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A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is dynamic in nature and is composed of wirelessly connected nodes that perform hop-by-hop routing without the help of any fixed infrastructure. A Mobile Ad hoc Networks shortly called as MANET simply consists of a set of wireless mobile nodes that can quickly organize into a network, without the need for an infrastructure and start communicating using their wireless links. The nodes randomly move in a given region; as a result, the network topology keeps on changing. These ad hoc networks have found numerous applications in civil and military domains. The main requirements of a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the efficiency of energy. Energy efficiency increases the lifetime of the network. In this research, inter-cluster and intra-cluster traffic is maintained by the cluster-head mobile nodes. The research takes into consideration the velocity of the mobile nodes, transmission range and battery power consumption of the mobile nodes. These solutions are achieved through the proposed routing. Simulations are performed using NS-2. The comparison is to be made between the proposed algorithm in the research and Weighted Clustering Algorithm (WCA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is an essential element required for the growth and development of all plants. On a global scale, N is agriculture's most widely used fertilizer nutrient. Studies have shown that crops use only 50% of the applied N effectively, while the rest is lost through various pathways to the surrounding environment. Furthermore, lost N negatively impacts the farmer's return on investment and pollutes the water, soil, and air. Therefore, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is critical in crop improvement programs and agronomic management systems. The major processes responsible for low N use are the volatilization, surface runoff, leaching, and denitrification of N. Improving NUE through agronomic management practices and high-throughput technologies would reduce the need for intensive N application and minimize the negative impact of N on the environment. The harmonization of agronomic, genetic, and biotechnological tools will improve the efficiency of N assimilation in crops and align agricultural systems with global needs to protect environmental functions and resources. Therefore, this review summarizes the literature on nitrogen loss, factors affecting NUE, and agronomic and genetic approaches for improving NUE in various crops and proposes a pathway to bring together agronomic and environmental needs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Govindasamy, Muthusamy, Bagavathiannan, Mowrer, Jagannadham, Maity, Halli, G. K., Vadivel, T. K., Raj, Pooniya, Babu, Rathore, L. and Tiwari.)

Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has captured the mental health discussion worldwide. Examining countries' representation in this discussion could prove instrumental in identifying potential gaps in terms of ensuring a truly global conversation in times of global crisis., Methods: We collected mental health and COVID-19-related journal articles published in PubMed in 2020. We focused on the corresponding authors' countries of affiliation to explore countries' representation. We also examined these articles' academic impact and correlations with their corresponding authors' countries of affiliation. Additional journals and countries' indicators were collected from the Web of Science and World Bank websites, respectively. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics and the VOSviewer software., Results: In total, 3492 publications were analyzed. Based on the corresponding author, high-income countries produced 61.9% of these publications. Corresponding authors from Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East combined accounted for 11.8% of the publications. Europe hosted corresponding authors with the most publications and citations, and corresponding authors from North America had the largest mean journal impact factor., Conclusions: The global scientific discussion during the COVID-19 pandemic saw an increased contribution of academics from developing countries. However, authors from high-income countries have continued to shape this discussion. It is imperative to ensure the active participation of low- and middle-income countries in setting up the global mental health research agenda, particularly in situations of global crisis, such as the ongoing pandemic., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Objectives: We examined the associations of lockdown stringency and duration with Google searches for four mental health concepts (i.e., "Anxiety," "Depression," "Suicide," "Mental Health") in nine countries (i.e., Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, Paraguay, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey) during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: We retrieved national-level data for each country from Google Trends and the Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies. In our primary analysis, we used data from all countries to estimate a set of multilevel regression models examining associations of overall lockdown stringency and lockdown duration with relative search volumes for each mental health term. We repeated the models after replacing overall lockdown stringency with each of the lockdown stringency components., Results: A negative association was found between overall lockdown stringency and "Depression." Lockdown duration and the most stringent stay-at-home requirements were negatively associated with "Anxiety." Policies that recommended or required the cancelation of public events evidenced negative associations with "Depression," whereas associations between policies that required some or all levels of schooling to close and "Depression" were positive. Policies that recommended or required workplaces to close and those that enforced quarantines on non-citizens arriving from high-risk regions or closed borders entirely were negatively associated with "Suicide.", Conclusions: Lockdown duration and some lockdown policies during the COVID-19 pandemic were generally associated with significantly lower, rather than higher, Google searches for selected mental health terms. These findings could be used alongside other evidence to develop future lockdown strategies that are sensitive to mental health issues during public health crises., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Every health care system requires an adequate health care workforce, service delivery, financial support, and information technology. During the COVID-19 pandemic, global health systems were ill prepared to address the rising prevalence of mental health problems, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), thereby increasing treatment gaps. To close these gaps globally, task shifting and telepsychiatry should be made available and maximized, particularly in LMICs. Task shifting to nonspecialist health workers to improve essential mental health coverage and encourage efficient use of the available resources and technology has become the most viable strategy.

There is an increasing movement toward international collaboration and global discussion in mental health. If provided with the right opportunities, early career psychiatrists (ECPs) and researchers in mental health can contribute meaningfully to this discussion. However, they often experience multiple barriers when attempting to add their voices via academic publications. We represent a diverse group of ECPs and researchers from all six World Health Organization regions. In this piece, we discuss these barriers, grounded in our first-hand experiences, and put forth a series of recommendations. The most potentially beneficial and immediate way forward is ensuring a much-needed mentorship and support, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. In this regard, international organizations, especially those with a particular focus on education, such as the Section on Education in Psychiatry of the World Psychiatric Association, can play a pivotal role., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Objective: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) has been broadly incorporated into national frameworks for compulsory psychiatric treatment. Recently, instructions issued by the UN CRPD Committee discouraged any involuntary treatment and detention of people with mental disabilities, which has sparked clinical, legal, and ethical debates. Early-career psychiatrists (ECPs) are often at the front line of decisions to involuntarily detain psychiatric patients; here, the authors surveyed ECPs to gain insight into their experiences with compulsory psychiatric treatment in clinical practice., Methods: An anonymous, voluntary, online survey among ECPs from 43 countries was conducted between July and August 2019., Results: In total, 142 ECPs completed and were eligible to participate in the survey. Most of the survey respondents reported being involved in the practice of compulsory psychiatric care. More than half reported difficulties in providing compulsory psychiatric care, mostly because of the bureaucracy of legal procedures (e.g., legal correspondence with the court) and ethical issues around detention. Most respondents (96%) generally agreed with their country's legal mechanism for compulsory treatment; 43% indicated that it should remain unchanged, and 53% indicated that it should be revised., Conclusions: These findings call for a broader discussion in society and among psychiatrists regarding the practice of compulsory treatment while giving due consideration to the legal, therapeutic, and ethical issues involved. The views of ECPs will be helpful in future revisions of the ethical and operational frameworks of compulsory psychiatric care.

New water-soluble acetylpyrene-bound imidazolium salts (1- N -methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-(pyren-1-yl)ethyl)-imidazolium bromide ( 1 ), 1- N -isopropyl-3-(2-oxo-2-(pyren-1-yl)ethyl)-imidazolium bromide ( 2 ), 1- N -allyl-3-(2-oxo-2-(pyren-1-yl)ethyl)-imidazolium bromide ( 3 ), and 1- N -isopropyl-3-(2-oxo-2-(pyren-1-yl)ethyl)-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( 4 )) were synthesized from the reaction between 1-bromoacetylpyrene and N-substituted imidazoles in excellent yield. The new molecules were fully characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear ( 1 H, 13 C, and 19 F) NMR techniques, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Investigations on the crystal packing of 1 , 3 , and 4 show the presence of inter/intramolecular weak interactions, including the π···π stacking interaction between the pairs of pyrene molecules. The photophysical properties were investigated in detail for the four imidazolium salts. Experiments show that the emissions observed for all the four compounds are due to the excited monomer and static excimer. Very interestingly, all the four compounds exhibit solid-state multicolor fluorescence depending on the excitation wavelength. The solid-state emissions were monitored using a fluorescence microscope. Finally, a fingerprint powder was formulated based on compound 4 and demonstrated as an efficient fluorescent fingerprint powder for forensic applications. The formulated powder revealed all the 3 level information along with peculiar individual characteristics of the fingerprints under investigation. The fingerprints were further viewed through a fluorescence microscope, and the results were discussed in detail., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

: Globally, there are concerns about access to healthcare and harm reduction services for people who use drugs (PWUD) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Members from the Network of Early Career Professionals working in Addiction Medicine shared their experiences of providing treatment to PWUD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on these qualitative reports, we highlight the similarities and discrepancies in access to services for PWUD in 16 countries under COVID-10 restrictions. In most countries reported here, efforts have been made to ensure continued access to services, such as mobilising opioid agonist maintenance treatment and other essential medicines to patients. However, due to travel restrictions and limited telemedicine services, several Network of Early Career Professionals working in Addiction Medicine members from lower-resourced countries experienced challenges with providing care to their patients during periods of COVID-19 lock-down. The insights provided in this commentary illustrate how the COVID-19 lock-down restrictions have impacted access to services for PWUD.

: Alcohol use is a major risk factor for infectious disease and reduction of harms associated with alcohol consumption are essential during times of humanitarian crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. As a network of early career professionals working in the area of addiction medicine, we provide our views with regards to national actions related to reducing alcohol-related harm and providing care for people with alcohol use disorder during COVID-19. We believe that COVID-19 related measures have affected alcohol consumption in the majority of countries represented in this commentary. Examples of these changes include changes in alcohol consumption patterns, increases in cases of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, disruptions in access to medical care for alcohol use disorder and increases in illegal production of alcohol. Our members urge that treatment for acute and severe conditions due to substance use should be considered as essential services in times of humanitarian crises like COVID-19.

Photoluminescent carbon dots (PL CDs) have drawn tremendous attention from researchers owing to their admirable properties and wide range of applications. Herein, highly PL nitrogen and sulfur doped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) were synthesized through a facile, green and rapid one-step microwave assisted method using goat hooves, a bio-waste and a green precursor. The structural and photophysical properties of as obtained N,S-CDs were thoroughly investigated. From the investigation, it is revealed that the N,S-CDs possess a spherical morphology with an average particle size of about 2 nm, highly amorphous nature, high functionality, negative zeta potential (-32 mV), good water-solubility, excitation dependant PL, high PL quantum yield (23.8%), nanosecond lifetime ( τ avg = 3.38 ns) and excellent storage stability for 180 days without any agglomeration. In addition, the N,S-CDs exhibit high PL stability under diverse pH conditions, wide ionic strength and resistance towards photobleaching, which are very important properties for practical applications. The N,S-CDs selectively sense Au 3+ ions and also reduce the Au 3+ ions to metallic gold. Hence, the N,S-CDs were successfully applied as a potential candidate for sensing of Au 3+ and simultaneous extraction of metallic gold in aqueous media without any further reducing agents. It is a significant green way for the recovery of gold in aqueous media., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors comprising obesity, dyslipidaemias, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance (or hyperinsulinaemia), and hypertension, and is highly predictive of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The life expectancy of people with schizophrenia is reduced by 20%, with 60% of the excess mortality due to physical illness. Schizophrenia itself may be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and there is also increasing concern that antipsychotic drugs, particularly second-generation antipsychotics, have metabolic consequences that contribute to the risk. Various diagnostic guidelines, updated facts with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and complications of metabolic syndrome are discussed in this review. Moreover, the impact of various antipsychotics on metabolic syndrome and their possible mechanisms are comprehensively reviewed. The authors emphasise that, while many adults with schizophrenia receive little or no medical care, such care is important given the risk of metabolic abnormalities associated not only with antipsychotic medications, but also with schizophrenia in general.