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The rest-frame UV-optical (i.e., $NUV-B$) color is sensitive to both low-level recent star formation (specific star formation rate - sSFR) and dust. In this Letter, we extend our previous work on the origins of $NUV-B$ color gradients in star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at $z\sim1$ to those at $z\sim2$. We use a sample of 1335 large (semi-major axis radius $R_{\rm SMA}>0.''18$) SFGs with extended UV emission out to $2R_{\rm SMA}$ in the mass range $M_{\ast} = 10^{9}-10^{11}M_{\odot}$ at $1.5, Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in ApJL

Light harvesting is the first step of photovoltaic process in polymer solar cells. However, such donor: acceptor bulk junction layers are usually featured with vertical phase segregation as well as film-depth-dependent molecular aggregation, chain orientation and crystallinity, leading to a significant variation of photon absorption and exciton generation at different film-depths. We propose an experimentally and numerically accessible method to investigate the depth-dependent light harvesting behaviors in the active layer in polymer solar cells. A low-pressure oxygen plasma is utilized to etch the active layer gradually which is monitored by a light absorption spectrometer. Including the obtained sublayer absorption spectra into transfer matrix optical model yields depth-dependent optical properties and exciton generation profiles, which contribute to quantum efficiency and short-circuit current. This approach is helpful to optimize vertical material variation and provide insights into photovoltaic process.

High-dimensional statistical tests often ignore correlations to gain simplicity and stability leading to null distributions that depend on functionals of correlation matrices such as their Frobenius norm and other $\ell_r$ norms. Motivated by the computation of critical values of such tests, we investigate the difficulty of estimation the functionals of sparse correlation matrices. Specifically, we show that simple plug-in procedures based on thresholded estimators of correlation matrices are sparsity-adaptive and minimax optimal over a large class of correlation matrices. Akin to previous results on functional estimation, the minimax rates exhibit an elbow phenomenon. Our results are further illustrated in simulated data as well as an empirical study of data arising in financial econometrics., Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/15-AOS1357 in the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)

A combined hole-filling approach with spatial and temporal prediction is presented in this paper. Depth image-based rendering (DIBR) is generally used to synthesize virtual view images in free viewpoint television (FTV) and three-dimensional (3-D) video. Limited original camera views and depth maps are used to generate the additional virtual views in the synthesizing process. One of the main problems in DIBR is that there are some regions are occluded by the foreground objects in the original views, and they will be some holes in the generated additional virtual views, especially for the view extrapolation cases. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is introduced and it can be used to fill the holes which caused by disocclusion regions and inaccurate depth values. The proposed algorithm combines the spatial and temporal prediction, and the performance is much better and more stable than the previous work. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the quality of the virtual views a lot compared with the previous work. The improvement is not only obvious in the objective comparison, but also in the subjective comparison.

Porphyrin is a type of polymer which can combine with multiple heavy metal ions.Some structures and properties of porphyrin will get changed with this combination.We can detect these changes of structures or properties of porphyrin to know how the combination between them goes on.In this paper,we get the giant porphyrin capsule in two consecutive micro-fluidic junctions.We can observe strong red fluorescence under green laser excitation.Then we use Mn2+ to react with this capsule.Mn2+ can combine with porphyrin and influence the intensity of the red fluorescence.Different concentration of Mn2+ solution has different effects on the intensity of fluorescence.So we can make sense of how the combination is between the two substance.

Being one kind of approximately 22nt long small RNA, miRNA has shown its roles in host-pathogen interaction, providing one possible way for pathogen infection. Though Phytophthora infestans is a major pathogen that causes devastating late blight of potato, tomato and so on, so far there have not been any systematic researches on miRNAs and even pathogenic miRNAs in P. infestans. Here, for the first time we comprehensively predicted and identified pathogenic miRNAs that may exist in P. infestans. First, a total of 128 putative miRNAs belonging to 66 miRNA family were identified by bioinformatic approaches. Then, 33 vital pathogenic miRNAs were screened by constructing miRNA-miRNA relationship networks. Finally, four potential pathogenic miRNAs were chosen for detection, two of which are chosen for validation. The expression quantity of pi-miR466 and pi-miR1918 changed dramatically during incubation of tomato leaves, implying that they are potential pathogenic miRNAs.

The rest-frame UV-optical (i.e., NUV-B) color index is sensitive to the low-level recent star formation and dust extinction, but it is insensitive to the metallicity. In this Letter, we have measured the rest-frame NUV-B color gradients in ~1400 large ($\rm r_e>0.18^{\prime\prime}$), nearly face-on (b/a>0.5) main-sequence star-forming galaxies (SFGs) between redshift 0.5 and 1.5 in the CANDELS/GOODS-S and UDS fields. With this sample, we study the origin of UV-optical color gradients in the SFGs at z~1 and discuss their link with the buildup of stellar mass. We find that the more massive, centrally compact, and more dust extinguished SFGs tend to have statistically more negative raw color gradients (redder centers) than the less massive, centrally diffuse, and less dusty SFGs. After correcting for dust reddening based on optical-SED fitting, the color gradients in the low-mass ($M_{\ast} 10^{10.5}M_{\odot}$) SFGs still retain shallow negative color gradients. These findings imply that dust reddening is likely the principal cause of negative color gradients in the low-mass SFGs, while both increased central dust reddening and buildup of compact old bulges are likely the origins of negative color gradients in the high-mass SFGs. These findings also imply that at these redshifts the low-mass SFGs buildup their stellar masses in a self-similar way, while the high-mass SFGs grow inside out., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL

In this paper, we propose a novel high-speed stereo matching algorithm using pixel classification and reliable disparity propagation. While the research on stereo matching has such a long history and many state-of-art strategies have been introduced in recent years, the contradiction between the quality and the time consumes has not yet been solved. Our stereo method tackles this problem with two key contributions. First, we classify all the pixels into two categories: consecutive pixels and isolated pixels. When we perform matching cost aggregation, different supports are constructed for different types of pixels. For a consecutive pixel, an orthogonal local support skeleton is adaptively constructed. For an isolated pixel, we build an adaptive binary window. Second, we simultaneously conduct the matching cost aggregation and reliability detection. Once a reliable disparity is found, we propagate it to the whole support region. Experiments show that this algorithm can significantly reduce the computational complexity and ensure the accuracy of the result at the same time.

In order to calculate the aerodynamic heating process of the missile head, the environmental temperature and pressure are obtained by the ballistic trajectory table and the flight Mach number are calculated. The method of fluid-solid coupled was used to compute the inner and outer field of the missile. The temperature of the missile surface and head was obtained. The result shows the fluid-solid coupled method is suitable for the aerodynamic heating calculation. The inflexion of the missile should be considered respectively at the subsonic and the supersonic flight in the design of the missile.

the three-dimensional dynamic method and MIXTURE two-phase model were introduced. The water container was connected to the nozzle chamber to achieve the low effect for missile launching which contains low noise, low temperature, low light and low recoil. The device was compared to the usual launching equipment. The result shows the special water container launching equipment is advantaged to missile launching while some problems were brought forward. The analysis provides reference to the low effect for missile launching.

We evaluated HER-2 receptor status by immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical analyses and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 51 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens together with the corresponding formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples obtained from surgically resected breast cancers. Three fixation methods were compared: ethanol, formalin, and CytoLyt-ThinPrep (Cytyc, Boxborough, MA). HER-2 was overexpressed and amplified in 8 (16%) of 51 FFPE specimens. Of the 8 cases, gene amplification was observed in 8 FNA specimens (100%) and overexpression in 2 (25%) ethanol-, 4 (50%) CytoLyt-, and 5 (63%) formalin-fixed FNA specimens. Strong pairwise kappa association between FISH results performed on FNA specimens and FFPE tissue samples (ethanol fixation, kappa = 0.848; ThinPrep, kappa = 0.918) and moderate (ThinPrep, kappa = 0.692; formalin fixation, kappa = 0.667) to poor (ethanol, kappa = 0.300) pairwise kappa agreement between tissue immunohistochemical and FNA immunocytochemical results was demonstrated. We conclude that HER-2 protein expression on cytologic preparations was insufficiently reliable for clinical use, whereas HER-2 gene amplification determined by FISH demonstrated strong and consistent correlation with HER-2 status of FFPE tissue samples.

54-year-old woman presented with a 2- to 3-week history of epigastric pain and discomfort. The patient’s past medical history was unremarkable except for chronic alcoholism. The physical examination was nonrevealing and an esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed. The fundic gastric mucosa appeared erythematous, although there was no evidence of erosion or ulcer. A 0.4-cm, yellow, villiform mucosal nodule was seen in the antrum. A biopsy of this nodule was taken for histopathologic examination. Routine hematoxylin-eosin‐stained sections revealed subepithelial aggregates of foam cells within the lamina propria without associated leukocytic infiltrate (Figure 1). The overlying epithelium was unremarkable. The foam cells were oval to polygonal with a moderate amount of cytoplasm and central to eccentric small nuclei (Figure 2). No evidence of mitotic activity was seen. The foam cells expressed CD68 but were negative for mucicarmine and periodic acid‐Schiff (with diastase) stains and did not express cytokeratin. Stains for fungi and acid-fast bacilli were also negative. Xanthelasma or xanthoma is a localized collection of tissue histiocytes or macrophages containing lipid. They are usually encountered in the skin and subcutis, presenting as visceral aggregates of foamy macrophages unassociated with inflammation or hemorrhage. They are not commonly seen in the gastrointestinal tract. When present, they occur almost exclusively in the stomach. Gastric xanthelasma, also known as lipid islands, was observed in 0.4% of patients who had not undergone gastric resections. 1 They are usually antral and at the lesser curvature, but occasionally are located in the body or fundus and may be multiple. They are uncommon in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but can be found in the small intestine, esophagus, and large intestine. The etiology of lipid islands has not yet been established. It is generally agreed that lipid islands are not found in the healthy stomach, occurring only when pathologic changes, such as chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcer, or changes caused by bile reflux or partial gastrectomy are present. Autopsy studies have shown that lipid islands are more common

17-year-old adolescent boy presented with a history of epigastric pain for the past 10 to 12 weeks. He had no significant family or personal medical history. The results of a physical examination were nonrevealing, therefore an esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed. When the endoscope was introduced into the stomach, a 1-cm polypoidal lesion was seen in the gastric antrum. The lesion appeared to be submucosal with an intact submucosa and muscularis propria interface. No lymphadenopathy was seen. This lesion in the gastric antrum was excised and sent for histopathologic examination. On microscopic examination, a well-circumscribed submucosal nodular lesion with overlying benign gastric mucosa was evident (Figure 1). The lesion displayed unremarkable pancreatic lobules with acini, ducts (Figure 2), and islets of Langerhans cells (Figure 3, arrow). No evidence of cellular pleomorphism, necrosis, mitosis, or stromal reaction was present. Heterotopic pancreas is defined as pancreatic tissue outside the boundaries of the pancreas that lacks anatomic and vascular continuity to this organ. Heterotopic pancreas is a relatively infrequent lesion, with an incidence ranging from 0.5% to 13% in autopsy studies. Heterotopic pancreas is usually found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, with more than 90% of the cases involving the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and Meckel diverticulum. 1 Unusual locations are the colon, spleen, liver, biliary tract, mesentry, skin, lymph nodes, and fallopian tube. The pathogenesis of this lesion is unknown; it is believed to arise during embryonic development of the gastrointestinal tract. The normal pancreas is derived from several evaginations originating from the wall of the primitive duodenum. During embryogenesis, if one or more evaginations remain in the wall of the bowel, then it may be carried away from the remainder of the gland by the developing gastrointestinal tract and may give rise to heterotopic pancreas. 2 The other theory proposes pancreatic metaplasia of endodermal tissues that end up in the submucosa during embryonic life. Pancreatic heterotopia grossly resembles normal pancreatic parenchyma as a submucosal nodule, as an intramural mass, or as a nodular lesion involving the serosa. On gross examination, the color is yellow to yellow-white, and cut section reveals a lobulated appearance. The size

Background Analysis of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) aims to identify the genetic loci associated with the expression level of genes. Penalized regression with a proper penalty is suitable for the high-dimensional biological data. Its performance should be enhanced when we incorporate biological knowledge of gene expression network and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure between loci in high-noise background. Results We propose a network-based group variable selection (NGVS) method for QTL detection. Our method simultaneously maps highly correlated expression traits sharing the same biological function to marker sets formed by LD. By grouping markers, complex joint activity of multiple SNPs can be considered and the dimensionality of eQTL problem is reduced dramatically. In order to demonstrate the power and flexibility of our method, we used it to analyze two simulations and a mouse obesity and diabetes dataset. We considered the gene co-expression network, grouped markers into marker sets and treated the additive and dominant effect of each locus as a group: as a consequence, we were able to replicate results previously obtained on the mouse linkage dataset. Furthermore, we observed several possible sex-dependent loci and interactions of multiple SNPs. Conclusions The proposed NGVS method is appropriate for problems with high-dimensional data and high-noise background. On eQTL problem it outperforms the classical Lasso method, which does not consider biological knowledge. Introduction of proper gene expression and loci correlation information makes detecting causal markers more accurate. With reasonable model settings, NGVS can lead to novel biological findings.