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Lina Meruane’s novel Fruta podrida (2007) narrates the social-economic situation of the Chilean post-dictatorship, affected by the violent neo-liberal politics. This paper aims to analyse the frontiers present in the book and how the characters face them, how they affect their lives and their bodies, following the categories of analysis proposed by Humberto Félix Berumen in Las fronteras en el centro. Ensayos sobre literatura (2005). According to Berumen, the notion of frontier becomes an important tool of literary analysis, therefore, it is necessary to read texts from this perspective, in order to study how frontiers can be incorporated into literary productions and how they can be transgressed in writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has seen a revival of the long-disfavored concept of frontier, which now elucidates the interdependence between political centers and their naturally rich peripheries in the Global South. "Frontier" has referred to the cyclical discovery of and competition over new resources, and the transformation of power relations in a given space. We contribute to this discussion by exploring its relation to nature conservation. Examining conservation practices along Mexico's southern border, this article addresses conservation as an unsettled process that pierces the frontier's politics of nationalizing space and communities. In this way, conservation practices become negotiations over ownerships of nature. These negotiations involve resistance, adaptation, and counter-conservation, and they also influence human-nature relationships. The article shows that conservation practices relate to spheres of both the state and local communities in ways that allow the study of the frontier beyond given binaries and oppositional forces and toward contested, multiscale deliberations about the control of, access to, rights, and attachments to nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to examine the significance of firearms in the making of the frontier and the ways in which societies on the North-East Frontier of British India encountered and adapted firearms between the 1860s and 1910s. It will study the complex ways in which the entry of firearms was mediated and galvanised by a range of processes such as imperial expansion, the intrusion of capital, access to resources, the role of violence, and the drawing of new borders. In turn, the circulation and diffusion of firearms also engendered a range of other practices and experiences among the societies on the frontier. Moving along various land and river routes, a range of individuals and traders were involved in circulating arms and ammunition into the imperial margins. They, in turn, linked the frontier geographies to markets, ports, and other larger oceanic networks. A focus on the flow of firearms as such illustrates a web of interconnections that straddled multiple scales and relations. As firearms circulated and gradually made their way into the periphery, various measures were initiated by the colonial state, such as enforcing prohibitive laws and instituting surveillance structures to control and block the flow of firearms along the North-East Frontier. This article examines some of these complex processes, dynamics, and experiences that ensued through the circulation and diffusion of firearms on the North-East Frontier of British India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to update the information on internationally acceptable standards and clinical practice recommendations for the management of patients with primary aldosteronism (PA). The Taiwan Society of Aldosteronism (TSA) Task Force acknowledged the novel issues of PA and reached a group consensus on PA in Taiwan by collecting the best available evidence and conducting one group meeting, several conference calls, and multiple e-mail communications. Unilateral adrenalectomy is the preferred treatment for patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). For medical treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), spironolactone is the first-line treatment, and eplerenone is a reasonable alternative in PA patients intolerant or contraindicated to spironolactone. The dose of MRAs can be titrated according to plasma renin activity (PRA). For screening PA-related comorbidities, we suggest albuminuria to predict a post-treatment decline in renal function, echocardiography as cardiac evaluation, bone mineral density scan for osteoporosis, and obstructive sleep apnea. In tissue and genetic surveys, we suggest immunohistochemical staining and somatic mutation screening for post-operative adrenal specimens in APA patients. With this consensus, we hope to update the information on PA for clinical physicians to facilitate better identification, management and treatment of patients with PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing artificial intelligence (AI) marks the dawn of a new age of information technology management. Managing AI involves communicating, leading, coordinating, and controlling an ever-evolving frontier of computational advancements that references human intelligence in addressing ever more complex decisionmaking problems. It means making decisions about three related, interdependent facets of AI--autonomy, learning, and inscrutability--in the ongoing quest to push the frontiers of performance and scope of AI. We demonstrate how the frontiers of AI have shifted with time, and explain how the seven exemplar studies included in this special issue are helping us learn about management at the frontiers of AI. We close by speculating about future frontiers in managing AI and what role information systems scholarship has in exploring and shaping this future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article exposes the various international influences that --between 1960-1970-- operated in order to stimulate peasant migration towards the Ecuadorian Amazonian frontier. During that period poor farmer organizations in several Latin American countries were demanding access to land held by traditional latifundia. In order to defuse the revolutionary potential of these claims, the Organization of American States (OAS) came up with a plan that would have the peasants migrate as colonists towards jungle areas, such as Amazonia. A central topic of the present text is the study of the several international connections between this organization and United States diplomacy in their efforts to boost colonization policies in the Ecuadorian Amazonian frontier. In a first stage, Ecuador received loans from foreign financial organizations, which were targeted for the construction of roads that would facilitate access to the rainforest areas. This was a major component of early efforts to promote the occupation of the tropical woodlands. Additionally, strong pressure by US diplomacy forced Ecuador to pass legislation facilitating colonization, while, at the same time, the Inter American Institute of Agrarian Sciences (IICA), trained government officials in the skills necessary to implement and enforce these policies. The article uses diplomatic, legal and bureaucratic reports in order to disclose the administrative transnational strategies that were active in promoting the migration of landless peasants towards the Amazonian wilderness, as part of an effort to neutralize the risk of communist political revolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In a post-colonial era of reconciliation and truth-telling, many have questioned the symbolic power of statues. The storm of controversy that developed galvanised an electric energy in which statues were damaged or torn down. This article explores the recent statue wars – the toppling and demolition of statues in South Africa, Britain and the United States, and the paint splashing and graffitiing of statues in Australian cities. Most represent icons with a dark past and these attacks were underpinned by a legacy of colonialism and intergenerational attitudes to subjugated peoples. Statues became lightning rods for social conflict. Earlier clashes over statues in Perth in the 1980s are also examined, revealing that while the statue of a colonial figure was largely untouchable despite the dark side of his history, the statue of an Aboriginal leader erected to recognise Western Australia's First Peoples was decapitated. The article concludes with a discussion of methods for dealing with the dark history of these silent sentinels from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Better known for being one of the grandnieces of James Fenimore Cooper, the figure of Constance Fenimore Woolson (1840-1894) as a realist writer, and her large output of short stories, novels and travel sketches have so far received only cursory critical attention. Indeed, Constance Fenimore Woolson lived an adventurous and extraordinary life: a self-supporting author and a traveler most of her life, she refused to adhere to conservative standards of womanhood and often capitalized on her uncommon experiences for the sake of her American readership. By focusing on her travel accounts and short stories set in the Great Lakes region (“Round by Propeller” [1872] and Castle Nowhere: Lake-country Sketches [1875]), this essay sets out to explore the way she tackled environmental issues, while exposing the limits of gender conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations between states are usually framed in human terms, from partners to rivals, enemies or allies, polities and persons appear to engage in cognate relationships. Yet whether or not official ties and relationships among people from those states actually correspond remains less clear. "Friendship," a term first applied to states in eighteenth-century Europe and mobilized in the (post)socialist world since the 1930s, articulates with particular clarity both the promise and the limitations of harmonized personal and state ties. Understandings of friendship vary interculturally, and invocations of state-state friendship may be accompanied by a distinct lack of amity among populations. Such is the case between China and Russia today, and this situation therefore raises wider questions over how we should understand interstate and interpersonal relationships together. Existing social scientific work has generally failed to locate either the everyday in the international or the international in the everyday. Focusing on both Chinese and Russian approaches to daily interactions in a border town and the official Sino-Russian Friendship, I thus suggest a new scalar approach. Applying this to the Sino-Russian case in turn reveals how specific contours of "difference" form a pivot around which relationships at both scales operate. This study thus offers both comparison between Chinese and Russian friendships, and a lens for wider comparative work in a global era of shifting geopolitics and cross-border encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario de Estudios Americanos is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario de Estudios Americanos is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This conclusion summarizes the articles in this special issue, briefly reviews previous depictions of the Pennsylvania frontier, and suggests possible future avenues for scholarly inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moravian Church in America was a frontier church. Their authorities placed settlements in the backcountry so Moravians would not need to live alongside non-Moravians, and Moravian itinerants roamed the Pennsylvania frontier. These itinerants preached a kind of piety, a "heart religion," similar to that offered by more familiar frontier denominations: Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. Yet unlike these other frontier churches, the Moravian Church did not experience substantial growth on the American frontier. This lack of growth was deliberate. Moravian authorities expected congregations to remain small, populated only by the truly devout, and so prevented most hearers from becoming church members. They disdained the premier frontier religious practice, the large out-of-doors meetings or revival. While the small size of Moravian congregations was not a concern for eighteenth-century Moravian authorities, it has led historians to ignore the Moravian Church in studies of frontier religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, historians studying the American West have embraced the label "borderlands" as a means of distinguishing their work from the triumphalism associated with Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis. Historians of early America have made a similar transition, although the term "frontier" is still very much in use among those working in the mid-Atlantic region. The articles in this special issue of Pennsylvania History illustrate how the themes of borderlands history have found their way into studies of eighteenth-century Pennsylvania, even if the term itself has not gained wide currency there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his screenplay/film Silent Tongue (1992), Sam Shepard appears to synthesize the elements of multiple genres from the modern literary repertoire of his American and European precursors (Poe, O’Neill, Williams, Beckett), including facets of expressionism, magic realism, surrealism, the gothic, science fiction, the absurd, etc. And yet, it also appears that his work does not exactly belong to “any literary or theatrical tradition at all” but emerges from the subversion of “all such traditions” in America (Gilman, Sam Shepard xiii), thus paradoxically endorsing an original form of drama that reflects the complexity of his generation in the Vietnam era and after. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European identity, including in pandemic times, circumscribes geographical (geographical) possibilities (and areas), as well as views and performance of the place. The European islands, among other features - mountains, coasts, forests - are impregnated by powerful myths (often of Western sorghum) and tropes of place. They combine materiality and metaphor, presenting spaces that often appear open and closed, fixed, but fluid, complete and peripheral, vulnerable but resistant. The geo-social constitution of their culture is also subject to observation on the frontier of liminality between being a visitor, being insular and other categories unusually defined between them. Space, including the bureaucratic, functional one, is seen as a fusion of materiality and metaphors, and not just as an imaginary and imagined social construction. The ethics and deontology of insularity also refers to a deconstruction and de-construction of the colonialist and continentalism discourse of the islands, the locus and context of European public administration including during the pandemic being part of the object of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the peculiarities of the "domestic" and political worlds' interactions, as well as their impact on the freedom of human choice. The purpose of the article is to analyze the political and existential being, who can be transformed in a distracting way. The phenomenon of national security is analyzed in its theoretical, as well as in its practical dimension. The first part of the study of separatism is connected with the modern social world's tendency towards social transgression, which involves blurring the rules and limits expansion. The concept of the "frontier", as a transgressive space, can be embodied in the form of a possibility for political interaction or as a place for political conflict. Understanding the concept of "frontier" in the light of a cultural dialogue permits us to consider it as a dynamic system in perspective, in the social projects of constructing the common being. The second part of the article reveals three main directions of transgression: philosophical and reflexive, ethical and normative, and common practices. Reflection is developed and argumented starting from the idea of an existing correlation between freedom of choice, manifestation of will and the human ability of critical thinking. Tolerance is defined to be a strategical practice in the process of launching a dialogue program for conflicting political communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kim Scott's novel Taboo (2017) centres on the Kukenarup massacre, which followed the fatal spearing of John Dunn in 1880 on the ancestral lands of the Wirlomin Noongar people. Taboo traces the dynamics of silence that run through the lives of Noongar and settler descendants in the wake of massacre. What the novel underscores is that while a massacre may be located at a particular site and commemorated by public gestures (plaques, memorials and ceremonies), its reality cannot ultimately be separated from the inner lives of the survivors and their descendants. This article argues that the terrain of massacre is shown in Scott's novel to be quintessentially extimate, a word that Jacques Lacan coined to describe the intimate exterior of psychic reality. As a concept, the extimate helps name the space that is routinely excluded by the deployment of public and private domains in the liberal capitalist order, whereby social suffering is consigned to a privatised interior, and private violence is made banal by empty public utterance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first half of the nineteenth century, the British Cape Colony was the site of multiple and interrelated constructions of the foreign and articulations of some brand of 'foreigner' as threatening. This paper, part of a longer study, explores one construction of foreignness in relation to the 'frontier'. It makes three main points. First, it analyses the frontier not as a structural condition or zone but as a subjective, political positioning. It proposes the concept of the 'marchland' to distinguish between spatial description and political space. Second, it looks at the rendition of the 'foreign' in the politics of the frontier, how African land and people 'beyond the boundary' were labelled 'foreigners' or treated as foreign through the invocation of European norms of international law. It addresses colonial politicisations of chiefly authority in those discourses. Last, it considers the frequently employed idea of 'the pale', which speaks to political difference and aids us in conceptualising foreignness in the Cape colonial marchlands. This history considers the relationship between accusations of foreignness and a specific, historical political subjectivity and politics – of the frontier – that politicised foreignness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensor node location information is critical in many Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications with random sensor node deployment. In such applications, node localization using a faster area exploration mechanism is needed to initiate precise sensing and communication. In this paper, faster area exploration approach for mobility-assisted localization scheme is proposed for mission-critical WSN applications. Each Mobile Anchor (MA) node embedded with a localization module moves in the sensor field in a coordinated manner while localizing the deployed static nodes. The proposed area exploration scheme is implemented using a hybrid of max-gain approach and cost-utility based frontier (HMF) approach. The paper addresses the issue of sparse anchor node condition during the localization process. The simulation results obtained using Cooja simulator shows that the proposed mobility-assisted localization scheme results in accurate localization with minimum delay. The proof-of-concept of the proposed scheme is demonstrated using Berkeley static nodes and custom designed MA nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memoria Americana is the property of Memoria Americana, Cuadernos de Etnohistoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Confluenze. Rivista di Studi Iberoamericani is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conservation governance is increasingly globalized, particularly supply chain polices implemented by multinational corporations. However, the ways that local elite narratives and power networks influence the design and implementation of policies is poorly understood. We examine the role that local agribusiness narratives have on producers' resistance to supply chain policies through the concept of the "sacrifice frontier". We theorize sacrifice frontiers are regions where reinforcing perceptions that conversion of native vegetation has high economic potential and low conservation importance combine with rapid processes of wealth and power consolidation by agribusiness interests. We posit that these dimensions of a sacrifice frontier make rapid land use change and ongoing social and ecological harm especially probable as they reinforce constraints on sustainability governance. Here, we build on existing theories of environmental sacrifice through the case of the Cerrado biome, Brazil's most active deforestation frontier. We argue that in the Cerrado, and other sacrifice frontiers like it, interventions that seek to reduce native vegetation loss cannot rely on supply-chain led policies, but instead need to foster more territorial multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder discussions to alter the narrative of sociocultural and biodiversity sacrifice locally. We suggest this can be achieved by paying attention to local needs in a manner that is inclusive to all land users present within a targeted landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine the sense of restlessness and the resultant apocalyptic fantasy in contemporary American culture by distilling two film genres—the Hollywood western and the post-apocalyptic—down to their basic structural elements. The post-apocalyptic genre’s aesthetic and thematic borrowing from the Hollywood western signifies a cynical critique of the frontier myth. In 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner presented The Significance of the Frontier in American History, his “Frontier Thesis,” which mourns the closure of the frontier and celebrates the American institutions built upon it. The frontier only exists insofar as it is available for human exploration and settlement. Though the frontier is long gone, the desire for open space and freedom from social restriction remains prominent in American culture. The post-apocalyptic genre continues Turner’s mourning and indulges the fantasy of free and open space. In essence, it gives the frontier back to viewers by undoing everything that the frontier made possible. The characters in the post-apocalyptic genre then explore the possibilities of rebuilding society and struggle (and often fail) to avoid the mistakes of America’s historical past. In this sense, the wasteland functions as a revision of the frontier myth. This paper explores the post-apocalyptic genre’s view of the frontier myth as a trajectory towards civilization’s collapse. It posits a more cynical view of humanity, and in doing so aims to expose the feet of clay on which our social order stands. In the process, a new myth is generated—the mythic wasteland.

The crime series Bron/Broen [The Bridge], co-produced in 2011 by the public televisions of Denmark and Sweden, located at the centre of the bridge over the Øresund/Öresund maritime strait which represents the border between the two states, offers one of the most prolific thematizations of in-between-ness in the popular culture of the last decade. The fact that it struck a chord of global collective imagination is revealed in its quick transformation into a highly successful international TV format, relocated on various other state borders. More than a theme, the series proposes an entire aesthetics of the in-between organized around the symbolic constellation of the bridge. A bridge simultaneously divides and reunites, generates empathetic fusion but also ushers in reflexive distancing. But, above all, as it is narratively and poetically framed in the series, it transgresses its common understanding as a connective interspace and tends to become a world to itself. A rather dangerous one, for that matter, since within its confines the usual distinctions between right and wrong are seriously called into doubt. From a space of transit, the bridge becomes – the distinction is essential – a space of transition, of change, of becoming. A space replete with risks but, essentially, a space of freedom. The essay attempts to unpack political implications less explored until now of this core symbolism.1

Objective/Context: This article presents the historical context of the creation of Goiânia, capital city of the state of Goiás, built in the 1930s as a symbol of the expansion of the demographic and agricultural frontier in central Brazil. The city emerged through the Pedro Ludovico Teixeira efforts, appointed state intervener by the President Getúlio Vargas. In the construction process, there was the boosters’s discourse, which attributed to the promised “metropolis” the power to create good opportunities for economic growth. For this, they relied on natural resources such as rivers, the presence of rich nearby forests and the fields with a less sloping region. Methodology: The study used archival sources based on technical and memorialist reports, photographs, maps, newspapers and periodicals of the time, as well as bibliography based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Environmental History. Originality: The historiography of Central Brazil has often been analyzed from the perspective of the frontier and not from the perspective of environmental history. In this paper, we seek to appropriate these two issues, reinforcing the relationship between the rural and urban processes of the Cerrado environmental history in Central Brazil. Conclusions: The real scenario was different from the announced one, since nature was much more a barrier than a facilitating element of development. In addition, the ideals of modern urbanism were partially abandoned due to the opportunism of selling lots. Also, the growth took place, but not because of the abundance of natural resources, but because of the transfer of the capital that fed it back as it attracted new inhabitants.

Scholarly discussions of the frontier, conspicuously vibrant in the recent decades, have expanded the former regional framework of American frontier related to the specific conditions and circumstances of the time of the Wild West colonization. Currently, these discussions cover various fields of humanities, and are becoming more relevant at the present stage of the global historical development, as they signal new civilizational traits and specific features of this stage. By this, I imply globalization and glocalization processes that encompass multiplicity and variability, also unpredictability, oddity, and non-stability of combinations as well as diversity of ambivalent forms and transitive states emerging on this basis. The article defines key theoretical and methodological principles forming the intencial (according to R. Carnap) approach to the concept of the frontier; it also suggests a number of typological models of the ethnocultural frontier. Finally, it analyzes select literary cases that emerged in geopolitical and ethnocultural zones of Ukraine (namely Austro- Ukrainian and Polish-Ukrainian frontiers) within the framework “Alien — Others — One’s own.” The analysis, both diachronic and synchronic, specifically considers contextual factors, i.e. genetic, historical, geopolitical, international, ideological, and sociocultural contexts.

Three years after the Wounded Knee massacre in December 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner delivered his famous conference on the Frontier in American history. This historical myth illustrates the progress of civilization over nature, and, at the twilight of the XIXth century, the end of a long epic warfare and the closure of the vast Indian open spaces in North America. Then comes the period of denial, or at least the general idea that this affair belongs to the past, as if history were not grounded in time past which only gives a tragic dimension to the present awareness. To hide this conscious oblivion, everything has been planned in order to turn history into archeoogy, in the perspective of a recent nation delimiting Indian reserves and building museums used as an official sanctuary for the Indian people inheritage and art. Therefore the question is here to give the right place to this community, beyond the mere status of minority, to avoid the effects of a scheduled genocid through a new model of intellectual colonization in our approach of the wide-open spaces in North America.

Spanish Louisiana (1763-1803), including both eastern and western Floridas after 1783, is an exemplary cultural mosaic at the crossroads of empires. Examining daily justice is a way to shed light on this social mosaic while demonstrating how multiculturalism, multilinguism as well as the distance from the main centers of power have an impact on the working of the judicial system in this region.

The article is devoted to the ethno-political situation in the region of the Oka estuary up to 1238. In 1221 Nizhny Novgorod was founded in this region. The forthcoming 800th anniversary of the city lends particular social and cultural relevance to the present study; these aspects of the history of Eastern Europe and North-Eastern Russia are considered here for the first time. The research is based on the study of chronicles and narratives from the 17th to 19th centuries, as well as of toponyms. The source corpus is represented here by the Lavrentyevskaya chronicle, the Ipatyevskaya chronicle, the Simeonovskaya chronicle, the Tolkovaya Paleya, as well as the “Slovo o pogibeli russkoi zemli” (“The word about the death of the Russian land”), in addition to results of archaeological and toponymic research. The author offers a novel interpretation of the Cheremis-Meshcher group in the region of the Oka estuary, by demonstrating that these Cheremis lived between the rivers Volga, Oka and Klyazma; these Cheremis has no direct relation to the Mari. The article presents arguments in favor of the hypothesis that before 1221 there had been no Slavic population in the Oka estuary. The assumption that Brodniks were living in this region cannot be confirmed. There are not enough representative sources to interpret the occurrence of the term Purgasova Rus ’ . The Mordvins lived far from the Oka estuary. Polovtsy (Cumans), however, were present in the region. This territory remained beyond the political influence zone of Volga Bolgaria. Accordingly, it must be accepted that Nizhny Novgorod was founded on an uninhabited place. The area around Nizhny Novgorod was a frontier zone where the interests of Volga Bolgaria clashed with those of the Vladimir Principality. The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod changed the nature of the conflict in this frontier. The Cheremis were blocked, and a military-diplomatic offensive was launched on the Mordvins. The Polovtsy (Cumans) acted as allies of the Vladimir Principality, and the latter was victorious in the Russian-Bolgarian war of 1223-1230. The reconstruction of the complex ethno-political situation in the region of the Oka estuary enables us to study the imperial practices of the princes of Vladimir before the Mongol invasion.

Abstract The treaty of Paris at the end of the Seven Years war meant the addition of Louisiana to the Spanish Empire in 1763 while the treaty of Versailles at the end of the United States war of Independence marked the return of the Floridas under Spanish control, thus making the end of the 18th century the largest expansion of the Spanish Empire in North America. Yet this large territory was only of marginal importance in the Spanish imperial structure even as it did represent a real geopolitical interest due to being essential for the control of the Gulf of Mexico and the protection of New Spain against growing British ambitions. This focus on the geopolitical and military function of Louisiana and Florida explains a very pragmatic management of the borderlands and lack of real economic and human investment by the Spanish crown. In this context, the outermost territories in close contact with both the confines of the Anglo-American colonies and the Native communities were places in which individual and collective survival was a constant struggle. The judicial and military records present in the Papeles de Cuba section of the Archivo de Indias offers a wide range of agencies, behaviors and strategies, revealing a permanent process of accommodation, negotiation, traffic and mobilities that create a remarkable social and identity fluidity. In the borderlands, the line between what was legal and what was illegal, or between loyalty and treason, was a very narrow and porous one.

This study aims to explore the constraints of the Travel Costs Budget Frontier (TCBF) before a full-charged fare is implemented for the bus system known as the "Trans Koetaradja" in the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. A stochastic frontier analysis was used to identify how people allocate their share of income for transportation in line with their mobility and socio-demographic characteristics. The findings showed the TCBF to be influenced by commuting trip activities, private mode usage, owning car and motorcycle and income limits. Barriers were observed to be restricting the low-medium income groups. Owning their own private modes within the low-medium income groups does mean household disbursement and could impose their transport expenditure rather than public modes usage. There is a need to devise policies considering the low-medium incomes to implement impartial full-charge to ensure affordable bus fare.