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In this research, the use of a new type of phase change materials (PCM) and hierarchical nanoparticles is discussed to improve the electrical and thermal efficiency of PV panels. TiO 2 /CuO hierarchical nanoparticles are synthesized by hydrothermal method, and PCMs containing nanoparticles (2.5–10%wt) are prepared, and then experiments are performed in indoor conditions under solar simulator light. The PV panel with a maximum nominal power of 30W is used. The new PCM is made from a mixture of lauryl alcohol and beeswax (LABW). A spiral heat exchanger is placed in the PCM container, in which the flow rate of cool water is variable (m ˙ = 0.002–0.01 kg s−1). Firstly, the temperature and voltage-current changes of the PV panel with time are investigated without using PCMs as a reference case, and in steady-state conditions, the temperature and output power values are 67.34 °C and 22.33W. The use of LABW compared to pure beeswax leads to a significant decrease in the PV panel temperature and as a result, an increase in its electrical and thermal efficiency. Also, adding nanoparticles to PCMs from 2.5 % to 7.5 %wt due to the improvement of their thermal conductivity and increasing the heat storage rate of the PV panel leads to an increase in its electrical and thermal efficiency. There is no significant change to decrease the temperature and increase the production capacity of PV panels by increasing the percentage of nanoparticles from 7.5 % to 10%wt. The maximum production power, electrical and thermal efficiency of the PV panel at a flow rate of 0.01 kg s−1, 10%wt of nanoparticles, and a radiation intensity of 1000 W m−2 are 28.92 W, 12.55 %, and 76.67 %, respectively. • Introducing a new type of phase change materials and TiO 2 /CuO nanoparticles. • The new PCM is made of beeswax and dodecanol, namely LABW. • Using LABW leads to a significant PV temperature reduction. • Upgrading the electrical and thermal efficiency of PV panel by LABW. • Maximum electrical and thermal efficiency of the PV panel are 12.55 %, and 76.67 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Binary copper oxide photocathode's PEC performance and stability were compared. • CuO outperformed Cu 2 O in terms of both PEC performance and stability. • DFT studies reveal that HER is more feasible in CuO than Cu 2 O. • AlO x and RuO 2 enhance interfacial charge transfer and water reduction kinetics. • CuO/AlO x /RuO 2 shows a decreased energy barrier for hydrogen adsorption and desorption. Using photocathodes such as Cu 2 O and CuO is an effective strategy for direct hydrogen production in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The theoretical photocurrent densities of Cu 2 O and CuO are ∼14.7 and ∼35 mA cm−2, respectively, suggesting the superiority of CuO over Cu 2 O. However, the foremost drawback is the poor stability in aqueous solution under illumination. From this perspective, the PEC performance of CuO and Cu 2 O is compared via experimental and theoretical approaches. In this case, CuO outperformed Cu 2 O in terms of both PEC performance and stability, and the density functional theory (DFT) studies also evidently showed the same. Further, the AlO x and RuO 2 were also loaded over CuO, and the CuO/AlO x /RuO 2 delivered a photocurrent density of ∼2 mA cm−2 (@ +0.3 V RHE). The free energy plot shows the lower energy barrier of CuO/AlO x /RuO 2 than CuO/AlO x and CuO, and it is present near and left side of the standard volcano plot, which further gives evidence for higher hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is increasing worldwide due to population and industrialization. Among the various forms of pollution, water pollution poses a significant challenge in contemporary times. In this study, we synthesized CuO-decorated montmorillonite K30 (MK30) nanosheets via a simple ultrasonication technique. The structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were evaluated using advanced instrumentation techniques. The morphology of CuO was cubic and cubic CuO evenly designed on the MK30, which was proved by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The adsorption photocatalytic activity of the synthesized cubic CuO/MK30 composites was examined through the degradation of MB under visible light irradiation. The apparent reaction rate constant of 20% CuO/MK30 was 12.5 folds higher than that of CuO. These conditions included a catalyst dosage ranging from 5 to 15 mg, a pH level ranging from to 3–11, and a pollutant concentration ranging from 5 to 20 mg/L. The optimal conditions for MB dye removal were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A scavenger study of the composite was conducted and verified that •O 2 − and •OH radicals play an important role in the degradation process. This investigation addressed the process of adsorption and potential removal pathways, with a particular emphasis on the role of functional groups. The environmentally friendly CuO/MK30 nanocomposites exhibited potential as photocatalysts for efficiently absorbing and degrading MB dye and TC drug pollutants. They represent promising candidates for the treatment of industrial wastewater, aiming to mitigate the environmental threats posed by organic pollutants. • Successful synthesis of cube-shaped CuO-decorated MK30 nanocomposite using ultrasonication. • Examination of photocatalytic removal activity for MB dye and TC drug. • Determination of optimal conditions for MB dye removal using response surface methodology. • The paper discussed the process of adsorption and potential pathways of photodegradation, focusing on the involvement of functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pendimethalin (PM) is an organic pollutant (herbicide), and systematic studies on PM degradation are scarce. The efficient degradation of PM in water remains a challenge that requires to be addressed. Herein, for the first time, elemental Co was doped into HKUST-1 using a solvothermal method to generate Co 3 O 4 /CuO@C via pyrolysis. The as-prepared catalyst was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for PM degradation, obtaining a PM degradation efficiency of 98.2 % after 30 min. The assessment of the effects of various factors on the degradation efficiency revealed that 1O 2 dominated PM degradation, whereas the contribution of SO 4 •− was negligible. Although 3Co 3 O 4 /CuO@C exhibited a good degradation performance against other organic pollutants, its degradation performance in real water was poor. The carbon layer reduced metal-ion leaching (Co and Cu), and the synergistic interactions between Co 3 O 4 and CuO promoted PMS activation. The roles of the components of 3Co 3 O 4 /CuO@C in PM degradation by activated PMS were investigated in the presence of CoIV and Co−OOSO 3 −. Two possible PM degradation pathways were systematically proposed, and the toxicity of the intermediates was analyzed. Finally, a mechanism for PM degradation by 3Co 3 O 4 /CuO@C-activated PMS was proposed. [Display omitted] • Synergistic effect between CuO and Co 3 O 4 for the activation of PMS. • Presence of CoIV and Co−OOSO 3 − in PM degradation systems. • Two possible degradation routes for PM were systematically proposed. • 1O 2 contributed the most to the degradation of PM. • The degradation rate of PM at 30 min was 98.2 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) electrocatalysts with high selectivity, high activity, low cost and high enrichment is an important research direction. We report a bimetallic oxide (CuO-Sb 2 O 3) nanocomposite catalyst with interfacial structure formed by modifying CuO with Sb 2 O 3 to enhance CO 2 reduction. The CO faraday efficiency (FE) of CuO-Sb 2 O 3 reaches 96.2 % in a CO 2 -saturated KHCO 3 electrolyte at −1.05 V vs. RHE, which is better than that of pure CuO (28.2 %) and pure Sb 2 O 3 (0 %, hydrogen only). In addition, CuO-Sb 2 O 3 with an interfacial structure presents good stability. The increased activity of eCO 2 RR in producing CO is due to the unique surface and interfacial structure to capture CO 2 , and interfacial distortions and oxygen vacancies in its internal CuO and Sb 2 O 3 , which can provide more active centers and larger electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) to provide electron transfer and promote the formation of CO products. Besides, the interfacial effect for strong adsorption of *COOH and desorption of *CO improves the selectivity of CO. • A bimetallic oxide (CuO-Sb 2 O 3) with interfacial structure are formed to enhance CO 2 production. • The CO faraday efficiency (FE) of CuO-Sb 2 O 3 reaches 96.2 % at −1.05 V vs. RHE. • CuO-Sb 2 O 3 with interfacial structure presents good stability. • The interfacial effect for strong adsorption of *COOH and desorption of *CO improves the selectivity of CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO 2) dopedCopper Oxide (CuO) thick films were fabricated on a glass substrate using the screen printing method, employing sintering temperatures of 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C. The structural characteristics of the doped films were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the optical properties were assessed via UV–Vis spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. SEM investigations revealed an increase in nanoparticle grain size and agglomeration as the sintering temperature was raised. XRD results exhibited the polycrystalline nature of the films and an augmented intensity of the monoclinic phase of ZrO 2 , with a noticeable preferred orientation along the (111) plane, which increased with higher sintering temperatures. FTIR analysis demonstrated slight peak shifts and increased sharpness as the sintering temperature was elevated. UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated a redshift in the reflectance edge, with the band gap transitioning from 3.81 eV (at 500 °C) to 3.65 eV (at 600 °C). These findings were corroborated by PL spectroscopy, which exhibited a redshift in the band emission as the sintering temperature increased. Electrical conductivity displayed semiconducting behavior of the sample. These investigations collectively indicate that elevating the sintering temperature leads to enhanced crystallinity in the films and a reduction in lattice deformations within the composite materials which is crucial for applications in large-area and flexible electronics. • The study presents an array of characterizations for ZrO 2 (0. 8)/ CuO (0. 2) screen printed thick films sintered at 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C. • SEM investigations revealed an increase in nanoparticle grain size and agglomeration of particles. • XRD results exhibited the polycrystalline nature of the films and an augmented intensity of the monoclinic phase of ZrO 2. • The findings collectively indicate enhanced crystallinity in the films and decrease in lattice deformations with elevating sintering temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures were directly grown on copper substrate via a simple one step solution-immersion process. The films were formed by the direct oxidation of copper in aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium persulfate (NH 4) 2 S 2 O 8. The influence of the reaction temperature on the structural, morphological, optical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the formed copper compounds nanostructures was investigated. The XRD and Raman spectroscopy results revealed the formation of Cu(OH) 2 /CuO composite for the samples prepared at 3 and 25 °C, and pure CuO was obtained for the samples prepared at 45 and 55 °C. The SEM micrographs showed that the formed Cu(OH) 2 and CuO present a nanowire bundles and nanosheet morphology, respectively. The increase of the reaction temperature enhanced the absorbance of the CuO samples in the entire visible region. According to the photoelectrochemical measurements, the increase of the reaction temperature resulted in an improvement of the PEC response. The CuO nanosheets synthesized at 55 °C presents the highest and the most stable PEC response. A reasonable mechanism describing the formation of nanostructured copper compounds at different reaction temperatures is discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Different synthesis methodologies of CuO nanoparticles have been discussed. • CuO morphologies have been discussed on different synthesis methods. • Fundamental properties of CuO have been discussed. • Different applications on Catalysis, photocatalysis, solar cell, sensors etc. have been discussed. • At the end conclusion and future prospects are discussed. Cupric oxide (CuO) has emerged as a versatile and compelling material in different fields of science and technology due to its unique synthesis methods, remarkable properties, and wide range of applications. This review explores the comprehensive synthesis techniques for CuO, encompassing both traditional and innovative approaches. It delves into CuO's intriguing physical and chemical properties, including its structural characteristics, electronic properties, and surface reactivity. Moreover, the review provides an insightful overview of the diverse applications of CuO in fields such as electronics, catalysis, energy storage, water splitting, electrochromism, and biomedical applications. This review starts with the different synthesis methods and fundamental properties and ends with different applications. The remarkable versatility of CuO as a functional material makes it an indispensable topic of study, offering promising avenues for further research and development. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge and inspire future advancements in exploring cupric oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functionalization of noble metals is an effective approach to lowering the sensing temperature and improving the sensitivity of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based gas sensors. However, there is a dearth of comparative analyses regarding the differences in sensitization mechanisms between the two functionalization modes of noble metal loading and doping. In this investigation, we synthesized Pt-doped CuO gas-sensing materials using a one-pot hydrothermal method. And for Pt-loaded CuO, Pt was deposited on the synthesized pristine CuO surface by using a dipping method. We found that both functionalization methods can considerably enhance the response and selectivity of CuO toward NO2 at low temperatures. However, we observed that CuO with Pt loading had superior sensing performance at 25 °C, while CuO with Pt doping showed more substantial response changes with an increase in the operating temperature. This is mainly due to the different dominant roles of electron sensitization and chemical sensitization resulting from the different forms of Pt present in different functionalization modes. For Pt doping, electron sensitization is stronger, and for Pt loading, chemical sensitization is stronger. The results of this study present innovative ideas for understanding the optimization of noble metal functionalization for the gas-sensing performance of metal oxide semiconductors.

Thin films consisting of quadrilateral nanoplates of CuO on the surface of a Cu plate were successfully synthesized in a two-dimensional microspace by the hydrothermal oxidation of a Cu plate using aqueous (NH4)2S2O8 solution as the oxidizer. Selective crystal growth was clearly observed in the two-dimensional microspace formed between the Al2O3 and the Cu plates, and a highly crystalline CuO quadrilateral nanoplate thin film was formed on the surface of the Cu plate that faced the Al2O3 plate. Similar experiments were performed by replacing the Al2O3 plate with Cu, Ti, or SUS316L plates as the substrate, to investigate the effect of the substrate facing the Cu plate. Using different substrates resulted in significant differences in the morphology of the CuO thin film on the Cu plate facing the substrate. The present study demonstrates that the use of a two-dimensional microspace can be extremely effective in controlling the nanostructure of thin films.

In the present work, a simple two-step method is proposed for mixed oxide synthesis aimed at the achievement of antibacterial nanomaterials. In particular, Cu, Zn and Co have been selected to achieve single-, double- and triple-cation oxides. The synthesized samples are characterized by XRD, IR, SEM and EDX, indicating the formation of either crystalline or amorphous hydrocarbonate precursors. The oxides present one or two crystalline phases, depending on their composition; the triple-cation oxides form a solid solution of tenorite. Also, the morphology of the samples varies with the composition, yielding nanoparticles, filaments and hydrangea-like microaggregates. The antibacterial assays are conducted against E. coli and indicate an enhanced efficacy, especially displayed by the oxide containing 3% Co and 9% Zn incorporated into the CuO lattice. The oxides with the highest antibacterial properties are tested for their cytotoxicity, indicating a low toxicity impact, in line with literature data.

Copper oxide nanowires (NWs) are promising elements for the realization of a wide range of devices for low-power electronics, gas sensors, and energy storage applications, due to their high aspect ratio, low environmental impact, and cost-effective manufacturing. Here, we report on the electrical and thermal properties of copper oxide NWs synthetized through thermal growth directly on copper foil. Structural characterization revealed that the growth process resulted in the formation of vertically aligned NWs on the Cu growth substrate, while the investigation of chemical composition revealed that the NWs were composed of CuO rather than Cu2O. The electrical characterization of single-NW-based devices, in which single NWs were contacted by Cu electrodes, revealed that the NWs were characterized by a conductivity of 7.6 × 10−2 S∙cm−1. The effect of the metal–insulator interface at the NW–electrode contact was analyzed by comparing characterizations in two-terminal and four-terminal configurations. The effective thermal conductivity of single CuO NWs placed on a substrate was measured using Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM), providing a value of 2.6 W∙m−1∙K−1, and using a simple Finite Difference model, an estimate for the thermal conductivity of the nanowire itself was obtained as 3.1 W∙m−1∙K−1. By shedding new light on the electrical and thermal properties of single CuO NWs, these results can be exploited for the rational design of a wide range of optoelectronic devices based on NWs.

In the present work, an attempt has been made to unveil the effect of micro- and nano-particles of copper oxide (µCuO and nCuO) on the thermal decomposition of composite solid propellants (CSPs) based on ammonium perchlorate, hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene and binary fuel mixture of aluminum and lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (AP/HTPB/Al+LiAlH4). The prepared CSPs were analyzed by different analytical techniques. The second part of the study was devoted to the kinetic modeling of the thermal decomposition process of the fabricated CSPs samples. In the light of the obtained results, it was concluded that the use of µCuO and nCuO accelerated the decomposition of CSPs. Moreover, the incorporation of nCuO to the LiAlH4-based propellant increased substantially the heat release and decreased the average activation energy compared to the baseline samples. Moreover, the decomposition reaction mechanisms of the investigated propellant samples have clearly changed through the incorporation of nano- and micro-CuO.

The present work reports the fabrication of three different ohmic contacts (platinum (Pt)/CuO, gold (Au)/CuO, and silver (Ag)/CuO). Structural properties of the films measured by X-ray diffraction and Raman techniques confirmed that the Cu2O films prepared by DC sputtering using air as a reactive gas, transformed into pure CuO films after thermal annealing. The band gap of the CuO films of 1.33 eV was estimated by reflectance measurements. Hall measurements confirmed the p-type conductivity of the CuO films with an acceptor concentration of 2.04x1016 cm−3.The linear behavior in both directions of polarization observed in the current–voltage measurements confirmed the formation of ohmic contacts between the characterized three metals and CuO. Based on the slope of the current–voltage curve, the best ohmic contact was that fabricated between Au and CuO. The mechanism governing the transport through the interface between the metal/CuO ohmic contact was thermionic emission.

ABSTRACTThe photocatalytic degradation of the organic pollutants using the green synthesized catalysts is an environmentally safe approach for the wastewater treatment. In this study, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites (NCs) with various CuO weight percents were synthesized using extract of Musa acuminata fruit peel as the stablizing and capping agent. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, HR-TEM, UV-DRS and FTIR techniques. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye using the synthesized catalysts was investigated under a visible light source. XRD analysed average crystalline sizes were 24.9, 17.0 and 22.6 nm for ZnO, CuO, and ZnO/CuO nanomaterials, respectively. The SEM and TEM analysis confirms that ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO/CuO NCs possessed the spherically shaped monoclinic structure. The bandgap energies [Formula: see text] of ZnO NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO/CuO NCs were found to be 3.25, 1.7 and 3.18 eV respectively. The FT-IR analysis confirms presence of various reducing and capping agents. The photocatalytic activities of ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO/CuO NCs were evaluated using the degradation of MB dye under the visible light irradiation. The photocatalysts CuO, ZnO, and ZnO/CuO exhibited the degradation efficiencies of 50%, 57%, and 90%, respectively.

In the present work, synthesis of CuO, ZnO and CuO/ZnO Nonocomposites and their properties have been investigated. CuO, ZnO and CuO/ZnO NC were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The nanocomposite materials were structural, morphological and optical properties characterized by Xray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The results of the XRD analysis exhibited that the pure CuO, ZnO and CuO/ZnO NC has a nanometer size with an average of 15.19 nm. The UV-vis analysis showed that the CuO, ZnO and CuO/ZnO NC has a band-gap of 3.31 and 2.35 eV. FTIR investigation revealed that the vibration of ZnO was observed at 561 cm-1 whereas CuO was at 602 cm-1 and composites 612 cm-1. The FESEM-EDX analysis revealed that the ZnO has a hexagonal structure whereas the CuO has a monoclinic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two kinds of CuO nanomaterials with different morphologies were grown directly on surface of nickel foam using electrochemical deposition technology, and their electrochemical properties were studied. The morphology of CuO at different deposition voltages (spherical and wheat spike) were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the deposition voltage is the main factor affecting the morphology of CuO. In addition, X-ray diffraction results showed that the prepared samples are CuO materials. The electrochemical properties of CuO nanostructures were studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These test results showed that the specific capacitance of CuO nanomaterials was largely related to the morphology of the material. Compared with CuO nanospheres thin films, wheat spike CuO thin films had a more prominent specific capacitance. The wheat spike CuO array film has a specific capacitance of 120 mF/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 in 1 mol/L sodium sulfate electrolyte. Spherical and wheat spike CuO electrodes were successfully prepared by simple electrochemical deposition method. According to the results of their performance research, the wheat spike CuO electrode has better electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CuO-nanoleaf/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized through wet chemical impregnation and had promising catalytic activity in reducing p-Nitrophenol (PNP) into p-Aminophenol (PAP). The synthesis was conducted in situ with Ethylene Glycol as a stabilizer agent of the CuO-nanoleaf structure and γ-Al2O3 as catalyst support with high adsorption ability. Furthermore, the crystal phase, morphology, element composition, and specific surface area were investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and N2 adsorption-desorption, respectively. The XRD pattern showed the crystal phase of CuO and γ-Al2O3 in the composite, and the morphology was successfully reported using FESEM. The increase in the specific surface area of the catalyst indicates that the CuO material was well composited in γ-Al2O3. The catalyst has good activity in reducing PNP to PAP with 93.53% PNP conversion within 4 min. In addition, the reduction reaction of PNP with excess NaBH4 could be categorized as pseudo-first order kinetic with a constant rate of 0.4852 min-1 for CuO-nanoleaf/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The loading catalyst and temperature reaction effect on PNP conversion were also investigated. The results showed that 94.18% PNP conversion was obtained within only 2.5 min under the optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A label-free biosensor based on cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles was constructed for the selective detection of Gram-negative bacteria. CuO possesses oxidase-like activity and can catalyze the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to produce oxidized OPD, which has a fluorescence emission at 573 nm under excitation at 423 nm. The mechanism study suggests that the oxygen vacancies of CuO can activate the dissolved oxygen to form superoxide anions, which in turn oxidize OPD. Gram-negative bacteria can reduce part of Cu(II) in CuO to Cu(I) based on their copper homeostasis system, thus inhibiting the oxidation of OPD and decreasing the fluorescence intensity of the catalytic system. This principle was utilized to construct a biosensor to realize the selective detection of Gram-negative bacteria successfully. The biosensor exhibited a good linear correlation toward the logarithm concentration of three Gram-negative bacteria with R2 ≥ 0.985. It was applied to detect three Gram-negative bacteria in eggshell, Chinese cabbage, and the Pearl River water samples, with recoveries ranging from 92.4 to 107%. Moreover, a smartphone-based portable device was designed and fabricated to realize the on-site detection of bacteria. The results of the portable device were comparable to those of fluorescence spectrophotometry, suggesting that the portable device has tremendous potential in the on-site detection of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of surfaces has long been identified as a significant factor in viral transmission. Therefore, sustained efforts are required to address this issue. This work aims to build a scientific database on nano-sized metal oxides as intelligent materials for surface disinfection against corona viruses, synthesize and characterize nano-sized MgO, and discuss the possibility of using it in virus eradication. The MgO nanoparticle was prepared through the heating method. Meanwhile, XRD diffractometer, Scan electron microscope, and nitrogen adsorption were used to characterize the MgO nanoparticle. The synthesized MgO nanoparticle showed an average crystallite size of 18.55nm, lattice strain 0.0053, surface area 27.56 m2/g and d-spacing 2.1092. The outcomes of this review highlight the advantage and challenges of AgO, CuO, ZnO, TiO2 and MgO nanoparticles and their utilization for surface disinfection against coronaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO NP) is used widely in many fields in nanotechnology. For this reason, both production, use, and release to the environment are increasing with each passing day. With the increased use of products that contain nanoparticles (NP) (<100 nm), plants and organisms that constitute the food chain are at risk. In the present study, Phaseolus vulgaris L., a very common food plant, was exposed to metal‐based CuO NPs. The anomalies that were caused by CuO NP in germination and mitosis of P. vulgaris were investigated. In the trials, a total of 4 groups (Control, 50, 150, and 300 ppm) were formed and examined in three replications. The determination of the accumulation and elimination rate because of NPs in P. vulgaris that was used in the study was made through X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), mapping image, and EDX characteristic spectrum analysis. Also, the mitotic effects on germination, root development, and root tip cells of seeds that were grown by treatment with control, 50, 150, and 300 ppm concentrations were investigated. The study was conducted in three replications in a laboratory setting. All concentrations of CuO NPs caused significant decreases in the mitotic index in the root tip cells of P. vulgaris when compared to the control. The mitotic index reached the lowest level, especially at the highest concentration. Multiple analyzes in the study showed that CuO NPs cause abnormalities in cell division such as C‐metaphase, distorted metaphase, distorted anaphase and telophase, chromosome breakage, asynchronous division, advanced chromosomes, micronucleus, and loss of genetic material. These findings also support that the Cytogenetic Test of P. vulgaris can be used to evaluate the genotoxicity of new nanomaterials that are used in many consumer products. In this respect, NPs that are taken up by the organisms in the food chain may pose a danger to higher consumer organisms when they accumulate in the tissue. A control mechanism must be established for the use and contamination of these particles and wider studies must be conducted regarding their effects. Highlights: The effects of CuO nanoparticle, which has a very wide usage area, on root development and mitosis of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plant were investigated in the study.The abnormalities of mitotic division on interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase were visualized.Evaluation was made considering scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serious studies in the field of nanotechnology, especially the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles with specific morphology and size, have led to the production of new antibacterial agents. Therefore, nanoparticles have been considered in various fields, including biomedicine, due to their special properties. In the present work, exposure of nanoporous ZIF-8 to the Cu(NO3)2·3H2O solution resulted in the formation of the inclusion compound [Cu(NO3)2·3H2O]0.142@ZIF-8 and in the next stage, the product was calcined at 310 °C to produce [CuO]0.102@ZIF-8. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, TGA, BET, ICP and were used to evaluate their antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) of furfural, which uses the proton from water and avoids the usage of gaseous hydrogen and high pressure, is an efficient way to utilize biomass energy. Cu-based catalysts are promising catalysts for the ECH of furfural. However, their active sites and reaction mechanism have not been fully understood yet. This work unveils the active oxidation state of Cu-based electrocatalysts for the ECH of furfural. The co-existence of Cu+ and Cu0 on the CuO surface under the working potential is confirmed by a series of in situ characterizations. The poisoning experiment shows that the performance decreased heavily after the Cu+ was complexed with SCN−, indicating the decisive role of Cu+. Finally, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests that the Cu0−Cu+ synergistic effect is beneficial to both kinetics and thermodynamics: Cu+ accelerates the second step hydrogenation process of furfural, and Cu0 reduces the energy barrier for the desorption of furfuryl alcohol. This work demonstrates the synergistic effect of Cu0 and Cu+ states for the electrochemical hydrogenation of furfural and provides a deeper understanding of the furfural hydrogenation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on combined phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and nanoparticles is very important for the remediation of PFOA contaminated soil and further assessment for the potential of nano-enhanced phytoremediation. Here, joint effects of PFOA and CuO nanoparticles (nCuO) in plants were studied by exposing radish (Raphanus sativus L.) to PFOA (4 mg/kg) and nCuO (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 30 days, and measuring for contaminant accumulation, radish biomass, photosynthesis profiles and nutrient contents. Results showed that PFOA accumulated highly in radish organs but showed limited effects on radish biomass. nCuO could increase the transfer rate of PFOA from root to shoot and reduce PFOA accumulation in edible root part, but higher nCuO lead to decreased radish biomass. Reversely, PFOA alleviated the adverse effects of nCuO on leaf photosynthesis and root metabolism of vitamins and amino acids. These results provided basics for exploring possibility of nano-enhanced phytoremediation for PFOA soil pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fractal, flower petal-like CuS-CuO/G-C3N4 nanocomposite is prepared and applied in a symmetric two-electrode supercapacitor. The preparation of CuS-CuO/G-C3N4 is carried out through the hydrothermal method, in which salts of copper are dissolved and mixed with a suspension of G-C3N4 nanoparticles. A symmetric two-electrode supercapacitor, formed from CuS-CuO/G-C3N4 paste on Au-plates is investigated. The measurements are carried out in diluted 0.5 M HCl, and Whatman filter paper is used as a separator. The supercapacitor electric properties are determined by measuring the charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, impedance, and lifetime parameters. An enhancement in the charge/discharge time from 65 to 420 s was recorded while decreasing the current density (J) from 1.0 to 0.3 A/g. The cyclic voltammetry behavior is studied from 50 to 300 mV·s−1, causing a direct increase in the produced J values. The specific capacitance (CS) and energy density (E) values are 370 F/g and 37 W·h·kg−1, respectively. The magnificent properties of the prepared supercapacitor qualify it for industrial applications as an alternative to batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical face masks help to reduce the transmission of pathogens, however, the number of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens continues to increase. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of an experimental medical mask layer coated with copper oxide using an environmentally friendly non-thermal physical vapour deposition approach. Pure CuO nanoparticles were successfully deposited on the middle layer of a face mask. The particles were distributed in different size clusters (starting from less than 100 nm dots going up to about 1 µm cluster-like structures). The CuO clusters did not form uniform films, which could negatively influence airflow during use of the mask. We investigated the antimicrobial properties of the experimental mask layer coated with CuO NPs using 17 clinical and zoonotic strains of gram-negative, gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria and yeasts, during direct and indirect contact with the mask surface. The effectiveness of the coated mask layer depended on the deposition duration of CuO. The optimal time for deposition was 30 min, which ensured a bactericidal effect for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant strains, using 150 W power. The CuO NPs had little or no effect on Candida spp. yeasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films (300 nm thick) of CuO of p-type conductivity were precipitated using the spray pyrolysis method from 0.2 M of aqueous CuCl2·2H2O salt solution on preheated (up to 350°) glass and sitall substrates. The structure and electrical and optical properties of the films are analyzed. The grain size of CuO thin films (24 nm) was calculated using the XRD analysis. The activation energy equals Ea=0.27 eV, which may indicate that the conduction is due to the transition of charge carriers from the valence band to the working acceptor level. From the spectral dependence (αhν)² = f(hν) of CuO thin films, the band gap width Eg=1.46 eV was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer is a foremost one among many regular carcinoma cases globally and most of the enhanced treatments could not significantly decrease the mortality range of this cancer. The current work is planned to develop a new rote for the synthesis of a nanophotocatalyst and substituted chromenones that are effective drugs against gastric cancer. Thus, CuO as a new heterogeneous green nanophotocatalyst is biosynthesized from Cressa leaf extract and the prepared nanophotocatalyst is applied in the synthesis of chromenones under air by the mediation of a green color LED in a solventless condition. In addition, in order to obtain the optimum synthesis conditions for the photocatalytic process, a Central Composite Design (CCD) is also applied, which predicted the optimal temperature of 33.8 °C, reaction time of 69 min, and catalyst amount of 5.9 mg. Fortunately, these findings fitted well with the experimentally attained optimal conditions. Furthermore, reusability and stability tests guarantee acceptable reproducibility of the protocol. It is found that the photocatalytic reaction mainly occurs through a radical-based mechanism involving •O2-, OH•, and h+. The significant features of this study invole the photocatalytic nature of the protocol with the irradiation of a commercially cheap LED, simple and inexpensive photocatalyst, low temperature, high yield, solvent-free, facile work-up, wide scope, and proper atom economy. At the final part of this report, the in-vitro cellular cytotoxicity of CuO nanoparticles and 3-nitro-substituted chromene is examined on KATO-III human gastric cell line with MTT assay. The reduction in cell viability confirmed cytotoxicity of these materials against the performed cancer cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding cinnamon nanoparticles (NPs), Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), and Copper oxide (CuO) NPs on the antibacterial property of a luting and lining glass ionomer cement (GIC) that was used for the cementation of orthodontic bands to the tooth. Cinnamon NPs, ZnO NPs, and CuO NPs were added into a luting and lining GIC in weight percentages of 1%, 2%, and 4%, respectively while a non-modified GIC was considered as the control group. Agar disc diffusion test was applied to assess the antimicrobial property of samples against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was examined through the MTT assay for gingival fibroblasts. Data showed that GIC containing cinnamon and ZnO NPs displayed a larger inhibition zone diameter and greater antibacterial activity against S. mutans than CuO NPs. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in the inhibition zone diameter of cinnamon NPs and ZnO NPs. The cytotoxicity assessment revealed the lower cytotoxicity of cinnamon NPs and the higher cytotoxicity of CuO NPs while the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs was observed to be higher than cinnamon NPs and lower than CuO NPs. GIC containing cinnamon NPs exhibited noticeable antibacterial activity against S. mutans and cinnamon NPs revealed less cytotoxicity and it is can be labeled as a favorable option for further assessment to be applied in fixed orthodontic treatments for the cementation of bands to teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is considered as a promising solid electrolyte. However, the synthesis of LLZO often requires a high temperature, which may lead to the evaporation of the lithium and result in a decrease in ionic conductivity. Therefore, it is an important issue how to reduce the synthesis temperature of LLZO and simultaneously increase its ionic conductivity. Herein, we synthesized garnet-type solid electrolytes of Li6.1Ga0.3La3Zr2O12 (LLZO-Ga) with x wt% CuO (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2) by the traditional solid-state reaction method, in which CuO was introduced as a sintering aid to reduce the sintering temperature of LLZO-Ga and increase its Li-ion conductivity. It is found that adding a small amount of CuO as an additive can reduce the sintering temperature from 1100 ℃ to about 1000 ℃. As a result, when the amount of CuO is 0.5 wt%, LLZO-Ga shows the highest room-temperature ionic conductivity and the lowest activation energy, which are 1.111 mS/cm and 0.27 eV, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide-based electronics have found applications ranging from medical implantable devices to low-cost solar panels and large area displays; however, fabricated circuits and devices have been limited to passive elements and at most PN junctions for sensor and photovoltaic applications. Fabricating active elements, i.e., transistors, with the same materials and techniques would usher in considerable advancement in capabilities and usage. Here the successful fabrication of a metal oxide double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) using p-CuO/n-Si/p-CuO hetero-structure is reported as the first step toward all oxide transistors in the future. CuO was deposited by sputtering on both sides of a 15 μm thick n-type Si layer and connections were made to three layers separately. IV characteristics of the PNP transistor were then obtained which exhibited a current amplification factor of about 30. A relatively large leakage current at the base–collector junction was present and was consequently remedied by annealing. The leakage was dependent on the deposition conditions of CuO over Si. Oxide semiconductors are either p or n-type making fabrication devoid of doping steps and ion implantation, which greatly simplifies the manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of introducing cerium oxide (CeO2) at 5% and 9% concentrations as dopants to improve the catalytic performance of the copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles was studied using a hydrothermal technique. The seed layer is placed in an autoclave, usually made of Teflon, and heated with water for 10 hours at 100°C. The resulting films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and photoluminescence (PL). The grain size decrease as the doping concentration increases, while the roughness, and RMS increase. The sensor was developed to detect different concentrations of ammonia (NH3) gas. CuO at 9% of CeO2 sample exhibited the highest sensitivity about (48%) for NH3 gas at 1.5C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, ZnO and CuO nanocrystalline powders were prepared by method of high-energy ball milling. The milling process was performed at 450 rpm speed for 5, 10, 15, and 20 h periods of time. Structural and morphological properties of the powders were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Results confirmed the formation of single-phase nanocrystalline structure from micron-scale (as-received) material. The samples were tested for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus B9 (ATCC 25923), Bacillus licheniformis M30, Bacillus subtilis B1, Micrococcus luteus M3, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa P7. The antibacterial activity was determined by the disc-diffusion method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pure CdO and CdO‐CuO nanopowders with different dopant concentrations are synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Structural properties of the nanopowders are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), morphological properties and elemental analyses are characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), optical properties are characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and electrical properties are characterized by the current–voltage technique. XRD data show that nanopowders are polycrystalline and crystallinity decreases with the doping concentration. In the analysis of FESEM images, it can be concluded that the morphology of the particles is shaped as needle‐like, spherical‐like, and randomly oriented nanorods forms from the cube form. Also, by joining those nanorods, spherical‐like microstructures occur, and while the dopant concentration increases, echinus‐like forms are obtained. The energy bandgap of the nanopowders decreases with an increased dopant concentration of CuO. It is observed that the dopant concentration of CuO also changes the electrical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to improve the optical characteristics of silicon carbide(SiC)/copper oxide(CuO) nanostructures doped polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) to use in various photonics and optoelectronic nanodevices like sensors, transistors, photocatalysis and photovoltaic cell. Results showed that the absorption of polymer was increased about 62.2% and transmission reduced about 53.8% at UV spectra region (λ = 200 nm) when the SiC/CuO nanostructures ratio reached (6 wt.%). The energy gap of PVA was decreased from 4.5 eV to 0.98 eV when the SiC/CuO nanostructures content reached (6 wt.%) which made it can be employed in many nanosemiconductors devices with few cost, flexible, excellent physical and chemical characteristics. Also, the results indicated to the optical parameters values of PVA were rise with increase in the SiC/CuO nanostructures content. Finally, the obtained results indicated to the PVA/SiC/CuO nanostructures have good optical characteristics which make it can be suitable for photonics and electronics fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are highly toxic and fast-acting and are easy to cause large-scale poisoning to humans and livestock after being released. The activated carbon used for CWAs adsorption has disadvantages of limited adsorption capacity, easy aging and deactivation. Metal oxides have environmental stability, and they are characterized by long lasting and broad spectrum when used for thermal catalytic decomposition. Therefore, in this study, the supported copper–cerium catalyst CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 was prepared using an equal volume impregnation method. The thermal catalytic decomposition performance was studied using sarin CWAs simulant dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) as the target compound. The results show that the CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst with a CeO2 loading of 5% exhibited better thermal catalytic decomposition performance of DMMP. The catalyst provided protection against DMMP for 237 min at 350 °C; CuO was highly dispersed on CuO-5% CeO2/γ-Al2O3, and there was a strong interaction between Cu and Ce on CuO-5% CeO2/γ-Al2O3, which promoted the generation of surface-adsorbed oxygen, leading to a better thermal catalytic decomposition performance of DMMP. This study is expected to provide a reference for the study of catalysts for the thermal catalytic decomposition of CWAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have received considerable attention for their toxic effects on crops and potential application in agriculture. In order to investigate the biological effects of CuO NPs on plants, we exposed cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to two sizes of CuO NPs (510 nm, μCuO and 43 nm, nCuO). Results indicated that with concentration increased, the available Cu content in soil increased significantly. The addition of CuO NPs increased Cu content and other nutrient element (e.g., K, P, Mn, and Zn) content in plants. However, diverse particle sizes had different effects. The nCuO treatment had larger translocation factor, higher nutrient element content in fruits, and lower oxidative damage than μCuO treatment. Moreover, nCuO of 100 mg/kg could stimulate cucumber growth, while μCuO had no obvious effects on growth. Conclusively, CuO NPs could be used as copper fertilizer to supply copper to cucumber. The nCuO had better effects on improving the bioavailability of Cu and nutritional value of fruits. These results can help develop strategies for safe disposal of CuO NPs as agricultural fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of CuO nanostructured semiconductors and the engineering of its optical band gaps have become important ways to further improve the performance of functional nano-devices such as energy conversion applications and optoelectronics. The optical band gap (Eg) of a semiconductor is a crucial parameter that defines its performance in solar cell applications. Therefore, determining the Eg of the semiconductor and comprehensively examining the relationship between the Eg and the structure of the material will be a guide to improve the performance of optoelectronic device applications. However, the relationship between Eg and structural properties of CuO is complex, and the combinations of variation in the Eg of CuO with various production parameters and doping materials are tremendous. For this reason, employing machine learning techniques can be a cheap, easy and effective approach to predict the Eg value of CuO. In this study, a statistical neural network (SNN)-based regression model is proposed to predict the energy band gap for the CuO semiconductor. A total of 100 CuO materials with optical band gaps between 1.02 and 3.41 eV are examined. With the proposed SNN approach, the optical band gap of CuO is predicted with low mean errors in terms of RMSE and MAE thanks to employing the structural parameters of the semiconductor material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new polyethylene oxide PEO–copper oxide CuO–indium oxide In2O3 structures are designed to use in various optics and electronics approaches. The structure, optical and electronic properties as well as optimized geometry for PEO–CuO–In2O3 structures are studied by using DFT at the B3LYP level with basis set SDD. The electronic characteristics at issue contain total energy, cohesive energy, HOMO, LUMO, ionization potential, energy gap, softness, electronic affinity, hardness, electronegativity, and electrophilicity. The results indicate that the optical and electronic properties of PEO are enhanced with adding of the CuO/In2O3 nanostructures. The energy gap is found of 8.06 eV for pure PEO and 2.35 eV for PEO–CuO–In2O3 nanostructures. Finally, the results of studied characteristics show that the PEO–CuO–In2O3 structures can be used in different low-cost and flexible-optoelectronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-enzymatic glucose biosensors have attracted considerable attention due to their approved benefits. The present study aims to design and produced a non-enzymatic biosensor based on polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline/CuO nanofibrous composites on indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrate using single-step electrospinning at different conditions. Electron microscopic studies show that continuous and uniform fibers from an optimum blend of PAN/PANI (90/10 mass ratio) incorporating with 5% CuO were successfully fabricated under 20 kV and at 18 cm. By employing of FTIR and XRD, characteristic peaks of chemical and crystalline structures of polymers and CuO were detected, which indicate successful incorporation of CuO into the nanofibers. Electrochemical studies, including cyclic voltammetry followed by amprometry have also been performed to evaluate the performance of the biosensor. The prepared electrode showed a linear response (R2 = 0.9983) over a wide concentration range from 1 × 10−5 to 3 × 10−3M. The detection limit based on signal to noise ratio of 3 was 1.2 × 10−6M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical energy storage that based on earth-abundant materials is essential because of the future demands. Because of carbon-based architecture supercapacitors, rapid charging/discharging, and long life cycle, they considered attractive compared to chemical to batteries. Therefore, copper oxide (CuO) as positive electrode and reduced grapheme oxide (rGO) as negative electrode materials were used for a high-performance supercapacitor in a low cost, simple, and ecofriendly method. During the present work, synthesized reduced graphene oxide/copper oxide (rGO/CuO) nanocomposite using a simple chemical method is carried and investigated. The crystallinity index (Ic) of CuO, 1.0 M rGO/CuO and rGO was 90.61%, 88.42%, and 86.25%, respectively, at 500 °C and one h, while it was 76.30%, 73.51%, and 67.77respectively, at 500 °C and 30 h. As the test temperature increases, Ic% of both rGO and 1.0 M rGO/CuO increases, and that of CuO decreases. As the test period increases, Ic% for rGO, CuO, and 1.0 M rGO/CuO decreases. As the molarity concentration increased, the crystallinity index of rGO/CuO composites increased. The specimens characteristics are carried and investigated using; EDX, SEM, GC/MS, and XRD analysis. The appearance of the peaks at 2θ = 22.20° and 43.58° were related to GO, and peaks at 22°, 20°, 43.58°, 50.70°, and 74.37° indicated the synthesis of the nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a simple, sustainable, eco-friendly approach for synthesizing copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using Citrus aurantium peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized CuO and CuO-OP were characterized using various techniques, including surface area measurement (S BET ), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). DRS analysis determines band gap energy (E g ) of 1.7 eV for CuO and 1.6 eV for CuO-OP. FTIR confirmed the presence of Cu-O bond groups. The XRD and HRTEM results revealed monoclinic and spherical nanostructures, with average particle sizes ranging from 53.25 to 68.02 nm, as determined via Scherer's equation. EDX analysis indicated incorporation of carbon (1.6%) and nitrogen (0.3%) from the peel extract. The synthesized CuO and CuO-OP NPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic efficiencies for methylene blue dye under UV irradiation, reaching 95.34 and 97.5%, respectively, under optimal conditions; the initial dye concentration was 100 mg/L, the pH was 10, the catalyst dosage was 1 g/L, and the contact time was 120 min. Isothermal studies showed that the adsorption of MB onto the nanoparticles followed the Freundlich isotherm model (R 2 = 0.97 and 0.96). Kinetic studies indicated that the degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with rate constants (K 1 ) of 0.0255 min -1 for CuO and 0.033 min -1 for CuO-OP. The sorption capacities were calculated as 98.19 mg/g for CuO and 123.1 mg/g for CuO-OP. The energy values obtained from the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm were 707.11 and 912.87 KJ mol -1 , suggesting that chemisorption was the dominant mechanism., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have gained increasing popularity in recent times due to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to develop a phytofabrication approach for producing cuprous (Cu 2 O) and cupric oxide (CuO) NPs using a simple, non-hazardous process and to examine their antimicrobial properties. Methods: The synthesis employed Bidens pilosa plant extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, alongside copper chloride dihydrate as the precursor. The biosynthesized NPs were characterized through various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized CuO and Cu 2 O NPs exhibited a high degree of crystallinity, with crystal structures corresponding to monoclinic and face-centered cubic systems. SEM images revealed that the NPs displayed distinct spherical and sponge-like morphologies. EDS analysis further validated the purity of the synthesized CuO NPs. The antimicrobial activity of the CuO and Cu 2 O NPs was tested against various pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , and Bacillus cereus , with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) used to gauge their effectiveness. Conclusions: The results showed that the phytosynthesized NPs had promising antibacterial properties, particularly the Cu 2 O NPs, which, with a larger crystal size of 68.19 nm, demonstrated significant inhibitory effects across all tested bacterial species. These findings suggest the potential of CuO and Cu 2 O NPs as effective antimicrobial agents produced via green synthesis.