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Photolytic circulating-bed biofilm reactor (PCBBR) and internal loop photolytic-biological reactor (ILPBR) were respectively used for degradation of phenol, 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Experimental results indicated that the rates of phenol, TCP and SMX removal by coupled photolysis with biodegradation (P&B) reached at 0.65, 0.11 and 0.17 mg x (L x min)(-1), which was clearly higher than that by photolysis alone (P), biodegradation alone (B), except phenol removal rate by B,which was similar to the rates by P&B. The COD removal percentages of phenol and TCP were 99.5% and 72.1%, and TOC removal percentage of SMX was 57.3, which all were higher that by P and B. The biofilms under UV irradiation were taken as samples for molecular biological analysis to get the significant results that microbial communities in biofilms took great change compared with that without UV irradiation, but they still kept bioactivity degrading organic pollutants. That is significant results for technological innovation on recalcitrant organic wastewater treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the values of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough., Methods: Based on the protocol from The Chinese Respiratory Society guidelines for management of cough, 75 consecutive subjects with chronic cough and normal chest radiographs were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Respiratory Diseases in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from January to June 2010. All the patients accepted FENO tests, sputum cell counts, pulmonary function tests, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), serum IgE, cough symptom scores and Leicester cough Questionnaire (LCQ) before and after treatment of 4 weeks., Results: The final diagnosis of the subjects included 29 with cough variant asthma (CVA), 19 with eosinophilic bronchitis (EB) and 27 with other causes (Others). FENO levels in CVA (58 ± 26) ppb were significantly higher than those in EB (36 ± 18) ppb and Others (20 ± 7) ppb, and the FENO levels in EB were higher than Others (F = 28.2, P < 0.01). FENO levels showed significant correlations with sputum eosinophils, BHR, cough symptom scores, non-specific IgE, and LCQ scores. The mean baseline FENO level of the subjects whose coughs were relieved after inhaled corticosteroid therapy was (63 ± 42) ppb, higher than those of the non-responders (28 ± 13) ppb (t = 3.91, P < 0.01). There were significant correlations between the percentage of FENO decrease and the percentage of sputum eosinophil decrease or the cough symptom score decrease., Conclusion: FENO could be used as a inflammation marker of chronic cough because of its good correlation with sputum eosinophils, AHR, atopy, and cough symptoms. FENO also has a potential to predict the response of anti-inflammatory therapy because FENO decrease is correlated with the decrease of eosinophilic inflammation and improvement of cough symptoms.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in the diagnosis of chronic cough., Methods: A total of 106 subjects with chronic cough and normal chest radiographs were recruited from October 2009 to September 2010. Based on the management guidelines of the Chinese Respiratory Society for cough, the golden standard methods were used to make the definite diagnosis of chronic cough, including sputum cell counts, pulmonary function tests, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, skin pricking test and serum immunoglobulin E. All subjects received a FeNO test by a NIOXMINO analyzer. The values of FeNO to diagnose cough variant asthma (CVA) from chronic cough and EB from non-asthma cough were respectively assessed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves., Results: Among them, the definite diagnoses were cough variant asthma (CVA, n = 39), eosinophilic bronchitis (EB, n = 30) and other causes (n = 37). The FeNO levels in CVA [(54 ± 21) ppb)] (1 ppb = 1 × 10(9) mol/L) were significantly higher than those in EB [(34 ± 17) ppb, P < 0.01] and other causes [(21 ± 10) ppb, P < 0.01]. And the FeNO levels in EB were higher than those in other causes (P < 0.01). To diagnose CVA from chronic cough, the optimal FeNO cutoff value was 40 ppb with a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 86%, a positive predictive value of 77%, a negative predictive value of 86% and an accuracy of 81%. To diagnose EB from non-asthma chronic cough, the optimal FeNO cutoff value was 31 ppb with a sensitivity of 63%, a specificity of 92%, a positive predictive value of 88%, a negative predictive value of 92% and an accuracy of 72% respectively., Conclusion: There are significant differences between the FeNO levels of different causes of chronic cough. A marked elevation of FeNO level helps to make a final diagnosis of CVA or EB. FeNO test is useful for making the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of chronic cough in clinic practices.

An improved method for detecting cloud combining Kmeans clustering and the multi-spectral threshold approach is described. On the basis of landmark spectrum analysis, MODIS data is categorized into two major types initially by Kmeans method. The first class includes clouds, smoke and snow, and the second class includes vegetation, water and land. Then a multi-spectral threshold detection is applied to eliminate interference such as smoke and snow for the first class. The method is tested with MODIS data at different time under different underlying surface conditions. By visual method to test the performance of the algorithm, it was found that the algorithm can effectively detect smaller area of cloud pixels and exclude the interference of underlying surface, which provides a good foundation for the next fire detection approach.

An improved method using variance between-class and smoke plume mask is described. The brightness temperature threshold of potential fire pixels was adjusted to be 305 K. Based on the variance between-class of TIR channel brightness temperature and a smoke plume detection algorithm, the improved algorithm can separate the hot fire spots from the background and seek out the cool fire spots, respectively, with suitable thresholds of variance between-class. This algorithm has been used in the forest fires that happened in Fujian province and Heilongjiang province. Study shows that detection results with the algorithm are more satisfactory. It is adapted in different environments and can be more accurately detected the high-temperature fire spot and the smoder at low temperature. It increases the ability and accuracy to detect fire spots.

The principle of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy and harmonic detection technique was introduced. An experimental device was developed by point sampling through small multi-reflection gas cell. A specific line near 1 653. 7 nm was targeted for methane measurement using a distributed feedback diode laser as tunable light source. The linearity between the intensity of second harmonic signal and the concentration of methane was determined. The background content of methane in air was measured. The results show that gas sensors using tunable diode lasers provide a high sensitivity and high selectivity method for city gas pipeline leak detection.

Reactor like oxidation ditch was used for anaerobic bioremediation of urban river water, in which biofilm formed on ceramic honeycomb carrier was used instated of activated sludge. The dissolved oxygen in the wastewater was controlled under 0.5 mg/L for anoxic oxidation, and ammonia nitrogen was removed 40 to 60 percent, and total nitrogen removed 40 to 45 percent, that is ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen were removed at the same time, also, nitrite was not any accumulated during the process. The biofilm was taken into flask to culture under anoxic oxidation condition in order to prove if anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) occurred in the process, and ammonia and nitrite nitrogen were also removed at the same time in the experiment, which suggested that nitrification-denitrification and ANAMMOX occurred in bioremediation of urban surface water with low ratio of carbon and nitrogen at the same time. The anammox bacteria were existed in the biofilm according to molecular biological analysis. The experiment will be significant for bioremediation of eutrophication water body.

Objective: To investigate the drug-resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) isolated from patients in burn ward, and study the incidence of 16S rRNA methylase genes mediated high-level aminoglycoside drug-resistance and its mechanism of transfer., Methods: A total of 40 Ab clinical isolates were collected from burn ward in Gansu Province People's Hospital from May 2006 to Dec. 2007. The sensitivity of Ab for 20 antibiotics were determinated by K-B agar diffusion. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, isepamicin and kanamycin against Ab strains were determinated by agar dilution. Five kinds of 16S rRNA methylase genes including armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD were amplified by PCR, the positive PCR-products were purified and sequenced, and the plasmid were extracted by alkaline lysis. The transferability of drug-resistance were determinated by conjugation and plasmid transformation tests., Results: The drug-resistance rates of Ab against six aminoglycosides antibiotics was 72.5%, 72.5%, 70.0%, 67.5%, 70.0%, 70.0%, respectively. Twenty five strains were resistant to six aminoglycosides antibiotics (62.5%), among which 10 isolates were armA-positive (40.0%); rmtA, rmtB, rmtC and rmtD-positive isolates were not found. Ten transformants and 10 conjugates showed high-level resistance against aminoglycosides antibiotics, all of which the value of MIC > or = 256 microg/mL carried armA gene., Conclusions: The drug-resistance of Ab clinical isolates have high drug-resistance. 16S rRNA methylases gene exists in Ab and locates in plasmid chromosome.

Aim: Investigation into pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties of interferon- alpha (IFN-alpha)2b-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres (MS) in rhesus monkey primates., Method: IFN-alpha2b was loaded with biodegradable PLGA with 3 inherent viscosities using a double emulsion and solvent evaporation method. The particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro release profiles were investigated. Two groups of rhesus monkeys (n=3) were injected intramuscularly with either 3 MIU/kg commercial IFN-alpha2b lyophilized powder or IFN-alpha2b-loaded PLGA microspheres (inherent viscosity of 0.89 dL/g). In vitro release was determined by Lowry protein assay. The serum IFN and neopterin levels were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to evaluate biological activity of the microspheres in rhesus monkeys., Results: The IFN-alpha2b microspheres with 3 inherent viscosities (0.39, 0.89, and 1.13 dL/g) were entirely spherical and had a smooth surface. The average diameter of each type was 45.55, 81.23, and 110.25 microm, respectively. The in vitro release was 30 d. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties between the IFN-alpha2b microspheres and IFN-alpha2b lyophilized powder were significantly different (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The drug residence time for the IFN-alpha2b of the PLGA microsphere with an inherent viscosity of 0.89 dL/g in plasma significantly increased and had a longer time of biological effects in rhesus monkeys following intramuscular administration.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of pharmacological postconditioning with edaravone, a new free radical scavenger, on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and the mechanism thereof., Methods: Forty Wistar rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with PTCA balloon to establish ischemia/reperfusion models, with the LAD occluded for 45 min and reperfused for 180 min. The rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups : (1) I/R group undergoing occlusion of the LAD for 45 min and reperfusion for 180 min; (2) I-postC group undergoing ischemia for 45 min, 3 cycles of balloon air relief-aeration (30s reperfusion and 30s ischemia), and then reperfusion for 180 min, (3) iA-1 group undergoing injection of edaravone, 3 mg/kg into the aorta root 1 min before reperfusion; (4) iA-2 group undergoing injection of edaravone 10 mg/kg into the aorta root 1 min before reperfusion; and (5) iV group undergoing intravenous injection of edaravone 10 mg/kg 1 min before reperfusion. Another 8 rats underwent sham operation. By the end of experiment arterial blood was collected to measure the dynamic parameters and serum biochemical markers: MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide (NO). Then the rats were killed. The ischemic size and Infarct size of myocardium were measured by Evans blue and TTC staining respectively., Results: The myocardial infarct size and levels of serum CK-MB, MDA, and NO were all significantly reduced in the I-postC, iA-1, and iA-2 groups compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.01), and the activity levels of SOD of these groups were all enhanced (all P < 0.05). The MI size and levels of serum CK-MB and MDA of the iV group were all reduced, the activity level of SOD was enhanced compared with the I/R group (all P < 0.05), and the NO level was decreased, but not significantly., Conclusion: Edaravone pharmacological postconditioning applied just before the onset of coronary reperfusion provides potent myocardial infarct size reduction, an effect similar to the cardio-protective effect of dynamic postconditioning. The common potential mechanism of both practices may be associated with decreasing the injury by reactive oxygen species and strengthening the resistance to oxidation stress. Intra aorta root-coronary injection may be a more effective pharmacological postconditioning pathway than intravenous pathway.

The expression of plant gene is controlled by its promoter. The isolation and the function analysis of promoter are important for studying the genetic engineering and the regulation expression of plant genes. In this paper, we cloned a promoter, 0s252, which was predicted to be highly expressed in the stem of rice from the EST database. After the construction of the Os252::GUS expression vector, it was transformed into rice. The integration of transgenes into transgenic rice genome was confirmed through PCR analysis. X-Gluc staining showed that Os252 can promote GUS gene expression in leaf, stem and matured seed. GUS enzyme activities driven by Os252 promoter in leaf and seed are about 190% and 250% of that driven by the 35S promoter. Thus, the Os252 promoter can be applied for rice genetic engineering.

Objective: To investigate the amino acids from the fruit of Clausenae lansium., Methods: To determine the content of hydrolyzed and free amino acids from fresh fruit and dried fruit of Clausenae lansium by HPLC, 10 mmol/L Na2HPO4 (PB) was used as mobile phase (A) and PB-methanol-acetic acid (50:35:15) was used as mobile phase (B) on a Hypersil ODS column., Results: 16 kinds of amino acids were assayed, 10 of all was necessary or half-necessary amino acids. The total content of free and hydrolyzed amino was 4.8 mg/g and 15.0 mg/g in fresh fruit; 4.8 mg/g and 15.0 mg/g in dried fruit., Conclusion: There are abundant amino acids in the fruit of Clausenae lansium.

Objective: To study and determine the chemical constituents of the volatile oil and the trace elements in the fruits of the Clausena lansium., Method: The essential oils were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and separated on capillary columns with HP6890GC-5973MS. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS. And the trace elements were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES., Result: 36 Components constituting 95% of the total essential oil were separated and identified, and 11 trace elements were identified., Conclusion: 18 Compounds were found from the fruit of C. lansium for the first time.

Background: Treatment of eyes with multirecurrent pterygia associated with severe symblepharon and motility restriction is challenging. A combined surgical procedure of intraoperative mitomycin C, amniotic membrane transplantation and conjunctival limbal autograft was applied for treating such eyes., Methods: Seven eyes of seven patients who had previously undergone an average of four operations for pterygial removal and who manifested recurrent pterygia associated with severe symblepharon and motility restriction were involved in this retrospective study. The surgical procedures involved clearing fibrovascular membrane over the cornea, extensive excision of epibulbar fibrovascular tissue to the bare sclera, application of 0.02% mytomycin C onto the bare sclera for 5 min and transplantation of preserved human amniotic membrane and conjunctival limbal autograft., Results: Postoperatively, all seven eyes showed rapid epithelialization on the corneal surface in 3-5 days and, on the conjunctival surface, in 10-18 days. For a mean follow-up period of 22.4+/-6.1 months, six eyes recovered deep fornices, smooth and stable ocular surface and full ocular motility without recurrence. One eye showed regrowth of fibrovascular tissue and motility restriction but less severe than before surgery. No complication was noted due to mitomycin C., Conclusions: Combined intraoperative mitomycin C, amniotic membrane graft and limbal conjunctival autograft are successful approaches for treating multirecurrent pterygia with severe symblepharon to restore the ocular surface integrity and prevent recurrence.

One concept for immune therapy of cancer involves induction of antigen mimic antibodies to trigger the immune response against tumor cells. Anti-idiotypic antibodies directed against the antigen-binding site of antibodies specific for tumor antigen may functionally and even structurally mimic antigen and induce anti-anti-idiotypic immune response. Monoclonal antibody WJ02 is one of such anti-idiotypic antibodies, which contains internal image of CA125. In order to improve the immunospecificity of mAb WJ02, we constructed a single chain of mAb WJ02 in Vl-linker-Vh orientation. The scFv-WJ02 could be expressed and secreted in the recombinant Pichia pastoris system. The secreted scFv protein with a molecular weight of 30 kD retained the biological activity of mAb WJ02, which was proved by a direct binding assay and inhibition experiment. Our results indicated that the scFv-WJ02 could be used as a possible tool for idiotypic therapy against ovarian cancer, which might enhance the possibility of eliminating nonspecific responses induced by mAb WJ02.

Objective: To observe and evaluate secondary optical penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in the eyes with severe keratomycosis after therapeutic keratoplasty using cryopreserved donor tissue., Method: There were 35 eyes in 35 cases for whom therapeutic PKP using cryopreserved donor tissue had been carried out to treat severe fungal keratitis. At least 6 months after the PKP, when the fungal infection had been eradicated and ocular inflammation had resolved, a secondary optical penetrating keratoplasty was further performed for visual rehabilitation. If the crystal lens was found to be opaque, it was also simultaneously removed through extracapsular cataract removal with an IOL implantation. Surgical or postoperative complications, visual outcome, graft rejection episode, and graft survival were analyzed., Results: Among 35 eyes, 18 eyes received optical PKP only, and 17 received combined optical PKP with ECCE and IOL implantation. During the follow-up period of 6.8 - 36.8 (15.7 +/- 7.6) months after optical PKP, 3 eyes experienced graft failure due to immunologic rejection and 32 retained clear grafts. Postoperative visual acuity was 0.4 or better in 24 eyes, and 0.1 or better in 32 eyes, and less than 0.1 in 3 eyes., Conclusions: Optical PKP performed in the eyes after therapeutic PKP due to severe fungal keratitis can recover satisfactory visual acuity, with low frequency of graft rejection, long-term graft survival and few complications.

Objective: Summarizing the value and key point of combined use of local block anesthesia and general anesthesia in cleft lip repairing for infants., Methods: Local block anesthesia and general anesthesia were combined to use in 120 cleft lip repairing operation of infants using Midazolam, Fentangl, Ketamine, Scoline (or Vecuronium) in intubation, and injecting 0.5% - 1% lidocaine of which contained 1/250 000 adrenalinum. While intubation and operation, BP, P, R, SpO2, T and ECG were observed clearly. After operation, extubation was delayed and breathing oxygen was used for infants with breathing airway infection., Results: While operation, anesthesia of 120 infants was smooth. After operation, the infants regain conscious quickly and no accident occurred., Conclusion: For the cleft lip repairing operation to infants, as combined use of local block anesthesia and general anesthesia, anesthesia is smooth, internal environment of body is steady, bleeding is little, regaining consciousness is quick and the infants are safe.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a dural graft prepared using porcine membrane in duraplasty., Methods: Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into groups A (n=4), B (n=4), C (n=5), and D (n=5) sacrificed 3, 14, 30 and 90 d after duraplasty, respectively. Each animal underwent bilateral parietal craniectomy behind the coronal suture and beside the midline to expose the dura, which was cut on the right side and substituted with the dural graft. The exposed dura on the left was kept intact as control. The rabbits were observed for WBC counts before the operation and before sacrifice by transcardiac formalin perfusion, respectively. The meninges and brain tissues were histologically examined after sacrifice., Results: The WBC count varied little after the operation (P>0.05). Microscopic examination demonstrated tissue repair on both the implantation side and control side, without graft adhesion to the cortical surface. In group A, a large number of leukocytes were seen gathering on the lateral dura, suggesting acute tissue repair. In group B, endothelial cells covering the inner surface of the graft could be seen. Fibroblasts and fibrocytes were seen in the grafts between collagen fibers in group C, and in group D, fibroblasts and fibrocytes increased between the collagen fibers and the suture healed., Conclusion: The dura graft is safe and applicable for dural defect repair.

Objective: To provide the foundation for reasonable utilization by analysing the essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici in different areas., Method: The essential oils were extracted by using steam distillation and separated with GC capillary columns. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS., Results: 18, 17 and 20 compounds of essential oils from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei were identified., Conclusion: There are significant differences among the components and contents of essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei.