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Abstract Linked social media and survey data have the potential to be a unique source of information for social research. While the potential usefulness of this methodology is widely acknowledged, very few studies have explored methodological aspects of such linkage. Respondents produce planned amounts of survey data, but highly variant amounts of social media data. This study explores this asymmetry by examining the amount of social media data available to link to surveys. The extent of variation in the amount of data collected from social media could affect the ability to derive meaningful linked indicators and could introduce possible biases. Linked Twitter data from respondents to two longitudinal surveys representative of Great Britain, the Innovation Panel and the NatCen Panel, show that there is indeed substantial variation in the number of tweets posted and the number of followers and friends respondents have. Multivariate analyses of both data sources show that only a few respondent characteristics have a statistically significant effect on the number of tweets posted, with the number of followers being the strongest predictor of posting in both panels, women posting less than men, and some evidence that people with higher education post less, but only in the Innovation Panel. We use sentiment analyses of tweets to provide an example of how the amount of Twitter data collected can impact outcomes using these linked data sources. Results show that more negatively coded tweets are related to general happiness, but not the number of positive tweets. Taken together, the findings suggest that the amount of data collected from social media which can be linked to surveys is an important factor to consider and indicate the potential for such linked data sources in social research.

Summary Presence of psychiatric comorbidities is well documented in narcolepsy type‐1 (NT1) but there are limited data on patients with ‘other central disorders of hypersomnolence’ (OCH). This study aimed to investigate frequency of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with NT1 and OCH, and to evaluate their impact on quality of life and sleep as an additive factor in combination with hypersomnolence‐related symptoms. This study was conducted within the scope of the international Swiss Primary Hypersomnolence and Narcolepsy Cohort Study (iSPHYNCS), which aims to find new biomarkers in central disorders of hypersomnolence (CDH). Study participants underwent Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and completed questionnaires related to quality of life and sleep. Comparative analysis was conducted to investigate group differences, and multivariable regression models were used to reveal the impact of psychiatric comorbidities. Among a total of 90 patients, 26 were diagnosed with NT1 and 64 with OCH. In all, 38 patients showed at least one psychiatric disorder, 27% of NT1 and 48% of OCH, with female dominance (50% in females versus 23% in males, p < 0.02). Major depressive episodes (n = 29) were most common, followed by suicidality (n = 13). Patients with a psychiatric diagnosis were more fatigued (β = 0.70, p < 0.05), apathic (β = −5.41, p < 0.002), had more disturbed sleep (β = 0.55, p < 0.02), worse sleep (β = 1.89, p < 0.001) and general health (β = −12.55, p < 0.02) quality. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are frequent in patients with CDH and worsen the impact of hypersomnolence‐related symptoms on daily activities regardless of the type of CDH. Psychiatric comorbidities may create a vicious circle with fatigue and avoidance of physical activities, which aggravates hypersomnolence‐related symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender-fair language makes women and people of other genders, their interests, and achievements more visible. However, critics argue that gender-fair language impairs the comprehensibility and aesthetic appeal of texts. This study tests these assumptions specifically concerning the gender asterisk, a form of gender-fair language that makes people outside the male-female dichotomy typographically more visible in German. In two experiments with N = 133 and N = 110, subjects were randomly given one of three versions of a text, either with masculine-only forms (e.g. die Spieler*innen, ~"the fe*male players"), the gender asterisk in its plural form (e.g. die Spieler*innen, "the fe*male players"), or the gender asterisk in its singular form (e.g. der*die Spieler*in, "the*the fe*male player"). Subsequently, participants completed a comprehensibility questionnaire. Both experiments show that the gender asterisk in its singular form impairs comprehensibility, but only Experiment 1 shows an impairment due to its plural form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) is an organic hydroperoxide widely used as a model compound to induce oxidative stress. It leads to a plethora of cellular damage, including lipid peroxidation, DNA double-strand breaks (DNA DSBs), and breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). We could show in several cell lines that t-BuOOH induces ferroptosis, triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. We have further revealed that not only t-BuOOH-mediated ferroptosis, but also DNA DSBs and loss of MMP are prevented by cell–cell contacts. The underlying mechanisms are not known. Here, we show in murine fibroblasts and a human colon carcinoma cell line that t-BuOOH (50 or 100 µM, resp.) causes an increase in intracellular Ca2+, and that this increase is key to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis, DNA DSB formation and dissipation of the MMP. We further demonstrate that cell–cell contacts prevent t-BuOOH-mediated raise in intracellular Ca2+. Hence, we provide novel insights into the mechanism of t-BuOOH-triggered cellular damage including ferroptosis and propose a model in which cell–cell contacts control intracellular Ca2+ levels to prevent lipid peroxidation, DNA DSB-formation and loss of MMP. Since Ca2+ is a central player of toxicity in response to oxidative stress and is involved in various cell death pathways, our observations suggest a broad protective function of cell–cell contacts against a variety of exogenous toxicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) can alleviate increased intracranial pressure in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with concomitant space-occupying intracerebral hemorrhage, but also carries a high risk for complications. We studied outcomes and complications of DC at time of ruptured aneurysm repair. Methods: Of 47 patients treated between 2010 and 2020, 30 underwent DC during aneurysm repair and hematoma evacuation and 17 did not. We calculated odds ratios (OR) for delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), angiographic vasospasm, DCI-related infarction, and unfavorable functional outcome (extended Glasgow Outcome Scale 1–5) at three months. Complication rates after DC and cranioplasty in the aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients were compared to those of all 107 patients undergoing DC for malignant cerebral infarction during the same period. Results: In DC versus no DC patients, proportions were for clinical DCI 37% versus 53% (OR = 0.5;95%CI:0.2–1.8), angiographic vasospasm 37% versus 47% (OR = 0.7;95%CI:0.2–2.2), DCI-related infarctions 17% versus 47% (OR = 0.2;95%CI:0.1–0.7) and unfavorable outcome 80% versus 88% (OR = 0.5;95%CI:0.1–3.0). ORs were similar after adjustment for baseline predictors for outcome. Complications related to DC and cranioplasty occurred in 18 (51%) of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients and 41 (38%) of cerebral infarction patients (OR = 1.7;95%CI:0.8–3.7). Conclusions: In patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and concomitant space-occupying intracerebral hemorrhage, early DC was not associated with improved functional outcomes, but with a reduced rate of DCI-related infarctions. This potential benefit has to be weighed against high complication rates of DC in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although ethics is an indispensable part of dental education, it has not yet played a relevant role in the dental curriculum in Germany. The study aimed at assessing their prior knowledge of ethical aspects, and their expectations of and wishes for ethics course of dental students, preclinical vs. clinical, at the dental school Kiel, Germany by means of a validated questionnaire. Methods: A descriptive cross‐sectional study design was used. The study population consisted of dental students, from pre‐clinical (n = 105) and clinical semesters (n = 110). In January 2019, each student completed a validated questionnaire to identify semester‐specific ethical teaching content. Besides descriptive analyses, Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare pre‐clinical and clinical students. Results: A total of 215 dental students, with a mean age of 25.3 (SD 4.1), participated in the study, of which 150 were female (69.8%) and 65 were male students (30.2%). The results in the areas of 'previous knowledge of ethical issues' and 'expectations and desires in terms of teaching medical ethics' showed similarities and differences between pre‐clinical and clinical students. Both groups stated that they need training in ethics. Moreover, especially clinical students recognize that more ethical competence is needed if the first patient contact will start. Conclusion: The study indicates that there is a clear need for ethics education. Student awareness of the relevance of ethical competences and the perception of ethical problems increased progressively during the course of their studies. Overall, the study provides good support for the development of specific ethics courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]