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[Display omitted] High-fat diet (HFD) consumption and excess nutrient availability can cause alterations in mitochondrial function and dynamics. We previously showed that anthocyanins (AC) decreased HFD-induced body weight gain and fat deposition. This study investigated: i) the capacity of AC to mitigate HFD-induced alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and thermogenesis in mouse subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT), and ii) the underlying mechanisms of action of cyanidin-3- O -glucoside (C3G), delphinidin-3- O -glucoside (D3G), and their gut metabolites on mitochondria function/dynamics in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with palmitate. Mice were fed control or HFD diets, added or not with 40 mg AC/kg body weight (BW). Compared to control and AC-supplemented mice, HFD-fed mice had fewer sWAT mitochondria that presented alterations of their architecture. AC supplementation prevented HFD-induced decrease of proteins involved in mitochondria biogenesis (PPARγ, PRDM16 and PGC-1α), and thermogenesis (UCP-1), and decreased AMPK phosphorylation. AC supplementation also restored the alterations in sWAT mitochondrial dynamics (Drp-1, OPA1, MNF-2, and Fis-1) and mitophagy (BNIP3L/NIX) caused by HFD consumption. In mature 3T3-L1, C3G, D3G, and their metabolites protocatechuic acid (PCA), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HB), and gallic acid (GA) differentially affected palmitate-mediated decreased cAMP, PKA, AMPK, and SIRT-1 signaling pathways. C3G, D3G, and metabolites also prevented palmitate-mediated decreased expression of PPARγ, PRDM16, PGC-1α, and UCP1. Results suggest that consumption of select AC, i.e. cyanidin and delphinidin, could promote sWAT mitochondriogenesis and improve mitochondria dynamics in the context of HFD/obesity-induced dysmetabolism in part by regulating PKA, AMPK, and SIRT-1 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While purple wheat has garnered attention for its rich and complex anthocyanin profile, its coarse bran may pose challenges for its further utilization in bakery products. Superfine grinding is a promising size-reduction technique to enhance the practicability of purple-whole-wheat flour (PWWF) as a functional food ingredient. In this study, purple wheat was ground into flours of three different particle sizes (Q 50 = 214.8 μm, 55.6 μm and 31.3 μm, respectively), followed by characterising their micro-morphology, physicochemical and antioxidant capacity properties, as well as identifying and quantifying anthocyanin compositions. Three antioxidant capacity assays - TPC, ABTS and ORAC - suggest that superfine PWWF exhibited an antioxidant capacity up to 1.6 times greater than that of original PWWF. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometric results indicate that the content of individual anthocyanin compounds increased with size reduction. The anthocyanin profile of purple wheat was complex, comprising 26 species of which 12 were acylated. Among them, cyanidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside and malvidin 3-rutinoside accounted for over 80% of the total content. Altogether, these results highlight the unique functionality of superfine ground PWWF and lay the groundwork for further utilization into bakery products with enhanced health benefits. • Ultracentrifugal mill reduced purple whole-wheat-flour (PWWF) into the superfine level. • Dynamic image analyser was more reasonable than laser diffraction for size determination of PWWF. • The decrease in size increased the antioxidant capacity of PWWF up to 1.6 times. • Purple wheat showed a complex anthocyanin profile with acylated anthocyanins. • The functionality of PWWF was highly dependent on its particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer demand for healthy snack products has led to increased efforts to modify glycemic responses of these products. The formation of starch-ferulic acid (FA) complexes through acidified water steeping leads to an increase in RS content and reduction of glycemic responses in animal models. However, the application of these methodologies to commercially relevant phenolic-rich flours (black rice, BR; purple maize, PM) and their impacts on starch digestibility and phenolic bioaccessbility remain unclear. Using an acidified water steeping method previously reported in pure starch, potato starch (PS), BR and PM flour slurries were prepared with FA at a 20:1 and 8:1 ratio in HCl-acidified water (pH 2). The steeping process reduced phenolic content (∼75%) and increased starch digestibility. Ferulic acid loading capacity on PS (22–124 mg/g starch) was greater than for PM and BR flours (8–40 mg/g starch). Ferulic acid bioaccessibility decreased with an increase in its amount in PS and flours. Steeping enhances cyanidin 3- O -glucoside bioaccessibility, while addition of FA decreases its bioaccessibility. The increase in starch digestibility of phenolic-rich flours after steeping with and without FA can be attributed to the limited loading capacity of FA and loss of native phenolics during the steeping process. • Capacity to modify starch digestibility in phenolic-rich flours was evaluated. • Acidic steeping of phenolic-rich flours and FA increases starch digestibility. • Food matrix components in flours may interfere with FA loading and starch-FA interactions. • Acidic steeping causes loss of native phenolics, leading to increased starch digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roses are woody perennial flowering plants cultivated worldwide for several ornamental, cosmetic, and medicinal purposes. Rose flowers are rich in anthocyanins including cyanidin, peonidin, and its derivatives. In this study natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins was carried out from fresh and dried rose flowers. A total of 12 NADES were prepared based on combinations of organic acid derivatives, mixture of sugars, and choline chloride derivatives for extraction. Conventional solvent-acidified methanol (80 % v/v) was also used as a control to compare the efficiency of solvent systems. Total anthocyanin content was higher in dried rose flower extracts. When using sugar and organic acid-based systems, the highest anthocyanin content was observed in extracts of NADES composed of glucose: citric acid (1:1) (636 ± 26.64 mg/L) and glucose: lactic acid (1:1) (564.73 ± 14 mg/L) based systems. Amongst, the choline chloride derivatives-based solvent systems, highest anthocyanin content (826.59 ± 17.35 mg/L) was observed in a combination of lactic acid-choline chloride (1:1) based system. The anthocyanins extracted in sugar-based NADES systems showed better thermal stability at higher temperatures and when stored at 4 ℃ and −20 ℃. NADES-based extracts (N8) from dried rose flowers also showed higher antioxidant capacity as per DPPH scavenging activity (IC 50 value: 0.0021 ± 0.007 mg/ml) and was in correlation with anthocyanin contents. HPLC analysis of NADES-based and control extracts revealed the presence of cyanidin chloride. The outcome of the study showed efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from rose flowers using lactic acid: choline chloride (1:1) and lactic acid: glucose (1:1) based NADES systems. • Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES)-based extraction of rose anthocyanins • Highest anthocyanin content was in lactic acid and choline chloride based NADES • Cyanidin chloride was detected in NADES-based anthocyanin floral extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Pink-flowered strawberry is a promising new ornamental flower derived from intergeneric hybridization (Fragaria × Potentilla) with bright color, a prolonged flowering period and edible fruits. Its flower color ranges from light pink to red. Pigment compounds accumulated in its fruits were the same as in cultivated strawberry fruits, but different from that in its flowers. However, the transcriptional events underlying the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway have not been fully characterized in petal coloration. To gain insights into the regulatory networks related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and identify the key genes, we performed an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome in petals of pink-flowered strawberry. Results The main pigments of red and dark pink petals were anthocyanins, among which cyanidins were the main compound. There were no anthocyanins detected in the white-flowered hybrids. A total of 50,285 non-redundant unigenes were obtained from the transcriptome databases involved in red petals of pink-flowered strawberry cultivar Sijihong at three development stages. Amongst the unigenes found to show significant differential expression, 57 were associated with anthocyanin or other flavonoid biosynthesis, in which they were regulated by 241 differentially expressed members of transcription factor families, such as 40 MYBs, 47 bHLHs, and 41 NACs. Based on a comprehensive analysis relating pigment compounds to gene expression profiles, the mechanism of flower coloration was examined in pink-flowered strawberry. A new hypothesis was proposed to explain the lack of color phenotype of the white-flowered strawberry hybrids based on the transcriptome analysis. The expression patterns of FpDFR and FpANS genes corresponded to the accumulation patterns of cyanidin contents in pink-flowered strawberry hybrids with different shades of pink. Moreover, FpANS, FpBZ1 and FpUGT75C1 genes were the major factors that led to the absence of anthocyanins in the white petals of pink-flowered strawberry hybrids. Meanwhile, the competitive effect of FpFLS and FpDFR genes might further inhibit anthocyanin synthesis. Conclusions The data presented herein are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the petal pigmentation and will be powerful for integrating novel potential target genes to breed valuable pink-flowered strawberry cultivars.

Background: Roses are famous ornamental plants worldwide. Floral coloration is one of the most prominent traits in roses and is mainly regulated through the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we investigated the key genes and metabolites of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway involved in color mutation in miniature roses. A comparative metabolome and transcriptome analysis was carried out on the Neptune King rose and its color mutant, Queen rose, at the blooming stage. Neptune King rose has light pink colored petals while Queen rose has deep pink colored petals. Result: A total of 190 flavonoid-related metabolites and 38,551 unique genes were identified. The contents of 45 flavonoid-related metabolites, and the expression of 15 genes participating in the flavonoid pathway, varied significantly between the two cultivars. Seven anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-O-glucosyl-malonylglucoside, cyanidin O-syringic acid, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) were found to be the major metabolites, with higher abundance in the Queen rose. Thirteen anthocyanin biosynthetic related genes showed an upregulation trend in the mutant flower, which may favor the higher levels of anthocyanins in the mutant. Besides, eight TRANSPARENT TESTA 12 genes were found upregulated in Queen rose, probably contributing to a high vacuolar sequestration of anthocyanins. Thirty transcription factors, including two MYB and one bHLH, were differentially expressed between the two cultivars. Conclusions: This study provides important insights into major genes and metabolites of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway modulating flower coloration in miniature rose. The results will be conducive for manipulating the anthocyanin pathways in order to engineer novel miniature rose cultivars with specific colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural compounds have been increasingly investigated as substances enhancing the effect of drugs and reducing drug‐related adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to determine how a combination of cisplatin (DDP) with cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G) affected malignancy features of cervical cancer cells. The results demonstrated that the proliferation of HeLa cells treated with 5 µg/ml DDP, 400 µg/ml C3G, or a combination of both (5 µg/ml DDP and 400 µg/ml C3G) was inhibited by 17.43%, 34.98%, and 63.38%, respectively. The IC50 values for DDP and the DDP/C3G combination treatments in HeLa cells were 18.53 and 6.435 µg/ml, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that treatment with DDP, C3G, or the combination induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells. Furthermore, after treatment, cyclin D1 and Bcl‐2 levels decreased; Bax, cleaved caspase‐3, p53, and TIMP‐1 were activated; and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was modulated. These anticancer effects were enhanced in cells treated with the combination of DDP and C3G compared to those treated with DDP or C3G alone. Our study indicates that C3G increases the antitumor activity of DDP, suggesting a potential strategy to reduce adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in cervical cancer. Practical Application: Natural biologically active food ingredients are suggested to have a potential to enhance the effect of chemotherapy in cancer. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it revealed, for the first time, that C3G could increase the antitumor activity of DDP, suggesting a potential strategy to reduce adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fagopyrum plant is rich in resources and contained a large number of flavonoid compounds. Research history and the research hotspots of buckwheat flavonoids were summarized by literature retrieval in this study. As it was revealed, the research paper about buckwheat flavonoids was firstly published in 1952. From 1952 to 1999, the number of publishing papers was less than 10 papers per year, and the research on buckwheat flavonoids was in its infancy. Since the year of 2000, buckwheat flavonoids have gradually gained more attentions from researchers, and the numbers of publishing papers have been increased annually. In the past two decades, researches conducting buckwheat flavonoids studies mainly focused on the fields of botany, food science and technology, agriculture, and biochemistry and molecular biology. Articles referring to the antioxidant activity of buckwheat flavonoids got high citations, and the biological activities and nutritional functions of buckwheat flavonoids attracted much attention. By now, 80 flavonoid compounds have been identified from Fagopyrum. Of them, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, tricin, naringenin, myricetin, apigenin and hesperetin were the common feature flavonoid aglycones from buckwheat. Peonidin, delphinidin and cyanidin were the anthocyanins compounds which were mostly isolated from Fagopyrum. Biosynthesis of buckwheat flavonoids originated from the phenylpropane metabolism pathway, and the key enzymes genes involved in the pathway, such as PAL, CHS, C4H, 4CL, CHI, LAR etc., and the transcription factor MYB genes were cloned and identified. MYB transcription factors played an important role in the induction and regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, and major influence factors for the flavonoids biosynthesis included the environment factors, plant growth regulators, biological factors and varieties, and these factors could have cross regulations effects on the buckwheat flavonoids biosynthesis. In this paper, research overviews of buckwheat flavonoids, flavonoid compounds, flavonoids biosynthesis pathway, mechanism of regulation, and major influence factors are summarized, which can lay a theoretical foundation and a feasible scheme for high quality of buckwheat production during the cultivation process, and promotion of nutritional values of buckwheat products, and point out the research direction of buckwheat flavonoids in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue flowers, which are rare, have long been a focus for researchers engaged in colored flower breeding. In this study, Plumbago auriculata, a plant with blue flowers, and its white flower forma Plumbago auriculata f. alba were used as research materials. Flower color quantification, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) observation of petal epidermal cells, and determination of the cell sap pH were carried out; moreover, metabolomic analysis was used to analyze the flavonoid metabolites of both types of petals. The results showed that the flower color of P. auriculata was bluish violet, and there was no significant difference in the epidermal cell distribution of the white and blue petals. The key substance that determined the bluish violet flower color was cyanidin-3-O-(6″-p-coumaroylglucoside) (Cy3-pC·G). Compared to the white petal cells, the blue petal cells exhibited up to 40 upregulated flavonoid compounds that were copigments. Together with the significantly increased pH (5.92 ± 0.12) of the petal cell sap, these copigments affected the color presentation of Cy3-pC·G, causing the final petal color of P. auriculata to be bluish violet. The results of this study indicate that cyanidin is an important anthocyanidin in blue flowers, which provides new insights into the breeding of blue flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leaf color is an important ornamental trait of colored-leaf plants. The change of leaf color is closely related to the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves. Acer pseudosieboldianum is a colored-leaf tree native to Northeastern China, however, there was less knowledge in Acer about anthocyanins biosynthesis and many steps of the pathway remain unknown to date. Results: Anthocyanins metabolite and transcript profiling were conducted using HPLC and ESI-MS/MS system and high-throughput RNA sequencing respectively. The results demonstrated that five anthocyanins were detected in this experiment. It is worth mentioning that Peonidin O-hexoside and Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside were abundant, especially Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside displayed significant differences in content change at two periods, meaning it may be play an important role for the final color. Transcriptome identification showed that a total of 67.47 Gb of clean data were obtained from our sequencing results. Functional annotation of unigenes, including comparison with COG and GO databases, yielded 35,316 unigene annotations. 16,521 differentially expressed genes were identified from a statistical analysis of differentially gene expression. The genes related to leaf color formation including PAL, ANS, DFR, F3H were selected. Also, we screened out the regulatory genes such as MYB, bHLH and WD40. Combined with the detection of metabolites, the gene pathways related to anthocyanin synthesis were analyzed. Conclusions: Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside played an important role for the final color. The genes related to leaf color formation including PAL, ANS, DFR, F3H and regulatory genes such as MYB, bHLH and WD40 were selected. This study enriched the available transcriptome information for A. pseudosieboldianum and identified a series of differentially expressed genes related to leaf color, which provides valuable information for further study on the genetic mechanism of leaf color expression in A. pseudosieboldianum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrespective of sex and age, cancer is the leading cause of mortality around the globe. Therapeutic incompliance, unwanted effects, and economic burdens imparted by cancer treatments, are primary health challenges. The heritable features in gene expression that are propagated through cell division and contribute to cellular identity without a change in DNA sequence are considered epigenetic characteristics and agents that could interfere with these features and are regarded as potential therapeutic targets. The genetic modification accounts for the recurrence and uncontrolled changes in the physiology of cancer cells. This review focuses on plant-derived flavonoids as a therapeutic tool for cancer, attributed to their ability for epigenetic regulation of cancer pathogenesis. The epigenetic mechanisms of various classes of flavonoids including flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanidins, such as cyanidin, delphinidin, and pelargonidin, are discussed. The outstanding results of preclinical studies encourage researchers to design several clinical trials on various flavonoids to ascertain their clinical strength in the treatment of different cancers. The results of such studies will define the clinical fate of these agents in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is one of the most valuable feedstocks for sugar production. In addition to the production of industrial raw materials such as alcohol, papermaking, the fiber of livestock feed, respectively, sugarcane can produce bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins. Elucidation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is critical for the molecular breeding of sugarcane varieties with favorable traits. We aimed to identify candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Results: Three varieties of sugarcane displaying different colors were used in this study: FN15 (greed rind), ROC22 (red rind), and Badila (purple rind). Sample materials were subjected to metabolomic analysis using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and RNA-seq analysis. The metabolomic profiling results showed Cyanidin, Cyanidin (6'-malonylglucoside), Cyanidin O-glucoside, and Peonidin O-glucoside were the main components responsible for the rind color. Then, through RNA-seq analysis, we identified a total of 3137, 3302, 3014 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the rind and pith tissues for the corresponding varieties Badila rind, ROC22, and FN15. We then compared the expression levels of genes among the rind tissues from the three varieties. We identified 2901, 2821, and 3071 DEGs between Badila rind vs. ROC22 rind, Badila rind vs. FN15 rind, ROC22 rind vs. FN15 rind, respectively. We identified two enriched pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. Sequencing similarity search identified a total of 50 unigenes belonging to 15 enzyme families as putative genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in sugarcane rind. Seven of them were identified as candidate genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in the rind of sugarcane through co-localization analysis with the anthocyanin content in sugarcane. In total, 25 unigenes were selected and subjected to RT-qPCR analysis, and qRT-PCR results were consistent with those obtained with the RNA-Seq experiments. Conclusions: We proposed a pathway for anthocyanin biosynthesis in sugarcane rind. This is the first report on the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in sugarcane using the combined transcriptomic and metabolomic methods. The results obtained from this study will lay the foundation for breeding purple pith sugarcane varieties with high anthocyanin contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our liver has a variety of vital functions including removing poisons, storing energy, immunological roles, and secretory and excretory functions. It may face some kinds of diseases caused by viruses, hepatotoxic chemicals, drugs, alcohol, and inherited disorders. Oxidative stress and inflammation are in the core of mechanisms of liver damages induced by viruses or chemical agents. Summary:Morus nigra (M. nigra), generally known as black mulberry, exhibited wide-spectrum pharmacological effects including antidiabetic, antinociceptive, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. Different parts of this plant particularly the fruit and leaf have shown beneficial effects on hepatocytes in cell culture and animal models of liver damages induced by chemicals (e.g., CCl4), drugs (e.g., paracetamol), diet (e.g., high fat), diabetes, etc. The beneficial effects of M. nigra on the liver are attributed to the presence of considerable amounts of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids. The present review is aimed to focus on the hepatoprotective activities of M. nigra and its phytochemicals and the mechanisms responsible for these activities. Key Messages: The evidence reviewed in this study can help design clinical trials on M. nigra in patients with liver disorders and develop a hepatoprotective herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolite differences of different flower colors of ornamental sunflower. [Methods] In this study, the contents of metabolites of floral and stem of sunflower varieties ‘Yankui 4’ and ‘Yankui 5’ with different color were determinated using the widely targeted metabonomics. The different metabolites and the metabolic pathways were screened and analyzed, and the metabolic material basis about the tissue present different colors was acquired preliminarily. [Results] In this study,647 metabolites were detected by widely targeted metabolomics using different color flower and stem of ‘Yankui 4’ and ‘Yankui 5’. Among them,140 metabolites in purple flowers were significantly higher than those in white flowers, and 224 metabolites in purple flowers were significantly lower than those in white flowers. 48 kinds of metabolites were significantly higher and 104 kinds of metabolites were significantly lower in purple stem compared to white stem. There were 123 specific up-regulated substances in the purple flower of ‘Yankui 4’,but only 31 specific up-regulated substances in the purple stem,17 simultaneously up-regulated substances in the purple flower and the purple stem compared to the white flower and stem of ‘Yankui 5’. The result of KEGG pathways enrichment analysis showed that the differential substances participated in multiple metabolic pathways, among which anthocyanin metabolism pathway was significantly enriched in different color tissues. The mainly significantly up-regulated metabolites were anthocyanin,cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and delphinidin-3-O-3’,6″-O-dicarboxylic glucoside which participated in anthocyanin metabolic pathway in purple tissues. Quercetin, astragalosine,isoquercetin,myricetin and rutin were significantly up-regulated in white tissues. Three kaempferol derivatives were significantly up-regulated in purple tissue, which might play important roles in the color formation of purple tissue. [Conclusions] Cyanidin was the main substance which presented the purple colour for the tissue of ‘Yankui 4’,while quercetin, astragalosine, isoquercetin, myricetin and rutin were the main substances related to the different color of the tissues of ‘Yankui 5’. The down-regulation of some flavonoids synthesis and the up-regulation of anthocyanins synthesis might be the main reason for the color formation of purple flower and stem of ‘Yankui 4’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Vernonia amygdalina as a tropical horticultural crop has been widely used for medicinal herb, feed, and vegetable. Recently, increasing studies revealed that this species possesses multiple pharmacological properties. Notably, V. amygdalina leaves possess an abundance of flavonoids, but the specific profiles of flavonoids and the mechanisms of flavonoid bi osynthesis in developing leaves are largely unknown. Methods. The total flavonoids of V. amygdalina leaves were detected using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The temporal flavonoid profiles of V. amygdalina leaves were analyzed by LC-MS. The transcriptome analysis of V. amygdalina leaves was performed by Illumina sequencing. Functional annotation and differential expression analysis of V. amygdalina genes were performed by Blast2GO v2.3.5 and RSEM v1.2.31, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis was used to verify the gene expressions in developing V. amygdalina leaves. Results. By LC-MS analysis, three substrates (p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and phenylalanine) for flavonoid biosynthesis were identified in V. amygdalina leaves. Additionally, 42 flavonoids were identified from V. amygdalina leaves, including six dihydroflavones, 14 flavones, eight isoflavones, nine flavonols, two xanthones, one chalcone, one cyanidin, and one dihydroflavonol. Glycosylation and methylation were common at the hydroxy group of C3, C7, and C4' positions. Moreover, dynamic patterns of different flavonoids showed diversity. By Illumina sequencing, the obtained over 200 million valid reads were assembled into 60,422 genes. Blast analysis indicated that 31,872 genes were annotated at least in one of public databases. Greatly increasing molecular resources makes up for the lack of gene information in V. amygdalina. By digital expression profiling and qRT-PCR, we specifically characterized some key enzymes, such as Va-PAL1, Va-PAL4, Va-C4H1, Va-4CL3, Va-ACC1, Va-CHS1, Va-CHI, Va-FNSII, and Va-IFS3, involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Importantly, integrated metabolome and transcriptome data of V. amygdalina leaves, we systematically constructed a flavonoid biosynthetic pathway with regards to material supplying, flavonoid scaffold biosynthesis, and flavonoid modifications. Our findings contribute significantly to understand the underlying mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis in V. amygdalina leaves, and also provide valuable information for potential metabolic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riceberry rice is a hybrid rice that contains polyphenol compounds, anthocyanin, and high antioxidants. Plasma technology has been used to improve the quality of rice and rice flour. Some conditions of the plasma process can be altered to get the combination that can achieve maximum result. The present work aimed to identify the optimal combination of a plasma treatment condition by varying three variables: time (3 - 10 min), power (140 - 180 W), and oxygen flow rate (0.0 - 0.8 L/min) in improving the nutrient and antioxidant agent of Riceberry rice flour. The increase in time and power significantly increased the percenatge of the scavenging ability of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), peonidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, and total anthocyanin; while the decrease in oxygen significantly decreased all the parameters analysed. The optimal plasma conditions were 7.87 min, 166 W, and 0.64 L/min of oxygen flow rate. Under this condition, the Riceberry rice flour consisted of 65.05% scavenging ability of DPPH, peonidin 3-glucoside of 45.21 mg/100 g, cyanidin 3-glucoside of 179.6 mg/100 g, and total anthocyanin of 225.81 mg/100 g. Finally, the plasma technique can improve the antioxidant activity and anthocyanin of Riceberry rice flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to investigate the effect of cyanidin extract and Nano cyanidin on treatment diabetes mellitus in rats, its effect on lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDLVLDL). 75 adult male rats were divided into five groups and period of treatment was 90 day with the age of 60-65 days are used in this study, almost on an average live weight between (300-350) gm. Each group contains 15 animals. First group (C) were control negative did not injected alloxan and without any treatment, second group (T1 ) was induce diabetes mellitus by given alloxan injection (2mg/kg) I.P for one dose and then treated with distilled water only, third group (T2 ) was induce diabetes by alloxan and then treated with cyanidin extract (300 mg/kg) orally, fourth group (T3 ) was induce diabetes by alloxan and then treated with Nano cyanidin (300 mg/kg) and fifth group (T4 ) was given Nano cyanidin (300 mg/kg) orally only. After end of experiment, blood sample were collection for estimate this biochemical parameters.The results showed high significant differences (p<0.05) in cholesterol between T1 and control, when the compared treatment groups the results showed there is high significant differences (p<0.05)compared with T1 and control group. The results showed high significant differences (p<0.05) in triglyceride between T1 and control, when the compared treatment groups the results showed there is high significant differences (p<0.05) compared with T1 and control group. In HDL level showed a few significant differences (p>0.05) compared with T4 and control group. While in the T1 group result showed a high significantly differences (p<0.05) compared with the treatment and control group. The result showed there is a significant differences (p<0.05) in LDL level in group T2 and T3 in comparison with control group, also group T2, T3 has a significant differences (p<0.05) in compared with T1 group. In VLDL level results showed high significant differences (p>0.05) compared with group T4 and control group, While in the T1 group the results show a high significantly differences (p<0.05) compared with the control group .when compared the treatment groups T2 and T3 the results showed there is significant differences (p>0.05) with control group and T4 groups. This study, concluded that the Cyanidin Nano-particles has important role and maintain lipid profile level of male laboratory rats [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive exposure to solar radiation is associated with several deleterious effects on human skin. These effects vary from the occasional simple sunburn to conditions resulting from chronic exposure such as skin aging and cancers. Secondary metabolites from the plant kingdom, including phenolic compounds, show relevant photoprotective activities. In this study, we evaluated the potential photoprotective activity of a phytocomplex derived from three varieties of red orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). We used an in vitro model of skin photoaging on two human cell lines, evaluating the protective effects of the phytocomplex in the pathways involved in the response to damage induced by UVA-B. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined at the same time as evaluating its influence on the cellular redox state (ROS levels and total thiol groups). In addition, the potential protective action against DNA damage induced by UVA-B and the effects on mRNA and protein expression of collagen, elastin, MMP1, and MMP9 were investigated, including some inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, and total and phospho NFkB) by ELISA. The obtained results highlight the capacity of the extract to protect cells both from oxidative stress—preserving RSH (p < 0.05) content and reducing ROS (p < 0.01) levels—and from UVA-B-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the phytocomplex is able to counteract harmful effects through the significant downregulation of proinflammatory markers (p < 0.05) and MMPs (p < 0.05) and by promoting the remodeling of the extracellular matrix through collagen and elastin expression. This allows the conclusion that red orange extract, with its strong antioxidant and photoprotective properties, represents a safe and effective option to prevent photoaging caused by UVA-B exposure.

Commonly flavonoids are the natural components found in vegetables, spices and colored fruits. Flavonoids include a large group of polyphenolic compounds, namely flavones, flavanols, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones and anthocyanidins, which have been proposed as effective supplements for the management of diabetes and associated disorders. The aim of present review was to highlight various classes of flavonoids, their structure – activity relationships, bioavailability, and mechanisms involved in the management of diabetes and associated complications. The relevant research and review articles were collected from online (Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Google, andWeb of science) and offline sources (books and journals from library). A total of 245 articles published between 1996 to 2018 were reviewed, and 232 articles were included in present review. Article being related with flavonoids and diabetes is the major criterion for inclusion in this compilation. Flavonoids regulate the redox status and prevent damage caused by oxidative stress and possess anti-oxidant activity. Flavonoids are a wide group of compounds including quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, genistein, glycitein, eriodictyol, hesperidin, catechin, gallocatechin, pelargonidin, and cyanidin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, inflammation, altered lipid metabolism and increased oxidative stress. It can affect many metabolic processes may cause serious complications such as retinopathy, cardiovascular disease and nephropathy. Flavonoids produce antidiabetic effect through suppressing α-amylase activities, attenuating insulin resistance and promoting pancreatic β-cells proliferation. Several reports including in-vitro and in-vivo studies on flavonoids confirmed their major role in maintaining metabolic pathways during type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corydalis ambigua (Japanese name, Ezoengosaku) flowers bloom with blue to purplish petals in early spring in Hokkaido prefecture. In this study, a mechanism for blue petal coloration by ferric ions and keampferol glycoside was elucidated. Blue petals and cell sap exhibited similar visible (Vis) spectra, with λmax at approximately 600 nm and circular dichroism (CD) with positive exciton-type Cotton effects in the Vis region. Analysis of the organic components of the petals confirmed cyanidin 3- O -sambubioside and kaempferol 3- O -sambubioside as the major flavonoids. Mg, Al, and Fe were detected in petals using atomic emission spectroscopy. Color, Vis absorption, and CD consistent with those of blue petals were reproduced by mixing cyanidin 3- O -sambubioside, kaempferol 3- O -sambubioside, and Fe3+ in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 6.5. Both Fe3+ and flavonol were essential for blue coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in color and color stability of cyanidin and cyanidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (Cy3Glc) in aqueous solutions were investigated at pHs from 0.5 to 13.1, by combination of colorimetry and spectrophotometry. The glucosidic substitution at C-3 of cyanidin (i.e., Cy3Glc), moved the tonalities toward the yellow pole of the chromatic circle, which resulted in high Chroma increases and a hypsochromically shifted visible absorbance maximum (λmax-vis). Under the most acidic and alkaline conditions, cyanidin showed greater Lightness compared with the rest of the pH range. At these extreme pHs, the lower Lightness of Cy3Glc was coupled with a high Chroma value. As a consequence, Cy3Glc showed its most intense color under the most acidic and alkaline conditions, and did not show visually perceptible color at neutral pH. At pH <3 and from pH 10 to11 cyanidin had lower color stability than Cy3Glc. We show the correlations between the data for these color and stability variations for cyanidin and Cy3Glc over the entire pH range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a bone disease where bones have lost density or mass. Due to the severe side effects of pharmaceutical agents, it is recommended to take fruits and vegetables to inhibit osteoporosis. With the increase in side effects of allopathy medicines, new alternative medicines are in the arena towards the development of new drugs. Plants are a rich source of metabolites which serve the purpose. Objective: The main objective of this research is to identify the lead molecules present in the red onion to treat osteoporosis. Methods: The inhibitory potential of red onion towards osteoporosis has been analysed computationally, using the software Discovery Studio 2.0. Results: The present studies show that Cyanidin 3-O-(6'-malonylglucoside) as a lead molecule towards the inhibition of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa pimpinellifolia L. fruits (RPF) have great industrial potential due to the high presence of anthocyanins. In this work, microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MA-ATPE) was applied to simultaneous extraction and purification of anthocyanins from RPF with ethanol/ammonium sulfate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). MA-ATPE process was optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal anthocyanin yields were achieved in conditions of 0% HCl (w:w), 26.85% ethanol (w:w), 19.15% ammonium sulfate (w:w), liquid to solid ratio 40, 17.29 min, 60 °C and 400 W. Predicted anthocyanin yield of MA-ATPE at optimum conditions were determined as 1373.04 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalent/g dry RPF. The purity of anthocyanin rich extract obtained by MA-ATPE was 1.65-fold greater than microwave assisted extraction using 80% ethanol (MAE). The compositional characterization of anthocyanins were carried out with HPLC-QTOF-MS. MA-ATPE had no obvious changes on anthocyanin composition when compared to MAE. Results indicated that the MA-ATPE could be a promising method for the extraction and preliminary purification of anthocyanins from different plant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spines of Chinese red chestnut are red and the depth of their color gradually increases with maturity. To identify the anthocyanin types and synthesis pathways in red chestnut and to identify the key genes regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, we obtained and analyzed the transcriptome and anthocyanin metabolism of red chestnut and its control variety with green spines at 3 different periods. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that photosynthesis was more highly enriched in green spines compared with red spines, while processes related to defense and metabolism regulation were more highly enriched in red spines. The analysis showed that the change in spine color promoted photoprotection in red chestnut, especially at the early growth stage, which resulted in the accumulation of differentially expressed genes involved in the defense metabolic pathway. The metabolome results revealed 6 anthocyanins in red spines. Moreover, red spines exhibited high levels of cyanidin, peonidin and pelargonidin and low levels of delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin. Compared with those in the control group, the levels of cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin and malvidin in red spines were significantly increased, indicating that the cyanidin and pelargonidin pathways were enriched in the synthesis of anthocyanins in red spines, whereas the delphinidin pathways were inhibited and mostly transformed into malvidin. During the process of flower pigment synthesis, the expression of the CHS , CHI , F3H , CYP75A , CYP75B1 , DFR and ANS genes clearly increased, that of CYP73A decreased obviously, and that of PAL , 4CL and LAR both increased and decreased. Notably, the findings revealed that the synthesized anthocyanin can be converted into anthocyanidin or epicatechin. In red spines, the upregulation of BZ1 gene expression increases the corresponding anthocyanidin content, and the upregulation of the ANR gene also promotes the conversion of anthocyanin to epicatechin. The transcription factors involved in color formation included 4 WRKYs ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Qiao, Gao and Liu.)

Aim: Purified anthocyanins lack a detailed safety profile, prompting the need for comprehensive oral toxicity research. Materials & methods: Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks received 300 mg/kg cyanidin orally for 14 days in acute toxicity (OECD 423). In the subacute study (OECD 407), adult SD rats were administered 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg/day cyanidin orally for 28 days. Results: Acute toxicity indicated an LD50 exceeding 300 mg/kg/day without adverse effects. Subacute toxicity at 7.5-30 mg/kg/day showed well-tolerated responses in both genders. No significant alterations in organ weights, hematological parameters, liver/kidney functions or adverse histopathological findings were observed. Conclusion: Oral cyanidin administration demonstrated high safety and tolerance in rats, establishing a NOAEL at 30 mg/kg/day, affirming cyanidin's safety for oral use., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests or relevant affiliations with any organization or entity with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Anthocyanins are colored water-soluble plant pigments. Upon consumption, anthocyanins are quickly absorbed and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Research based on population studies suggests that including anthocyanin-rich sources in the diet lowers the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. The copigmentation caused by copigments is considered an effective way to stabilize anthocyanins against adverse environmental conditions. This is attributed to the covalent and noncovalent interactions between colored forms of anthocyanins (flavylium ions and quinoidal bases) and colorless or pale-yellow organic molecules (copigments). The present work carried out a theoretical study of the copigmentation process between cyanidin and resveratrol (CINRES). We used three levels of density functional theory: M06-2x/6-31g+(d,p) (d3bj); ωB97X-D/6-31+(d,p); APFD/6-31+(d,p), implemented in the Gaussian16W package. In a vacuum, the CINRES was found at a copigmentation distance of 3.54 Å between cyanidin and resveratrol. In water, a binding free energy ∆G was calculated, rendering -3.31, -1.68, and -6.91 kcal/mol, at M06-2x/6-31g+(d,p) (d3bj), ωB97X-D/6-31+(d,p), and APFD/6-31+(d,p) levels of theory, respectively. A time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to calculate the UV spectra of the complexes and then compared to its parent molecules, resulting in a lower energy gap at forming complexes. Excited states' properties were analyzed with the ωB97X-D functional. Finally, Shannon aromaticity indices were calculated and isosurfaces of non-covalent interactions were evaluated.

Natural phytochemicals are well known to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. Anthocyanins are vacuolar pigments belonging to the parent class of flavonoids. They are well known for their potent antioxidant and gut microbiome-modulating properties, primarily responsible for minimizing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and several other diseases associated with metabolic syndromes. Berries are the primary source of anthocyanin in the diet. The color and stability of anthocyanins are substantially influenced by external environmental conditions, constraining their applications in foods. Furthermore, the significantly low bioavailability of anthocyanins greatly diminishes the extent of the actual health benefits linked to these bioactive compounds. Multiple strategies have been successfully developed and utilized to enhance the stability and bioavailability of anthocyanins. This review provides a comprehensive view of the recent advancements in chemistry, biosynthesis, dietary sources, stabilization, bioavailability, industrial applications, and health benefits of anthocyanins. Finally, we summarize the prospects and challenges of applications of anthocyanin in foods.

The present study aims to highlight the cell protective effect of Tropea red onion (TRO) hydroalcoholic extract and some of its components against "non-essential" heavy metals. For this purpose, the cytoprotective roles of cyanidin, cyanidin-3- O -glucoside and quercetin against Cd, Hg and Pb and of TRO extract against Hg and Pb have been investigated, and data are reported here. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed evaluation of the protective effect against cell damage induced by "non-essential" heavy metals through the simultaneous administration of cyanidin, cyanidin-3- O -glucoside and quercetin with CdCl 2 , HgCl 2 or PbCl 2 and the TRO extract against HgCl 2 and PbCl 2 . Present data are also compared with our previous results from the TRO extract against Cd. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was also determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the bovine brain peroxidation assay. Both of the assays indicated a good antioxidant capacity of the extract. Cell viability and the impact on necrotic cell death were examined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. After 24 h of exposure, Caco-2 cell viability decreased by approximately 50% at 0.25 μM for Cd, Hg and Pb and, after 72 h, the ranking order of "non-essential" heavy metal toxicity on cell viability was PbCl 2 > CdCl 2 > HgCl 2 . Cell viability was assessed by treating the cells with the biomolecules at doses of 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL for 24 and 72 h. The same analysis was carried out on Caco-2 cells treated with combinations of TRO extract, cyanidin, cyanidin-3- O -glucoside, or quercetin and "non-essential" heavy metals. Treatments with the bioactive metabolites did not significantly improve cell viability. The identical treatment of Caco-2 cells produced instead LDH release, suggesting a decrease in cell viability. Consistently with the finding that TRO extract showed a good antioxidant activity, we suggest that its higher cytotoxicity, compared to that of the individual assayed phytochemicals, may be derived by the combined antioxidant and chelating properties of all the molecules present in the extract. Therefore, from all the acquired experimental evidence, it appears that the TRO extract may be a better promising protective agent against the toxic effect of Cd, Hg and Pb compared to its bioactive metabolites.

Anthocyanidins – the aglycone moiety of anthocyanins – are responsible for the antioxidant traits and for many of the health benefits brought by the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods, but whether excessive anthocyanidins are deleterious to living organisms is still a matter of debate. In the present study we used the model eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae to evaluate the potential toxicity of cyanidin, one of the most prevalent anthocyanidins found in berries, grapes, purple vegetables, and red wine. We found that yeast cells lacking the transcription factors responsible for regulating the response to oxidative stress – Skn7 and Yap1 – exhibited different sensitivities to cyanidin. Cells lacking the transcription factor Skn7 were sensitive to low concentrations of cyanidin, a trait that was augmented by exposure to visible light, notably blue or green light. In contrast, the growth of yeast cells devoid of Yap1 was stimulated by low concentrations, but it was impaired by high cyanidin exposure. High, but not low cyanidin was shown to induce Yap1 translocation from cytosol to nucleus, probably by generating reactive oxygen species such as H2O2. Taken together, these observation suggested that Skn7 and Yap1 have complementary roles in adaptation to cyanidin stress, with Skn7 involved in adaptation to low concentrations and with Yap1 responsible for adaptation to high concentrations of cyanidin. The results imply that caution is needed when utilizing cyanidin-enriched supplements, especially when in combination with prolonged exposure to visible light.

Background/Aims: Cyanidin is an anthocyanin found in many foods. Although its variable antioxidant levels are well-documented, little is known about its effects on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumorigenesis. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of cyanidin on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of renal cell carcinoma lines and demonstrated, for the first time, significant inhibitory effects of cyanidin on RCC tumorigenesis. Methods: RCC cells were treated with different doses of cyanidin and the effects were tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 reagent, clone formation assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry. Moreover, the cyanidin-mediated mechanism that curtailed tumorigenesis was analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to compare the expression of both early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) and selenoprotein W (SEPW1) in RCC and tumor-free adjacent normal tissue samples. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and/or western blot were used to assess the expression of E-cadherin, cleaved-caspase3, Bcl2, p62, and ATG4. Results: We found significantly greater induction of cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and suppression of RCC cell invasion and migration at concentrations of 25 µM and 100 µM than at a concentration of 50 µM. It was also discovered, first through RNA-seq then confirmed by RT-PCR, that cyanidin (100 µM) inhibited RCC carcinogenesis through EGR1 and SEPW1. TCGA data indicated that the expression level of EGR1 was lower and that of SEPW1 was higher in RCC tumor tissue than in normal tissues. Moreover, western blot and/or RT-PCR indicated that cleaved-caspase3 was enhanced and E-cadherin was inhibited by cyanidin treatment. Furthermore, western blot and RT-PCR also showed regulation of p62 and ATG4, which are associated with autophagy. Cyanidin in vivo significantly inhibited the growth of xenografts in nude mice. Conclusions: The results of this study showed the therapeutic potential of cyanidin for the treatment of RCC and the prevention of recurrence and metastasis.

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Prostate cancer is one of the high incidences and the most invasive cancer that is also highly resistant to chemotherapy. Currently, several natural products have been considering using as the supplements for anti-cancer therapy. This study aims to identify the potential active anti-cancer ingredients in the bran extracts of the native Thai rice (Luempua cultivar). Rice bran fraction enriched in anthocyanins was successively isolated and processed until the major purified compound obtained. The sub-fractions and the purified, rice bran, cyanidin 3-glucoside (RBC3G), were studied for biological effects (cell viability, migration, and invasion assays) on human prostatic cancer (PC3) cells using immunohistochemicalstaining and immuno-blotting approaches. The sub-fractions and the purified RBC3G inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics of PC3 cells by blocking the expression of several cytoskeletal associate proteins in a concentration dependent manner, leading to decreasing of the cancer cell motility. RBC3G reduced the expression of Smad/Snail signaling molecules but enhanced the expression of cell surface protein, E-cadherin, leading to a delay tumor transformation. The RBC3G also inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 and nuclear factor-kappa B expression levels and the enzymes activity in PC3 cells, leading to a slow cell migration/invasion process. The results suggested that RBC3G blunt and/ or delay the progressive cancer cell behaviors by inhibit EMT through Smad signaling pathway(s) mediating Snail/E-cadherin expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruits of myrtle at different stages of development, namely green (G), colour break (C) and mature (M), were used to investigate the changes of fruit quality and anthocyanin composition during its development. Five anthocyanin components, such as delphinidin (Dp), cyanidin (Cy), pelargonidin (Pg), peonidin (Pn) and malvidin (Mv), were detected. Among them, the content of Dp glucoside was the highest (2.12 μg · g−1) and the content of Pn glucoside was the lowest (0.17 μg · g−1) at the green stage. The content of Cy glucoside was the highest (120.94 and 1,200.03 μg · g−1), and the content of Mv glucoside was the lowest (19.50 and 62.72 μg · g−1) at the colour break and mature stages. The single fruit weight, vertical diameter and transverse diameter at the mature stage were significantly higher than those at the colour break and the green stages by 0.87 g, 1.27 mm, 1.53 mm and 1.54 g, 3.4 mm, 3.55 mm, respectively. Fruit quality, the contents of soluble sugar and carotenoids, gradually increased with the development of fruit; and the contents were the highest at the mature stage (17.68% and 16.90 μg · L−1). The contents of titratable acidity, total phenol, flavonoids, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll gradually decreased with the development of fruit, the content was the lowest at the mature stage (2.71 mmol · 100 g−1, 9.29 μg · g−1, 0.1%, 0.37 μg · L−1, 0.9 μg · L−1) and the content was the highest at the green stage (5.25 mmol · 100 g−1, 21.07 μg · g−1, 0.17%, 8.86 μg · L−1, 15.47 μg · L−1). The difference between the green period and the colour break period was significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. There are only two approved treatments, both of them unsuitable for the chronic phase, therefore the development of new drugs is a priority. Trypanosoma cruzi arginine kinase (TcAK) is a promising drug target since it is absent in humans and it is involved in cellular stress responses. In a previous study, possible TcAK inhibitors were identified through computer simulations resulting the best compounds capsaicin and cyanidin derivatives. Here, we evaluate the effect of capsaicin on TcAK activity and its trypanocidal effect. Although capsaicin produced a weak enzyme inhibition, it had a strong trypanocidal effect on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes (IC50 = 6.26 µM and 0.26 µM, respectively) being 20-fold more active on trypomastigotes than mammalian cells. Capsaicin was also active on the intracellular cycle reducing by half the burst of trypomastigotes at approximately 2 µM. Considering the difference between the concentrations at which parasite death and TcAK inhibition occur, other possible targets were predicted. Capsaicin is a selective trypanocidal agent active in nanomolar concentrations, with an IC50 57-fold lower than benznidazole, the drug currently used for treating Chagas disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young buds of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem with abundant flavonoids have aroused considerable attention for their health benefits. In this study, the diversity of anthocyanins (two cyanidin glycosides) and flavonols (11 quercetin and kaempferol derivatives) of five dominant cultivars of T. sinensis were analysed using HPLC–DAD and HPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated with DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays. Results showed that these characteristics were significantly cultivar-dependent (P < 0.05). By hierarchical cluster analysis, cultivars 'Red Toon' and 'Chaigouzi' with red buds were classified together for their high levels of total anthocyanins (TAC, respective averages of 155.82 ± 9.72 and 73.12 ± 1.56 mg/100 g), total flavonols (TFC, 1,206.34 ± 61.27 and 1003.01 ± 33.49 mg/100 g), and antioxidant activity (average DPPH values of 539.74 ± 21.34 and 546.97 ± 27.28 mg/100 g; FRAP: 439.44 ± 34.98 and 411.12 ± 17.24 mg/100 g; ORAC: 900.77 ± 187.49 and 521.96 ± 64.36 μM/g); 'Green Toon' with green buds was clustered alone due to its relatively low levels of TAC (2.71 ± 0.05 mg/100 g), TFC (563.45 ± 24.49 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (DPPH: 506.39 ± 4.04 mg/100 g; FRAP: 250.38 ± 18.47 mg/100 g; ORAC: 384.60 ± 15.32 μM/g). All results suggest that buds of T. sinensis are valuable natural antioxidant sources, and intuitively, the red buds are more desirable. In addition, cyanidin 3-O-neohesperidose, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-xyloside and kaempferol 3-O-galactoside were firstly detected in T. sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the selectivity of the separation of 15 anthocyanins from an extract of bilberries (3-galactosides, 3-glucosides and 3-arabinosides of the five main anthocyanins: cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin) with eluents containing acetonitrile and 10 vol % HCOOH in water can be controlled by varying the concentration of acetonitrile and separation temperature. A gradient mode at a separation temperature of 25°C is proposed for the rapid separation of all components without the introduction of methanol into the mobile phase. The developed method is used to determine anthocyanins in a number of commercial fruit products of plants of the Vaccinium family: bilberries, bog bilberries, cranberries, and lingonberries. A chromatographic version for eliminating the absorbance of polymer anthocyanins in the determination of monomeric compounds in complex mixtures is proposed as an alternative to differential spectrophotometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings small molecules with protein disaggregation effects are lately needed. For the first time, we studied the in vitro -antifibrillogenic effects of cyanidin 3-rutinoside (C3R), purified from mulberry fruits, on bovine serum albumin (BSA) under aggregation-promoting conditions, using multispectral, microstructure, and molecular docking approaches. Results showed that C3R dose-dependently inhibited BSA-aggregations under the glycation conditions through separating the size peak, influencing Trp-intensity and hydrophobicity, affecting cross-β-sheet conformations, and microstructural declining the aggregates of glycated-BSA. Throughout the underlying mechanism behind the disaggregation effects, C3R altered the secondary structure, SDS-PAGE-bands, and XRD-peaks of glycated-BSA aggregates, as well as interacted with some of lysyl and arginine (Lys114, Lys431, Arg427, and Arg185) glycation sites of BSA. Overall, these results unleash that monomeric anthocyanins restrict BSA-aggregations under the glycation conditions which can assist in the design of reasonable therapeutics and functional foods. • The defibrillation effects of C3R on glycated-BSA were studied. • C3R dose-dependently disaggregated BSA under the glycation conditions. • C3R altered the secondary structures, particles size, and spectra of glycated-BSA aggregates. • C3R interacted with some of the lysyl and arginine glycation sites of BSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Efficient DES-NPCE method was developed for anthocyanins extraction from blue honeysuckle. • Extraction process parameters were determined by rational experimental design methods. • Yields of anthocyanins and cyanidin-3-glucoside reached 6.601 mg/g and 4.839 mg/g. • Multiple kinetic models were used to analyze the extraction process and thermal stability. • Anthocyanins product exhibited powerful chemical and cellular antioxidant activities. In the present study, an integrated process for preparation of anthocyanins components from blue honeysuckle fruits using deep eutectic solvent-based negative pressure cavitation extraction (DES-NPCE) was explored rationally. Single factor optimization combined with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) were applied to confirm the influential parameters. The maximum extraction yields of total anthocyanins and main constituent cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) reached 6.601 mg/g and 4.839 mg/g, which were 1.197–1.565 folds of other conventional methods. Moreover, the anthocyanins products exhibited higher stability from DES-NPCE extraction than that of conventional extraction solvents, which was conducive to the preservation and utilization of anthocyanins. After enrichment with macroporous resin D101, the contents of total anthocyanins and C3G reached 25.72% and 19.05%, and the recovery yields were 81.35% and 82.24%, respectively. Furthermore, the anthocyanins products exhibited more powerful chemical and cellular antioxidant activities, which were similar or stronger than that of positive control Vc or BHT. These results revealed that the proposed process was definitely an efficient and sustainable strategy for the stabilization preparation of thermo sensitive biologically active natural products. The developed method has also proved to have sufficient potential for application in food, nutrition and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, morphological traits, organic acids, sugars, total phenols, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, total anthocyanidins, antioxidant activity and color parameters such as lightness(L*), Chroma (c*) and hue angle (h°) were investigated in 11 local and introduced fig cultivars cultivated in Moroccan climate. Since only limited information on that topic is available in the literature, this study was performed in order to compare local clones with some of introduced varieties based on their morphological and biochemical attributes. Results showed highly significant differences among genotypes. The cultivar 'Kadota' had the most promising morphological traits. Reducing sugars levels were slightly similar among all cultivars. Thus, glucose varied from 5.55 ± 0.27 to 29.94 ± 0.81 g.kg−1 dw, while fructose amounts were in the range of 6.23 ± 0.28–28.15 ± 0.78 g.kg−1 dw. 'Palmera' exhibited the highest level of Malic acid (4.99 ± 0.2 g.kg−1). The latter was predominant in all cultivars. Total phenols, flavonoids and total anthocyanins were, generally, abundant in dark-colored cultivars, while total proanthocyanidins were dominant in light-colored ones. The local cultivars 'Fassi' and 'Noukali' contained the highest amounts of total phenols and total anthocyanins, respectively (524.74 ± 35.9mg GAE 100 g−1 dw and 23.77 ± 6.41 cyanidin-3-rutinoside/100 gdw). Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS) was, generally, higher in light-colored figs, while, ferric reducing ability (FRAP) was generally higher in dark skin-colored cultivars. The study confirmed the effectiveness of combining morphological and biochemical analyses in fig assessment and its use pre-breeding programs of the species in Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four anthocyanins derivative in the fruit of Myrica esculenta were identified. The separation and identification of anthocyanins extracted from Myrica esculenta (Himalayan Bayberry) based on advanced analytical instrumentation technique High Resolution Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HRLC-ESI-MS). Anthocyanins were identified by correlating their retention time, mass, molecular formula, and mass per charge ratio (m/z) with published data. We extract and identify four major anthocyanins derivative of Malvidin, Cyanidin, and Delphinidin from Myrica esculenta fruit (MEF) and Relative concentrations of identified anthocyanin Malvidin 3-(6"-acetylglucoside), Cyanidin3-O-(6"-acetylglucoside), Delphinidin -3-O-arabinoside, Cyanidin-3.5-di-O-beta-D-glucoside were found to be 0.205 ± 0.4 mg/100 g FW, 0.342 ± 0.4 mg/100 g FW, 0.421 ± 0.4 mg/100 g FW and 0.610 ± 0.4 mg/100 g FW, respectively. The total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC) was found to be 1.58 ± 0.4 mg/100 g FW (fruit weight). These anthocyanin derivatives were identified first time in this Myrica esculenta fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Chlorothalonil is a conventional chloroaromatic fungicide and is toxic to many aquatic species. This study was designed to investigate the effects of six flavonoids on the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight and artificial light. RESULTS: Flavonoids sensitized the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight and artificial light by 6.7–18.3 and 2.4–7.5 times, respectively, in comparison with a flavonoid‐free control. Photosensitization effect of each of the six flavonoids was greater under sunlight irradiation than under high‐pressure mercury lamp irradiation. Cyanidin showed greater photosensitization effects than luteolin, galangin, quercetin, morin and kaempferol. Chlorothalonil underwent photo‐reductive dechlorination and no hydrolysis product was formed in the presence of flavonoids. Hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals were detected in the absence and presence of cyanidin, respectively, under light irradiation. CONCLUSION: The photosensitization effect of flavonoids on chlorothalonil photolysis is apparently related to flavonoid structure and might be due to their hydrogen donation capacity. These results highlight benefit of using flavonoids to manage aquatic pollution and reduce aquatic toxicity, and have great relevance in predicting the degradation kinetics and biological impacts of chlorothalonil in surface water. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to reduce the negative effects of oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through supplementation of the major antioxidants present in elderberries: kuromanin and cyanidin. Oocytes (n = 1150) were supplemented with 100 or 200 μM of kuromanin or cyanidin during maturation, and then evaluated for ROS levels or fertilized and evaluated for penetration, polyspermic penetration, male pronucleus formation, and embryonic development. The ROS levels and incidence of polyspermic penetration were lower (P < 0.05) in oocytes supplemented with 100 μM cyanidin when compared with other treatments. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin increased (P < 0.05) MPN and blastocyst formation compared with other treatments. However, supplementation of 100 μM kuromanin did not have significant effects on the criteria evaluated, and supplementation of 200 μM kuromanin had significant (P < 0.05) detrimental effects for each criterion. Additional oocytes (n = 1438) were supplemented with 100 μM cyanidin during maturation and evaluated for glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin increased (P < 0.05) catalase activity and intracellular GSH levels compared with no supplementation of cyanidin. These results indicate that supplementing cyanidin during maturation reduces oxidative stress by reducing ROS levels and increasing GSH concentrations within the oocyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Color formation in Hylocereus spp. (pitayas) has been ascribed to the accumulation of betalains. However, several studies have reported the presence of anthocyanins in pitaya fruit and their potential role in color formation has not yet been explored. In this study, we profiled metabolome and transcriptome in fruit of three cultivars with contrasting flesh colors (red, pink and white) to investigate their nutritional quality and the mechanism of color formation involving anthocyanins. Results: Results revealed that pitaya fruit is enriched in amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate, polyphenols, vitamin and other bioactive components with significant variation among the three cultivars. Anthocyanins were detected in the fruit flesh and accumulation levels of Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3-rutinoside, Delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl)-beta-glucoside-3-O-beta-glucoside and Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside) positively correlated with the reddish coloration. Transcriptome data showed that the white cultivar tends to repress the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and divert substrates to other competing pathways. This perfectly contrasted with observations in the red cultivar. The pink cultivar however seems to keep a balance between the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and the competing pathways. We identified several active transcription factors of the MYB and bHLH families which can be further investigated as potential regulators of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Conclusions: Collectively, our results suggest that anthocyanins partly contribute to color formation in pitaya fruit. Future studies aiming at manipulating the biosynthetic pathways of anthocyanins and betalains will better clarify the exact contribution of each pathway in color formation in pitayas. This will facilitate efforts to improve pitaya fruit quality and appeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: High anthocyanin content and the presence of other bioactive compounds are attractive characteristics of strawberry fruits for healthy consumption. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the anthocyanin content and the presence of other bioactive compounds, including anthocyanin (total and predominant types) andantioxidant activity; and to determine the physico-chemical fruit quality parameters of two new strawberry cultivars. METHOD: Fruits of two new hybrids were extracted and total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity were determined usinga UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Individual anthocyanins and vitamin C were measured using an HPLC. Physico-chemical characteristics of fruits were analyzed. RESULTS: Hybrid No. 4 line 5 and hybrid No. 4 line 26 are two potential new strawberry cultivars that are rich in anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin contents of these two hybrids were approximately 31–38 mg/100 g FW with no significant differences between them. Cyanidin 3-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were foundat amounts of approximately 15–24 mg/kgFW and 332–478 mg/kg FW, respectively. Total phenolic compounds and FRAP activity of the two hybrids were approximately 2295–2579 mg GAE/kgFWand 27–30 mmol Fe2 +/kg FW, respectively. CONCLUSION: The two new hybrid strawberry lines, hybrid No. 4 line 5 and No. 4 line 26, when compared to the parents, had higher levels of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins, total phenolics, and FRAP, together with improved physico-chemical quality, and higher vitamin C content. These results indicate a considerable potential of these hybrids for commercial cultivation in Thailand and other production regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC) was utilized as an effective procedure for isolation of targeted three anthocyanins di‐glucosides from Syzygium cumini (SC) pulp by using an optimized biphasic successful combination of different solvents. The resulted fractions described by HPLC/ESI‐MS to be delphinidin 3,5‐diglucoside (DDG), petunidin 3,5‐diglucoside (PDG), and malvidin 3,5‐diglucoside (MDG). A weight of 150 mg of sample yielded 7.53, 22.68, and 39.09 mg for DDG, PDG, and MDG, respectively. It was stated that the target three anthocyanins possessed strong antioxidant activities. Furthermore, MDG exhibited definite advantages for inhibition of nitric oxide release and pro‐inflammatory mediators like mouse interleukin 6 (IL‐6), mouse interleukin (IL‐1β) and mouse tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The results propose that HSCCC can be utilized to separate highly antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory natural components from SC pulp. Practical applications: Anthocyanins are water‐soluble pigments and considered one of the groups of bioactive compounds, which generally concentrate in the skin, and often also the flesh of some fruits and vegetables as glycosides like acylglycosides and aglycones of anthocyanidins. The fully ripe fruits of SC contain anthocyanins, like as delphinidin, cyanidin, and petunidin, which supply them a distinctive color and good antioxidant characteristics. HSCCC considers a system of liquid‐liquid extraction with separating large quantities of materials, using a minimum of solvent. The findings of the study would pave a separation strategy for potential large‐scale preparation of anthocyanins di‐glucosides standards for compounds detection and reduce the inflammation symptoms through declining the induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6, which will also enhance the future notification on the structure‐activity correlations of anthocyanins di‐glucosides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the influence of different fluidized‐bed drying temperatures (20, 60, and 100 °C) on the cooking properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and phenolic bioaccessibility of black rice. The results indicated that the formation of fissures in the grains dried at or above 60 °C reduced the physical integrity of the grains after cooking, increasing the starch digestion and the rehydration ratio, and reduced the cooking time, the hardness and adhesiveness. Due to the higher digestibility of grains dried at higher temperatures, an increase in the bioaccessibility of ferulic acid, which was previously associated with the polysaccharides, was observed. Caffeic acid was the only phenolic compound whose levels decreased when the drying temperature increased. At high temperatures and in the gastric phase, cyanidin chalcones were formed due to the deglycosylation of cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside. Practical Application: The results of this study provide information to the food industry about the effects of different fluidized‐bed drying temperatures on the rice structure after cooking and that, consequently, affect the availability of bioactive compounds after digestion and the glycemic index of black rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) is a dark berry, endemic to the south and central regions of South America, rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols. This study evaluated the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from jabuticaba peel, developed a new mathematical model for the process, and estimated the model parameters. Extraction was carried out using water as solvent aiming its direct use in food formulations. The main anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) and the main polyphenol (ellagic acid) from jabuticaba peel were extracted and quantified by LC–MS and HPLC. The results indicate that lowering the pH increased the extraction of the anthocyanin and had only slight effect on the extraction of ellagic acid. The application of ultrasound at 25 kHz favored the extraction of both compounds. Processing time of 20 min increased the yield of both compounds, while over processing (> 20 min) let to the sonochemical-induced hydrolysis of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and ellagic acid. The highest yield of bioactive compounds was attained at 25 kHz, 20 min of extraction and pH 1.5 (8.9 mg/g dry peel of gallic acid equivalent, 0.9 mg/g dry peel of ellagic acid, and 7.9 mg/g dry peel of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside). The new mathematical model considered the mass transfer between the powder and the liquid media, and the sonochemical-induced hydrolysis of the compound. The model was able to predict satisfactorily the extraction process and the hydrolysis effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanbicus (TB), a hybrid of Hibiscus moscheutos × H. coccineus (Medic.) Walt., has potential to be used as an edible flower. In this study, proximate nutritional content, anthocyanin content, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Three cultivars of TB, namely Artemis (AR), Rhea (R), and Adonis (AD), were used as materials. Protein and carbohydrates were the primary macronutrients, while crude fat and ash were detected in trace amounts. Cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy3-G) and cyanidin 3-sambubioside (Cy3-Sam), were identified in all TBs. The highest anthocyanin content was observed in AD (47.09 ± 1.45 mg/g extract), followed by R and AR (6.04 ± 0.20 and 2.72 ± 0.11 mg/g extract, respectively). The TPC of AD (225.01 ± 1.97 mg/g extract) was greater than that of AR and R (185.41 ± 3.24 and 144.10 ± 1.71 mg/g extract, respectively). AD exhibited the strongest in vitro antioxidant activity in hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity, compared to the other two TBs. In addition, AD extract suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species in caudal fin of wounded zebrafish. Antioxidant activities of AD appeared to be related to its total anthocyanin content, Cy3-G, Cy3-Sam, and TPC. Our findings indicate that TB, particularly the AD cultivar, would be an attractive source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities, and can improve both nutritional value and appearance of food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside anthocyanin was extracted from red rose flower petals and used as reducing and capping agent for the green synthesis of anisotropic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images indicated that the Au NPs have large number of small spheres of gold. Surface plasmon resonance band position strongly depended on the [HAuCl4] and [anthocyanin]. Cationic surfactant distinctly changed the shape, size, number of NPs, and size distribution of Au nanodisks at room temperature. Conventional techniques were used to the estimate the antiradical and antimicrobial activities of the cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside anthocyanin and gold NPs. The 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl nitrogen radical (DPPH·), two bacteria strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), and two yeast strains (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019) were used to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of CTAB-capped gold NPs. Eosin yellow photocatalytic degradation followed apparent first-order kinetics with activation energies of 54.4 kJ/mol and 39.5 kJ/mol, respectively, for oxidative and sunlight catalyzed paths. The photocatalytic rates drastically inhibited with scavengers, demonstrating that the reactive radical oxygen species (HO· and O2−·), holes (h+) and electrons (e−) played major role in the degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]