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Large numbers of bats are killed by wind turbines globally, yet the specific demographic consequences of wind turbine mortality are still unclear. In this study, we compared characteristics of Nathusius' pipistrelles (Pipistrellus nathusii) killed at wind turbines (N = 119) to those observed within the live population (N = 524) during the summer migration period in Germany. We used generalized linear mixed-effects modeling to identify demographic groups most vulnerable to wind turbine mortality, including sex (female or male), age (adult or juvenile), and geographic origin (regional or long-distance migrant; depicted by fur stable hydrogen isotope ratios). Juveniles contributed with a higher proportion of carcasses at wind turbines than expected given their frequency in the live population suggesting that juvenile bats may be particularly vulnerable to wind turbine mortality. This effect varied with wind turbine density. Specifically, at low wind turbine densities, representing mostly inland areas with water bodies and forests where Nathusius' pipistrelles breed, juveniles were found more often dead beneath turbines than expected based on their abundance in the live population. At high wind turbine densities, representing mostly coastal areas where Nathusius' pipistrelles migrate, adults and juveniles were equally vulnerable. We found no evidence of increased vulnerability to wind turbines in either sex, yet we observed a higher proportion of females than males among both carcasses and the live population, which may reflect a female bias in the live population most likely caused by females migrating from their northeastern breeding areas migrating into Germany. A high mortality of females is conservation concern for this migratory bat species because it affects the annual reproduction rate of populations. A distant origin did not influence the likelihood of getting killed at wind turbines. A disproportionately high vulnerability of juveniles to wind turbine mortality may reduce juvenile recruitment, which may limit the resilience of Nathusius' pipistrelles to environmental stressors such as climate change or habitat loss. Schemes to mitigate wind turbine mortality, such as elevated cut-in speeds, should be implemented throughout Europe to prevent population declines of Nathusius' pipistrelles and other migratory bats.

Dark patterns utilize interface elements to trick users into performing unwanted actions. Online shopping websites often employ these manipulative mechanisms so as to increase their potential customer base, to boost their sales, or to optimize their advertising efforts. Although dark patterns are often successful, they clearly inhibit positive user experiences. Particularly, with respect to customers' perceived annoyance and trust put into a given brand, they may have negative effects. To investigate respective connections between the use of dark patterns, users' perceived level of annoyance and their expressed brand trust, we conducted an experiment-based survey. We implemented two versions of a fictitious online shop; i.e. one which used five different types of dark patterns and a similar one without such manipulative user interface elements. A total of $n=204$ participants were then forwarded to one of the two shops (approx. $2/3$ to the shop which used the dark patterns) and asked to buy a specific product. Subsequently, we measured participants' perceived annoyance level, their expressed brand trust and their affinity for technology. Results show a higher level of perceived annoyance with those who used the dark pattern version of the online shop. Also, we found a significant connection between perceived annoyance and participants' expressed brand trust. A connection between participants' affinity for technology and their ability to recognize and consequently counter dark patterns, however, is not supported by our data., 13 pages

Thinking aloud is an effective meta-cognitive strategy human reasoners apply to solve difficult problems. We suggest to improve the reasoning ability of pre-trained neural language models in a similar way, namely by expanding a task's context with problem elaborations that are dynamically generated by the language model itself. Our main result is that dynamic problem elaboration significantly improves the zero-shot performance of GPT-2 in a deductive reasoning and natural language inference task: While the model uses a syntactic heuristic for predicting an answer, it is capable (to some degree) of generating reasoned additional context which facilitates the successful application of its heuristic. We explore different ways of generating elaborations, including fewshot learning, and find that their relative performance varies with the specific problem characteristics (such as problem difficulty). Moreover, the effectiveness of an elaboration can be explained in terms of the degree to which the elaboration semantically coheres with the corresponding problem. In particular, elaborations that are most faithful to the original problem description may boost accuracy by up to 24%.

A male Pipistrellus nathusii ringed in Pape Natural Park (S Latvia) in August 2015 was recovered recently dead in Pitillas’ Lagoon Natural Reserve (N Spain) in March 2017. At 2224 km in SSW direction, this is the first documented bat migration between these countries and worldwide the longest migration record of a bat. We also report other observations of this species in autumn in Northern Spain, suggesting that the Iberian Peninsula may be an important wintering area for Nathusius’ pipistrelles. Conservation measures should be agreed on by countries along the migration routes to improve the protection of this species. nonPeerReviewed

As places of intersection between society and technology with great experience in community management and co-development practices, makerspaces can have a huge impact on open source (product) development projects (OSD) in the context of company-community collaboration (C3). As a source of an open source mind-set and as prototyping facilities, they can decrease the distance between the design process and communities of concern, e.g. by actively engaging them in the ideation and decision-making activities. In order to train makerspaces to become OSD labs that are able to initiate, support and manage OSD projects with SMEs, a suitable qualification strategy is needed. This is summed up as a methodology for OSD sprints, the so-called ‘prototyping improvement logic’ (PIL), which guides especially makerspaces through a standardised learning process. The first release of the PIL contains the basics to provide a common understanding of the OSD context as well as a conceptual model incl. a gender & diversity plan. Furthermore, an engagement plan is introduced as basis for the makerspace's service pitch for winning new SMEs. Als Schnittstellen zwischen Gesellschaft und Technologie können Makerspaces mit ihren Erfahrung in Community-Management und Co-Development-Praktiken einen großen Einfluss auf Open source (Produkt-) Entwicklungsprojekte im Rahmen der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Unternehmen und Community haben. Als Quelle einer Open source-Mentalität und als Prototyping-Einrichtungen können sie die Distanz zwischen dem Designprozess und den Communities of Concern verringern, indem sie diese z.B. aktiv in die Ideenfindung und Entscheidungsfindung einbinden. Um Makerspaces zu Open source Entwicklungseinrichtungen auszubilden, die in der Lage sind, Open source Entwicklungsprojekte mit KMUs zu initiieren, zu unterstützen und zu managen, ist eine geeignete Qualifizierungsstrategie erforderlich. Diese wird in einer Methodik für Entwicklungs-Sprints, der sogenannten "Prototyping Improvement Logic" (PIL), zusammengefasst, die insbesondere Makerspaces durch einen standardisierten Lernprozess führt. Die erste Version der PIL enthält die Grundlagen, um ein gemeinsames Verständnis des Open source (Produkt-) Entwicklungs-Kontextes zu schaffen, sowie ein konzeptionelles Modell inkl. eines Gender & Diversity-Plans. Darüber hinaus wird ein Engagement-Plan als Grundlage für den Service-Pitch des Makerspaces zur Gewinnung neuer KMU vorgestellt.

We discuss a number of general constructions concerning additive $ C^* $-categories, focussing in particular on establishing the existence of bicolimits. As an illustration of our results we show that balanced tensor products of module categories over $ C^* $-tensor categories exist without any finiteness assumptions., 39 pages

Organismal movement is ubiquitous and facilitates important ecological mechanisms that drive community and metacommunity composition and hence biodiversity. In most existing ecological theories and models in biodiversity research, movement is represented simplistically, ignoring the behavioural basis of movement and consequently the variation in behaviour at species and individual levels. However, as human endeavours modify climate and land use, the behavioural processes of organisms in response to these changes, including movement, become critical to understanding the resulting biodiversity loss. Here, we draw together research from different subdisciplines in ecology to understand the impact of individual‐level movement processes on community‐level patterns in species composition and coexistence. We join the movement ecology framework with the key concepts from metacommunity theory, community assembly and modern coexistence theory using the idea of micro–macro links, where various aspects of emergent movement behaviour scale up to local and regional patterns in species mobility and mobile‐link‐generated patterns in abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. These in turn influence both individual movement and, at ecological timescales, mechanisms such as dispersal limitation, environmental filtering, and niche partitioning. We conclude by highlighting challenges to and promising future avenues for data generation, data analysis and complementary modelling approaches and provide a brief outlook on how a new behaviour‐based view on movement becomes important in understanding the responses of communities under ongoing environmental change.