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Natural plants extract for antimicrobial of textile finishing is a vital and potential area of current and future aspects therefore has greater market value. Cotton has long been recognized as media to support the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Among all the natural antimicrobial agents the plant products comprise the major segment. The objective of this work was to investigate the antibacterial properties of Aloe Vera leaf gel extract on cotton, also its effects on the performance parameters of fabric. Softness properties were also imparted on the fabric as it is the inherit property of Aloe Vera leaf gel. Best antimicrobial properties were achieved by pad dry method with high concentrations as compared to coating method. The softness of pad-dry samples was prominent against coated fabric. Whiteness Index decreased less in pad-dry as compared to coated samples.

Direct dyes represent one of the cheapest and the simplest dyeing systems usually require only an electrolyte for their application. They are widely used in the textile industry because they are cheap and the only problem is their fastness properties that were solved in this research. Different techniques have been developed to enhance their fastness properties, one of them being the use of a cationic dye fixing agents. Bleached jute fabrics were dyed with direct dye before and after the treatment of cationizing agents and their properties are compared. It was found that in terms of fabric rubbing fastness, washing fastness and K/S value, cationization after dyeing is superior to cationization before dyeing.c

In present research assessment of disease incidence was made between Bt and Non-Bt cotton against bacterial blight disease. Experiment was carried out in natural environmental conditions on twenty eight varieties/advance lines. Findings of the experiments depicted more disease incidence on Non-Bt varieties viz., Non Bt-FH 901 (41.7-43.4%), Non Bt-MNH 496 (47.6-49.5%), Non Bt-FH 1000 (48.6-51.2%), Non Bt-FH 207 (54.5-57.5%), Non BT-N 112 (54.7-56.3%), Non BT-FH 942 (55.7-59.5%), Non BT-MNH 6070 (61.5-64.7%), Non Bt-FH 941 (63.4-61.6%), Non BT-N 814 (70.4-71.3%), Non Bt-FH 900 (74.7-77.4%), Non Bt-ANMOL (74.8-76.8%), Non Bt-FH 2015 (78.5-80.6%), Non BT REDACOLA (81.5-79.6%) and Non BT-C 26 (83.3-85.6%) while BT varieties BT-S-78 (25.8-26.7%), BT-Z-33 (26.7-22.2%), BT-786 (28.6-31.5%), BT-A-ONE (28.8-26.5%), BT-282 (30.5-27.6%), BT-886 (33.5-35.3%), BT-3701 (38.3-36. %), BT-SPECIAL (38.4-34.6%), BT-802 (41.3-43.4%), BT-92 (41.4-44.4%), BT-131 (43.8-41.7%), BT-905 (44.6-42.3%), BT-SUPPER (45.6-46.8%) and BT-121 (48.6-52.4%) showed decreased response respectively. Hence, concluded that difference/variability in the resistant sources is present in Pakistan against the disease among BT varieties as compared to Non-Bt.

Nanomaterial and its application in textiles are emerging as vast and diverse field due to enhanced functionalized characteristics. This study emphasizes the fabrication of tungsten trioxide nanostructured rods and analyzes its electrostatic and ultraviolet resistance properties. These nanorods are synthesized by hydrothermal method. Through hydrothermal method rod like nanostructures were grown on polyester fabric as it withstands curing temperature easily. The growth mechanism of the film is investigated. Electrostatic analysis of treated polyester fabric was failed but the analysis of seeded solution revealed that it has tunable transmittance modulation under different voltages and repetitive cyclic between the clear and blue states. Ultraviolet resistance of 100% seeded polyester fabric was higher than untreated fabric with respect to increasing concentration of nanorods. Results show that although the seeded solution is perfect, the conductivity of tungsten trioxide cannot be achieved on textiles.

We checked the validity of Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis in Pakistan by using structural consumption and saving function. By using ordinary least square method we checked the restrictions of Ricardian equivalence hypothesis that has been rejected by the vale of Wald test. The Engel-Granger causality approach explored uni-directional causality between Government Debt & Private Consumption and Government Debt & Private Saving whereas Bidirectional Causality exists between Government Budget Deficit & Private Saving. Hence, we concluded that fiscal policy is effective in case of Pakistan because Ricardian Equivalence does not hold in Pakistan that indicated the policy makers to use fiscal policy as a stabilizing policy of the economy.

In a long‐term experiment at the Directorate of Land Reclamation, the effects of cattle manure on soil characteristics were determined after five annual applications. The results indicate that during high rainfall NO3‐N moves below 150 cm soil layer and causes pollution problems for shallow groundwaters. Long‐term annual application of cattle manure to saline soils at rates greater than recommended [20 Mg/ha and 40 Mg/ha (wet wt.) for nonirrigated and irrigated land, respectively] is not advisable.