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Various indole-containing compounds have shown impressive pharmaceutical activities against a variety of diseases. However, the functionalization of indoles usually relies on systems that use organic solvents, which do not meet the criteria for green and sustainable chemical development. To address this issue, regiospecific sulfenylation, selenylation, and telluration of indoles were developed using H2 O as solvent. The highly efficient chalcogenylation of indoles was achieved utilizing CsOH as a promoter, thus avoiding the use of expensive transition-metal catalysts. This newly developed protocol is characterized by its outstanding features including simple operation, mild conditions, wide substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, and recyclability, leading to the convenient synthesis of 3-chalcogenyl-indoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decoupled radiant cooling units (DRCUs) are capable of increasing the cooling capacity without increasing condensation risks even using a much lower cooling temperature than conventional radiant cooling units (CRCUs). However, it is unclear whether DRCUs using low radiant cooling temperature will increase the cooling load of the conditioned indoor spaces. In this study, the cooling load characteristics of a thermal chamber conditioned by a DRCU was investigated through developing a steady-state analysis model suitable for both DRCUs and CRCUs. The total/radiative heat flux, as well as the heat exchange with a thermal manikin and walls were analysed under different surface temperatures of DRCUs. The effect of the emissivity of the thermal chamber' external wall on the cooling load was also investigated. Results indicated that the cooling load under the DRCU was slightly smaller than that under the CRCU when the same operative environment was created. Decreasing the infrared emissivity of the exterior wall's inner surface could lead to a significant decrease in the cooling load for both the DRCU and CRCU. By decreasing the wall emissivity from 0.9 to 0.1, the total cooling load of the DRCU can be decreased by 8.4% and the heat gain of the exterior wall decreased by 21.6%. This study serves as a reference for developing the analysis model and understanding the load characteristics when DRCUs are used to create the thermal environment for indoor spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 55.60% (free radicals) and 44.40% (nonradical) contributions without sulfoxides probe. • 39.09% (free radicals) and 60.91% (nonradical) contributions with sulfoxides probe. • PMSO transformed the mechanism from free radical dominated to nonradical dominated. • PMSO improve the utilization efficiency of Fe(II) and redox reaction between Fe(Ⅱ) and PS. • Sulfoxides selectively enhanced degradation pollutants with an IP lower than 8.66 eV. Sulfoxides are widely recognized as probes for identifying and evaluating the generation and contribution of high-valent metals in advanced oxidation processes. However, this paper was surprising to find that the presence of sulfoxides selectively enhanced the degradation of specific pollutants in the Fe(II)/PS system. Represented by methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO), scavenging experiments for active species showed that the presence of PMSO transformed the mechanism from radical dominated (55.60 %) to nonradical dominated (60.91 %), greatly improving the anti-interference ability of the system. Determining the concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) and total iron (Fe tot) in solution revealed that the presence of PMSO improved the utilization efficiency of Fe(II) and PS by enhancing the redox reaction between Fe(II) and PS, and resulted in the generation of Fe(IV) more favorably than the generation of SO 4 ·− and ·OH. Additionally, comparing the proven high-valent iron dominated Fe(II)/PI system with the free radical dominated Fe(II)/PS system of this paper, it was revealed that the selectively enhanced oxidation of PMSO specifically targets the free radical dominated system. Experiments have shown that the degradation of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, phenol, and p-chlorophenol was enhanced by PMSO, while the degradation of norfloxacin, primidone, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, p-nitrophenol, benzoic acid, and nitrobenzene was inhibited. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, PMSO has a selectively enhanced degradation effect for organic pollutants with ionization potential (IP) below 8.66 eV, and vice versa, it has an inhibitory effect. The present study provides new insights into the contribution of sulfoxide to the assessment of high-valent metals and sheds new light on the mechanism of active species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]