants in agricultural areas in salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We screened four strains (Burkholderia sp. St-A, and Pseudomonas spp. St-B, St-C, and St-D) from 21 bacterial isolates isolated tomato cultivation fields based on their plant growth-promoting traits. Then, tomato ('Micro-Tom') seedlings inoculated with each of the four selected strains were grown under non-salinity and salinity (NaCl) treatment conditions. Under non-salinity conditions, St-C and St-D strains increased the total biomass of roots, stems, and leaves and fruit yield. Under NaCl treatment conditions, St-B, St-C, and St-D strains increased total biomass and fruit yield. In roots, Na content was not suppressed, but K, P, and water content were increased by bacterial inoculations. Correlation analysis showed a significant and positive relationship between fruit yield and root under both non-salinity and salinity conditions. This indicates that the maintenance of homeostasis and water relations in roots may contribute to the improvement of plant growth, including root and fruit yield, under salinity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier researchers have highlighted the utilization of salt eustress for boosting the nutritional and phenolic acid (PA) profiles and antiradical potential (ARP) of vegetables, which eventually boost food values for nourishing human diets. Amaranth is a rapidly grown, diversely acclimated C4 leafy vegetable with climate resilience and salinity resistance. The application of salinity eustress in amaranth has a great scope to augment the nutritional and PA profiles and ARP. Therefore, the A. gangeticus genotype was evaluated in response to salt eustress for nutrients, PA profile, and ARP. Antioxidant potential and high-yielding genotype (LS1) were grown under four salt eustresses (control, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM NaCl) in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) in four replicates. Salt stress remarkably augmented microelements, proximate, macro-elements, phytochemicals, PA profiles, and ARP of A. gangeticus leaves in this order: control < low sodium chloride stress (LSCS) < moderate sodium chloride stress (MSCS) < severe sodium chloride stress (SSCS). A large quantity of 16 PAs, including seven cinnamic acids (CAs) and nine benzoic acids (BAs) were detected in A. gangeticus genotypes. All the microelements, proximate, macro-elements, phytochemicals, PA profiles, and ARP of A. gangeticus under MSCS, and SSCS levels were much higher in comparison with the control. It can be utilized as preferential food for our daily diets as these antiradical compounds have strong antioxidants. Salt-treated A. gangeticus contributed to excellent quality in the end product in terms of microelements, proximate, macro-elements, phytochemicals, PA profiles, and ARP. A. gangeticus can be cultivated as an encouraging substitute crop in salt-affected areas of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cys2His2 (C2H2)-type zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) participate in plant tolerance under various abiotic stresses. Wound-induced protein (WIP) is a subfamily of the C2H2-ZFP family, but WIP family is largely unknown in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), which is an important salt sensitive vegetable crop. We analyzed the tomato WIP gene family using bioinformatics in order to uncover the involvement of tomato WIPs in responses to salt stress. We identified a total of six putative tomato WIP genes (SlWIPs). The results of our phylogenetic analysis determined that the SlWIP genes are all found in three subfamilies. SlWIPs all have features commonly found in the C2H2 family, as well as highly conserved WIP domains. Sequence analysis determined that a majority of SlWIP genes had only one intron. The six identified SlWIP geneswere scattered across six chromosomes. An assessment of the cis-elements determined that the promoters of SlWIPs possessed a number of abiotic stress and phytohormones signal responsive cis-elements. An SlWIP gene family heatmap demonstrated that SlWIP1/2/3/4/6 have low expression level under the NaCl treatment and high expression level under the NaCl + GSH treatment. SlWIP5 showed same expression level in NaCl and NaCl + GSH treatment. We used real-time quantitative PCR to assess the levels of SlWIP gene expression, finding that under salt stress, there were significantly up-regulated levels of SlWIP2, SlWIP4 and SlWIP5 expression. GSH significantly up-regulated the relative expression levels of both SlWIP1 and SlWIP6 when subjected to salt stress. This study assesses how the SlWIP family is associated with salt tolerance and will serve as an important resource when elucidating the evolutionary progression of the SlWIP family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in the Lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, during 2020-2021 to investigate the physiological effects of Salt Stress and Proline spraying on the mineral content and the active component of Artemisia herba-alba. The experiment is designed as a two-factor experiment, the first one is adding Salt (NaCI) with three levels (0, 5 and 10 g L-1) and the second factor included three concentrations of spraying Proline acid (0, 100, 200 mg L-1), a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replicate. The main results show that adding NaCI with the two levels has a significant effect on reducing the ratio of fertilizer (N-P-K) in the leaves of Artemisia herba-alba compared with control (non-spraying) by giving the highest percentages of the significant differences in each percentage of N, P, and K in leaves, which were (2.691, 0.446 and 3.430%), respectively. By comparing these with the lowest concentration of the above elements when adding NaCl at a concentration of 10 g L-1, which were (1.604, 0.293 and 1.636 %), respectively. Spraying with Proline with concentration of 200 mg. L-1 was effects on N, P, and K in leaves by giving the highest concentrations of NPK that were (2.652, 0.406 and 3.153%), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of mist generated from NaCl solution on the electrochemical properties of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Mist-containing Na+ and Cl- ions were generated using a custom-made mist generator. The current density-voltage-power density curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of fuel cells were systematically achieved. Furthermore, long-term stability experiments were carried out using chronoamperometry mode for 20 h with deionized water and NaCl solution. After the chronoamperometry measurement, the regeneration of fuel cells was performed with deionized water. The effects of regeneration methods on the performance of the fuel cell were evaluated. Due to the internally produced H2O, constant voltage regeneration was more effective than open circuit voltage regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using reliable salt tolerance markers is a key component in barley breeding programs. In this study, physiological and antioxidative markers of two Tunisian barley salinity tolerance contrasting genotypes Boulifa (B) and Manzel Habib (MH) were assessed at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of 200 mM salt treatment. Salinity caused decrease in growth, degraded photosynthetic activity and reduced water-holding capacity in both genotypes with more pronounced negative effects in the salt-sensitive (MH) compared to the salt-tolerant (B) genotype. On the other hand, the lower oxidative damage in B compared to MH under salt stress could be explained by higher activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Additionally, a genotype-specific pattern of enzyme activity and corresponding gene expression was revealed in the two barleys under salt stress. In this context, a positive correlation was noted for the SOD. On the other hand, multivariate analysis marked SOD and APX as the most discriminating factors between both stressed genotypes. Our findings could be considered for selection in breeding programs for salt stress tolerance in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lawns achieve environmental, functional, and aesthetical roles in urban environments. The objectives of this research were to assess the effect of different salinity levels on Trichoderma isolates and to study the effect of Trichoderma spp. on perennial ryegrass under different levels of salinity. T. harzianum (ThLem2017-01) and T. atroviride (TaDP2019-01) isolates had a higher mycelium growth rate than T. atroviride (TaDP2019-02) when salinity levels were low. In contrast, the mycelium growth rate of T. atroviride (TaDP2019-02) isolate at high salinity levels had superior results. Turfgrass seeds that were inoculated with (TaDP2019-02) isolate maintained high radicle length, coleoptile length, and leaf length under high salinity levels. Increasing salinity level decreased clippings' fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and shoot and root dry weight of perennial ryegrass. Interestingly, perennial ryegrass pots that were treated with (TaDP2019-02) isolate had increased FW and DW by 16 to 114% and 24 to 76%, respectively. Soils that were inoculated with Trichoderma (TaDP2019-02) had higher CO2 respiration (75%) than the control. Therefore, using T. atroviride (TaDP2019-02) isolate revealed promising results in increasing plant biomass and as an environmentally friendly alternative factor to overcome salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination is an effective method for improving the nutritional value of Tartary buckwheat (TB). The effects of exogenous additive treatments (caffeic acid (CA), L-phenylalanine (L-Phe), NaCl) on germination, main active component contents and antioxidant activities before and after in vitro digestion of germinated TB were investigated. Compared with the natural growth group, the T4 group (CA 17 mg/L, L-Phe 2.7 mmol/L, NaCl 2.7 mmol/L) treatment increased the germination rate (67.50%), sprout length, reducing sugar (53.05%), total flavonoid (18.36%) and total phenolic (20.96%) content, and antioxidant capacity of TB. In addition, exogenous additives treatment induced the consumption of a lot of nutrients during seed germination, resulting in a decrease in the content of soluble protein and soluble sugar. The stress degree of natural germination on seeds was higher than that of low concentrations of exogenous additives, resulting in an increase in malondialdehyde content. In vitro digestion leads to a decrease in phenolics content and antioxidant capacity, which can be alleviated by exogenous treatment. The results showed that treatment with exogenous additives was a good method to increase the nutritional value of germinated TB, which provided a theoretical basis for screening suitable growth conditions for flavonoid enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZrO2/carbon nitride (C3N4) composite photocatalysts were prepared by solid-state grinding and subsequent calcination. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB). Results showed that the grain size of the C3N4/ZrO2 composite photocatalyst was relatively small at about 10 nm. HRTEM showed that a heterojunction was formed between ZrO2 and g-C3N4. Under the assistance of H2O2, the visible-light degradation activity of MB by the composites was much higher than that by pure ZrO2. The 9%g-C3N4/ZrO2 composite photocatalyst had the best photocatalytic performance, and it could degrade 99% of MB in 60 min. Adding a small amount of NaCl to the solution had a significant effect on the photocatalytic effect of the composite. Such addition could inhibit the photocatalytic activity of samples with high C3N4 content and significantly improve the performance of photocatalysts with low C3N4 content. The 1%g-C3N4/ZrO2 composite (assisted by H2O2) had the best photocatalytic effect on the MB solution containing salt. It could degrade MB solution containing 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 g/L NaCl within 30, 40, and 45 min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an economically important crop cultivated globally for fulfilling human requirements. However, the productivity of the faba bean has declined due to poor management of soil, particularly under salt stress. Salt stress is a major constraint to crop productivity worldwide. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation is to check the behavior of faba bean genotypes on the basis of morphological and biochemical traits in response to salinity. In this study, we studied seven different treatments (including control) applied to faba bean under salt stress. Bioinoculants such as Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas flourescens, Glomus mosseae, and Gigaspora gigantean, each separately and in combination, were tested for their efficacy under salinity stress. Data recorded on days to flowering (48.92 ± 1.15), days to maturity (144.56 ± 1.95), plant height (141.93 ± 4.81 cm), number of branches per plant (4.87 ± 0.09), number of clusters per plant (18.88 ± 0.24), number of pods per plant (48.33 ± 1.06), pod length (5.31 ± 0.02 cm), catalase (222.10 ± 2.76 mg), hydrogen peroxide (24 ± 4.58 mol/g), malondialdehyde (45 ± 1.00 mol/g), electrolyte leakage (54.67 ± 5.03), chlorophyll (51.67 ± 3.06 mg/g), proline content (2.96 ± 0.12 mg/g), and on other parameters indicated the combined inoculation of all the species (consortium) was taken to be highly effective even under salt stress. Overall, the consortium treatment comprising all of the bioinoculants was observed to be the most efficient treatment in improving all the morphological and biochemical traits of faba bean under salt stress. Although, other treatments also demonstrated considerable effects on faba bean as compared to one without bioinoculants under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electrochemical machining (ECM), the material in the workpiece is removed in a localized electrochemical dissolution process, and metal oxides are formed as by-products. In this study, the electrolyte is present only above the workpiece, and the electrolyte thickness is maintained as 2 mm to limit the variation in radial current flow from the micro-tool. In this research work, experiments were conducted using two electrolytes, namely, NaCl and NaNO3, to machine through holes on a 1-mm-thick SS 304 workpiece, using a hollow tool of outer diameter 261 µm. The pressurized electrolyte was sent through the hollow tool to remove the metal oxides formed in the machining zone. A fixture was designed and used for the identification of through holes. Two sets of L16 orthogonal array (OA) were applied; the factors selected for this experimental study were voltage, electrolyte concentration, electrolyte temperature, and pressure. The output responses considered are radial overcut, taper angle and material removal rate (MRR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Taguchi techniques were utilized in the analysis of results. The results showed voltage and concentration of the electrolyte as the major influencing factors, while the influence of stray current was controlled using NaNO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important signaling molecule that involved in multiple physiological metabolic processes in plants. Excess H2O2 can destroy biological macromolecules to poison the cell. Thioredoxin peroxidase (Tpx) plays an important role in protecting plants from oxidative damage by clearing H2O2. In this study, tomato Tpx (SlTpx) gene was cloned and bioinformatic analysis was done. The mRNA transcript level of SlTpx in tomato root and leaf was increased significantly after NaCl stress treatment for 12 h. SlTpx overexpression transgenic tobacco plants were obtained to study its function under NaCl stress. The seed germination rate of SlTpx overexpression plants was higher than that in wild type (WT) plants under NaCl treatment. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in transgenic tobacco were less than in WT under NaCl stress. Transgenic plants had significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activities, proline and total soluble sugar contents, and expression of Na+ metabolism genes in transgenic plants than the WT. Moreover, The SlTpx transgenic seeds showed higher tolerance to H2O2 and methyl viologen (MV) treatment, compared with the WT. Besides, the growth of prokaryotic strain of pET-28a-SlTpx was better than the pET-28a strain with H2O2 treatment. The above results indicate that the SlTpx gene improves the plant salt tolerance by scavenging H2O2. Key message: Overexpression of tomato SlTpx gene in tobacco enhances the salt stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of sodium p-glycerophosphate on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel bar in high alkali environment, the corrosion resistance performances of sodium p-glycerophosphate on carbon steel in the passive film formation stage and maintenance stage after adding NaCl in high alkali environment were studied by open circuit potential (OCP), linear polarization method (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and the effects of sodium p-glycerophosphate on the evolution of passive film was analyzed. The results show that sodium p-glycerophosphate can promote the formation of a denser and more stable passive film on the surface of carbon steel in a highly alkaline environment, and can increase the critical chloride ion concentration Ccrit of carbon steel compared with the simulated pore solution of a single ion system. In the two NaOH solutions (pH =12. 6 ±0.2) without and with concentration of 0.1 mol/L β-glycerophosphate added, more than 80% of the passivation film is formed at 72 h. The Ccrit values of carbon steel in NaOH solution and NaOH solution with concentration of 0.1 mol/L β-glyc-erophosphate added are 0.02 and 0. 07 mol/L respectively, indicating that sodium p-glycerophosphate has a good protective effect on carbon steel in the high alkali solution, and has good corrosion resistance in the process of NaCl corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expert models of GP, MLP-ANNs and LSSVM were used to evaluate CO2 solubility in NaCl aqueous solution. Temperature, pressure, and molarity of NaCl aqueous solution were considered as the inputs of the model and CO2 (mole/kg) solubility in NaCl solutions was the models output. The proposed GP, LSSVM, and ANNs models are verified by comparing their results with extensive experimental data for CO2–NaCl solutions solubility from open literature. LSSVM modeling approach can be applied to model the system with satisfactory precision. Meanwhile, using the AI models precise predictions are provided without applying complicated thermodynamic principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of bis(indolyl)methanes derivatives have been synthesized using an efficient sodium chloride-catalyst in aqueous medium. Herein, substituted aldehydes have been successfully condensed with indole in an aqueous medium. Sodium chloride serves as an efficient and green catalyst as it is freely available and environmentally benign. Water used as green solvent also has no negative impact on the environment. The experiment follows a simple reaction procedure and completion of the reaction is achieved within 3-4 hours. The synthesized compounds have also been evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial property using 4 strains of bacteria, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia where Streptomycin is used as the reference standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the process of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.（L. ruthenicum）shoots in anthocyanin biosynthesis response to salt stress，L. ruthenicum seedlings were treated with 300 mmol/L NaCl，and the shoots were collected at 3 d after treatment，and the anthocyanin content and transcriptome were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq. Combined with the analysis of species and contents of anthocyanin and differential expressed genes（DEGs）in GO and KEGG pathway，DEGs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis induced by salt stress were mined，and the results of transcriptome data were verified by RT-qPCR. The results showed delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside in L. ruthenicum shoots was the highest upregulated anthocyanin（11.9 times），and the content of petunia-3-O-rutinoside was the highest anthocyanin（5.313±0.286）μg/g. Total 1 416 DEGs（P<0.01）were screened，including 867 up-regulated and 549 down-regulated DEGs， which were classified into GO terms，such as catalytic activity，photosystem and single-organism metabolic process. DEGs were significantly enriched in 14 KEGG pathways. Meanwhile，there were 7 DEGs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and all of them were up-regulated，and 27 DEGs were involved in phytohormone signal transduction，in which 15 DEGs were related to ABA signal transduction pathway. The expressions of 11 MYB and 7 bHLH transcription factors were significantly changed. Sum up，the results of this study suggested that DEGs related to ABA pathway，MYB，bHLH transcription factor and anthocyanin biosynthesis play important role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in L.ruthenicum shoot responses to NaCl stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is hypothesized to be one of the primary abiotic factors that influence the structuring of food webs. Drought and salinity stresses are the most serious induced problems of agriculture due to climatic changes. Considering the global warming and drying of Urmia salt lake in northwestern Iran which can result in salinization of agricultural lands nearby, the focus of this study is to examine the effects of the two above-mentioned stresses on a host plant (Medicago sativa L.) and its pest (Tetranychus urticae Koch) performance. Two levels of water deficit (kept dry for 5 and 10 days and received 50% and 25% of field capacity respectively) and three levels of salinity (100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) were added to alfalfa plants as stress factors and the following characteristics were measured before and after herbivore infestation: relative water, chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents of leaves and catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activities. The life table parameters of two-spotted spider mite reared on stressed plants were measured and compared with control. We found that drought and salinity stresses led to a decrease of alfalfa plant growth. Morphological and physiological changes included a decrease of relative water, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and an increase of protein, proline, MDA and H2O2 contents and APX enzyme activity. The net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T), intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly higher for mites grown on control host plants compared to mites grown on stressed ones and were 25.66 offspring/individual/generation time, 16.38 d, 0.1971 day-1 and 1.2180 day-1 respectively. These parameters reduced significantly in mites grown on stressed host plants; the significant lowest values were recorded for mites grown on host plants subjected to high salinity (300 mM) and were 0.5 offspring/individual/generation time, 14.47 d, -0.0514 day-1 and 0.9502 day-1 respectively. In terms of this experiment, the water stress had a stronger influence on the morphological and physiological characteristics of alfalfa plant compared to spider mite infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in laboratory conditions to determine the response of some cool season turf grass species (Lolium perenne Caddieshack, Lolium multiflorum Jivet, Poa pratensis Evora, Festuca rubra Rassinante, Festuca arundinacea Starlet, Festuca ovina Ridu) to different salt doses during the germination period. In the study, 8 different NaCl doses, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 mM, were applied, germination rate (%), germination time (%), plumula length (cm), radicula length (cm) and vigor index values were examined. Because of the research, it was observed that the germination rate, plumula and radicula lengths increased at 30 mM concentrations and in general, significant damage occurred after the dose of 90 mM. Lolium perenne Caddieshack and Lolium multiflorum Jivet species showed the highest mean values and were less affected by increasing salt doses in all properties examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic basis of adaptation is driven by both selection and the spectrum of available mutations. Given that the rate of mutation is not uniformly distributed across the genome and varies depending on the environment, understanding the signatures of selection across the genome is aided by first establishing what the expectations of genetic change are from mutation. To determine the interaction between salt stress, selection, and mutation across the genome, we compared mutations observed in a selection experiment for salt tolerance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to those observed in mutation accumulation (MA) experiments with and without salt exposure. MA lines evolved under salt stress had a single‐nucleotide mutation rate of 1.1×10−9$1.1 \times 10^{-9}$, similar to that of MA lines under standard conditions (9.6×10−10$9.6 \times 10^{-10}$). However, we found that salt stress led to an increased rate of indel mutations, but that many of these mutations were removed under selection. Finally, lines adapted to salt also showed excess clustering of mutations in the genome and the co‐expression network, suggesting a role for positive selection in retaining mutations in particular compartments of the genome during the evolution of salt tolerance. Our study shows that characterizing mutation rates and spectra expected under stress helps disentangle the effects of environment and selection during adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites (AHMMCs) have widely employed in aerospace, transportation, and automotive applications since for their excellent mechanical qualities and high corrosion resistance. In this research, Al8079 is selected as a matrix material. The titanium diboride (TiB2) is selected as hard reinforcement and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is used as soft reinforcement. The Al8079/15 wt.% TiB2/x wt.% MoS2 (x = 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5) HMMCs are fabricated by using stir casting. The composites are heat treated under T6 condition. The density and micro hardness tests are conducted. The optimization on NaCl based spray corrosion test process parameters is done using grey relational analysis (GRA). The selected input process parameters are Al8079/15 wt.% TiB2/wt.% MoS2 (x = 0, 2.5 and 5), pH value of NaCl solution (x = 6, 9 and 12), hang time (x = 24, 48, and 72 h) and pressure (x = 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 kg/cm² ). The selected response parameters are micro hardness, mass loss and wear loss. The L9 Taguchi design is used for optimization. The wear test is conducted at the constant speed of 0.5 m/s, loading rate of 20 N and the sliding distance of 1000 m. The percentage of improvement of GRG from initial setting to experimental is 10.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is the best-studied receptor of trace amines, a group of biogenic amines expressed at a relatively low level in the mammalian brain. Growing evidence suggests that TAAR1 plays a critical role in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Given that selective TAAR1 agonists were shown to produce pro-cognition and antipsychotic-like effects as well as to suppress drug use and relapse, they have been proposed to be novel treatments for mental disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction. However, the aversive effects of selective TAAR1 agonists remain largely unknown. Objectives: Here, we evaluated whether the selective TAAR1 full agonist RO5166017 and partial agonist RO5263397 could induce conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Results: We found that RO5166017 and RO5263397 produced significant aversions to both saccharin and NaCl taste novelty. Furthermore, RO5166017 produced CTA to saccharin in TAAR1 heterozygous knockout (taar1±) and wild-type rats but not in TAAR1 homozygous knockout rats (taar1−/−), suggesting that TAAR1 was sufficient for the taste aversive stimulus property of RO5166017. Conclusions: Taken together, our data indicate that selective TAAR1 agonists could produce strong CTA. Our study urges careful evaluations of the aversive effects of TAAR1 agonists before translating them to clinical use for the treatment of mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of salinity and cadmium (Cd) on yield, chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity of Kochia plant, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The experimental treatments included five Cd levels (0, 5, 30, 60 and 90 mg Cd kg-1 soil as cadmium sulphate) and three salinity levels (0, 2.5 and 5 g kg-1 soil as NaCl equal to electrical conductivity (EC) 0.65, 9.4, and 18 dS m-1, respectively). The results showed that mean shoot fresh and dry weight, root weight, and plant height at 5 g NaCl Kg-1, decreased significantly by 22, 24, 23, and 15 %; and at 90 mg Cd Kg-1 soil decreased by 52, 67, 45, and 41%, respectively. The greatest reduction in shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight and plant height observed at 5 g NaCl Kg-1 + 90 mg Cd Kg-1 levels. The highest total chlorophyll content observed at control (with no salinity and Cd) and 5 g kg-1 salinity + 5 mg Cd kg-1 . With addition of NaCl, the harmful effect of Cd on chlorophyll content of the plant decreased. Salinity and Cd levels had a different effects on antioxidant activity of Koshia plant. However, at higher Cd levels (60 and 90 mg Cd kg-1 ), with increasing of salinity levels, no significant differences was observed in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. In general, the change in the activity pattern of the plant antioxidant system, especially catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes under high stress conditions showed that Kochia plant can withstand stress conditions via activating its antioxidant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of nanostructured anode materials which can adapt to lithiation strain with higher structural stability and specific capacity is the primary challenge for the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we developed a carbon-coated, fluorine-molybdenum-doped SnO2 (SnO2@C-MoF4) green composite with high long-term cycling stability and specific capacity. The composite materials were prepared by the NaCl template method. The carbonaceous composites prepared by the NaCl template method will form a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected carbon structure, which can well alleviate the problem of the large volume change of SnO2 during the lithium intercalation/delithiation process. Thereby, under the premise of maintaining a higher specific capacity, it can improve the long-term cycling stability of tin-based lithium-ion battery anode materials to meet the requirements of high-performance lithium-ion battery anode materials. The SnO2@C-MoF4 composites prepared by the template method have an outstanding specific capacity (845.10 mAh/g) at 0.2 A/g, and superior cycling stability (749.19 mAh/g) was obtained after 800 charge–discharge cycles at 1.0 A/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]