Search

Background Trained breath-hold divers have shown physiological adaptations that might improve athletes’ aerobic and anaerobic performance.Objective This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature and perform a meta-analysis to assess the effects of voluntary apnoea training on markers of anaerobic and aerobic performance, such as blood lactate and VO2max.Methods A literature search on three databases (Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS) was conducted in March 2022. The inclusion criteria were 1) peer-reviewed journal publication; 2) clinical trials; 3) healthy humans; 4) effects of apnoea training; 5) variables included markers of aerobic or anaerobic performance, such as lactate and VO2max.Results 545 manuscripts were identified following database examination. Only seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were, therefore, included in the meta-analysis. 126 participants were allocated to either voluntary apnoea training (ApT; n = 64) or normal breathing (NB; n = 63). Meta-analysis on the included studies demonstrated that ApT increased the peak blood lactate concentration more than NB (MD = 1.89 mmol*L−1 [95% CI 1.05, 2.73], z = 4.40, p < 0.0001). In contrast, there were no statistically significant effects of ApT on VO2max (MD = 0.89 ml*kg−1*min−1 [95% CI −1.23, 3.01], z = 0.82, p = 0.41).Conclusion ApT might be an alternative strategy to enhace anaerobic performance associated with increased maximum blood lactate; however, we did not find evidence of ApT effects on physiological aerobic markers, such as VO2max.Systematic Review Registration: [PRISMA], identifier [registration number].

The characteristic of badminton game is a sport with high intensity and intermitten actions. It takes the ability of a high level of physical condition, especially the level of VO2max to reach peak performance. There are many kinds of training method to increase VO2max, one of them is continuous circuit training and competitive circuit training. The purpose of this study is to discover the effect of continuous circuit training and competitive circuit training and to determine a more effective method to increase VO2max. This study is pre-experimental study with pre-test and post-test group design. The sample consisted of 60 badminton athletes in range of 9 – 12 years old and all of them were male. The instrument used to measure VO2max level was Multistage Fitness Test (MFT). VO2max data before and after treatement were analyzed with descriptive statistic and t-test on 5% significancy standard. Based on the data analysis, the following results were obtained: (1) There was a significant effect on the level of VO2max in the continuous circuit training group with sig 0.000 values; (2) There was a significant effect on the level of VO2max in the competitive circuit training group with values sig 0.000; and (3) There was no significant difference between the continuous circuit training group and the competitive circuit training group. So it can be concluded that continuous and competitive circuit training can increase the VO2max of young badminton players.

IntroductionResearch on the associations of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance among adults in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is limited. We assessed the association of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with β-cell function, insulin resistance and diabetes among people living with HIV (PLWH) ART-naïve and HIV-uninfected Tanzanian adults.MethodIn a cross-sectional study, we collected data on socio-demography, anthropometry, fat mass and fat free mass and C-reactive protein. Data on glucose and insulin collected during an oral glucose tolerance test were used to assess β-cell dysfunction (defined as insulinogenic index 1.9 (mU/L)/(mmol/L) and Matsuda index 0.05).ConclusionAmong Tanzanian adults PLWH and HIV-uninfected individuals, low physical activity was associated with β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and diabetes. Research is needed to assess if physical activity interventions can improve β-cell function and insulin sensitivity to reduce risk of diabetes and delay progression of diabetes in SSA.

Today, researchers, practitioners, and physicians measure the concentration of lactate during a graded exercise test to determine thresholds related to the maximal lactate steady state (maxLass) as a sensitive measure of endurance capacity. In the 1970s and 1980s, a group of Cologne-based researchers around Wildor Hollmann, Alois Mader, and Hermann Heck developed the methodology for systematic lactate testing and introduced a 4 mmol.L−1 lactate threshold. Later, they also developed the concept of the maxLass, and Mader designed a sophisticated mathematical model of human energy metabolism during exercise. Mader`s model simulates metabolic responses to exercise based on individual variables such as maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and the maximal rate of lactate formation (νLa.max). Mader’s model predicts that the νLa.max reduces the power at the anaerobic threshold and endurance performance but that a high νLa.max is required for events with high power outputs in elite athletes. Mader’s model also assumed before the millennium that the rate of fat oxidation is explained by the difference between glycolytic pyruvate synthesis and the actual rate of pyruvate oxidation which is consistent with current opinion. Mader’s model also simulated the V˙O2max slow component in the mid-1980s. Unfortunately, several landmark studies by the Cologne group were only published in German, and as a result, contributions by the Cologne group are under-appreciated in the English-speaking world. This narrative review aims to introduce key contributions of the Cologne group to human metabolism research especially for readers who do not speak German.

The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum oxygen uptake of athletesSepak takrawSports Talent State High School (SMANKO) Bengkulu Province. This study is a descriptive study. Collect data using a survey method with tests and measurements. This instrument is used to measure the maximum VO2 test using the Bleep test. The subject of this research is AthleteSepak takrawThe State High School of Sports Talent (SMANKO) of Bengkulu Province totaled 11 athletes. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative description analysis presented in percentage form. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the athletes' maximum oxygen uptake is as follows: In the very good category there are 0 athletes (0%), in the good category there are 0 athletes (0%), the moderate category there are 11 athletes (100%), in the poor category there are 0 athletes (0%) and very bad category there are 0 athletes (0%)

This study aims to determine how much influence Fartlek training has on the VO2Max results of Baturaja pencak silat athletes and to compile an interesting and fun training program. In this study, the population was 60 male athletes of pencak silat Baturaja. The number of samples of this study was 60 male athletes using random sampling techniques and divided by ordinal pairing techniques into 30 athletes as the experimental class and 30 athletes as the control class. The experimental class was given Fartlek practice and the control class was not given treatment. The data collection technique used the preliminary test and the final test. The statistics used to analyze the data in the hypothetical research with the t-test statistic, the results show that tcount = 42.559> ttable = 1.771. Thus, fartlek training has an effect on increasing VO2Max for male athletes in pencak silat t.apak Suci Baturaja

Abstract Background Several researches have been conducted on the associations between diet and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and major cardiovascular risk factors. However, there is no report about the interaction between major dietary patterns and CRF on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. To investigate the combined association of major dietary patterns and CRF on MetS and its components. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 apparently healthy adults living in Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). CRF was assessed using a graded exercise treadmill test. Socio-economic status, anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and blood pressure were evaluated according to standard methods. Major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Results Three major identified dietary patterns were (healthy, mixed, and western). Significant positive association was found between mixed dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome (OR = 2.68, 95% CI (1.92,7.78), P = 0.04). There were not relations between tertiles of identified dietary patterns and remained outcomes. Those who had higher adherence to mixed pattern with also higher CRF showed a significant decrease for diastolic blood pressure (P

Research on the comparison of physiological characteristics of Finswimming athletes at short and long-distance numbers has not been widely conducted. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the differences in anthropometry and physiological characteristics of Finswimming athletes at short and long-distance numbers. This research used an observational research method with a quantitative approach. The subjects of this research were 24 finswimming athletes consisting of 12 long-distance athletes and 12 short-distance athletes with an average age of 17.08 ± 1.03 years; height, 168.55 ± 3.81 cm; and weight, 63.75 ± 6.67 kg; BMI, 22.14 ± 2.96 kg/m2. The results showed significant differences between long-distance athletes and short-distance athletes on BMI variables, total fat, total muscle mass, and VO2max (p

This study aims to determine better between Interval Training and Endurance Training to increase VO2max capacity in healthy adult men and women. The method used is a literature review, looking for articles from Electronic DataBased in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Eric. Journal, Google Scholar, and ProQuest that have been published and accredited. A total of 8 papers were selected for in-depth review. The results show that Interval Training is better than Endurance Training, even though both can increase VO2max.

Introduction: Sprint-interval training has been shown to improve maximal oxygen uptake, in part through peripheral muscle adaptations that increase oxygen utilization. In contrast, the adaptations of central hemodynamic factors in this context remain unexplored. Purpose: The aim of the current study was to explore the effects of sprint-interval training on maximal oxygen uptake and central hemodynamic factors. Methods: Healthy men and women (n = 29; mean age, 27 ± 5 yr; height, 175 ± 8 cm; body mass, 72.5 ± 12.0 kg) performed 6 wk of sprint-interval training consisting of three weekly sessions of 10-min low-intensity cycling interspersed with 3 × 30-s all-out sprints. Maximal oxygen uptake, total blood volume, and maximal cardiac output were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Maximal oxygen uptake increased by 10.3% (P < 0.001). Simultaneously, plasma volume, blood volume, total hemoglobin mass, and cardiac output increased by 8.1% (276 ± 234 mL; P < 0.001), 6.8% (382 ± 325 mL; P < 0.001), 5.7% (42 ± 41 g; P < 0.001), and 8.5% (1.0 ± 0.9 L·min−1; P < 0.001), respectively. Increased total hemoglobin mass along with measures of body surface area had a significant impact on the improvements in maximal oxygen uptake. Conclusions: Six weeks of sprint-interval training results in significant increases in hemoglobin mass, blood volume, and cardiac output. Because these changes were associated with marked improvements in maximal oxygen uptake, we conclude that central hemodynamic adaptations contribute to the improvement in maximal oxygen uptake during sprint-interval training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Determine 1) if adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) exhibit exercise intolerance and 2) potential contributing mechanisms to exercise intolerance, specific to FSHD. Methods: Eleven people with FSHD (47 ± 13 yr, 4 females) and 11 controls (46 ± 13 yr, 4 females) completed one visit, which included a volitional peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) cycling test. Breath-by-breath gas exchange, ventilation, and cardiovascular responses were measured at rest and during exercise. The test featured 3-min stages (speed, 65–70 rpm) with incremental increases in intensity (FSHD: 20 W per stage; control: 40–60 W per stage). Body lean mass (LM (kg, %)) was collected via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: V̇O2peak was 32% lower (24.5 ± 9.7 vs 36.2 ± 9.3 mL·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.01), and wattage was 55% lower in FSHD (112.7 ± 56.1 vs 252.7 ± 67.7 W, P < 0.01). When working at a relative submaximal intensity (40% of V̇O2peak), wattage was 55% lower in FSHD (41.8 ± 30.3 vs 92.7 ± 32.6 W, P = 0.01), although ratings of perceived exertion (FSHD: 11 ± 2 vs control: 10 ± 3, P = 0.61) and dyspnea (FSHD: 3 ± 1 vs control: 3 ± 2, P = 0.78) were similar between groups. At an absolute intensity (60 W), the rating of perceived exertion was 63% higher (13 ± 3 vs 8 ± 2, P < 0.01) and dyspnea was 180% higher in FSHD (4 ± 2 vs 2 ± 2, P < 0.01). V̇O2peak was most strongly correlated with resting O2 pulse in controls (P < 0.01, r = 0.90) and percent leg LM in FSHD (P < 0.01, r = 0.88). Among FSHD participants, V̇O2peak was associated with self-reported functionality (FSHD-HI score; activity limitation: P < 0.01, r = −0.78), indicating a strong association between perceived and objective impairments. Conclusions: Disease-driven losses of LM contribute to exercise intolerance in FSHD, as evidenced by a lower V̇O2peak and elevated symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue during submaximal exercise. Regular exercise participation may preserve LM, thus providing some protection against exercise tolerance in FSHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VO2max index has a significant impact on overall health. Its estimation through wearables notifies the user of his level of fitness but cannot provide a detailed analysis of the time intervals in which heartbeat dynamics are changed and/or fatigue is emerging. Here, we developed a multiple modality biosignal processing method to investigate running sessions to characterize in real time heartbeat dynamics in response to external energy demand. We isolated dynamic regimes whose fraction increases with the VO2max and with the emergence of neuromuscular fatigue. This analysis can be extremely valuable by providing personalized feedback about the user's fitness level improvement that can be realized by developing personalized exercise plans aimed to target a contextual increase in the dynamic regime fraction related to VO2max increase, at the expense of the dynamic regime fraction related to the emergence of fatigue. These strategies can ultimately result in the reduction in cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hernández, LM, Coffin, SD, and Taylor, MK. Greater fitness is associated with improved functional movement characteristics in explosive ordnance disposal technicians. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1731–1737, 2022—Low fitness and poor functional movement (FM) have been linked to higher musculoskeletal injury risk. The FM Screen (FMS) and Y-Balance Test (YBT) are useful indicators of potential injury risk in military personnel. U.S. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technicians are the premier combat force for countering explosive hazards and must operate in austere environments. To safeguard health and mission success, it is critical to assess factors related to injury risk in this specialized military population. This study evaluated the relationship between fitness and FM characteristics in 64 male EOD technicians (mean age ± SD = 34.2 ± 7.0 years). Body fat percentage (BF%), maximum volume of oxygen uptake (V̇ o 2max), muscular strength, and FM (i.e., FMS, YBT) were assessed. Body fat percentage and V̇ o 2max were associated with FMS and YBT scores (all p < 0.05). A nonlinear model further revealed that the group with the lowest V̇ o 2max values had the bottommost FMS and YBT scores (all p < 0.01), but FM scores did not differ among those with a higher V̇ o 2max, implying a "threshold" effect. No correlations were observed with muscular strength. By characterizing the unique and shared contributions of BF% and V̇ o 2max, and exploring the nonlinear relationship between V̇ o 2max and FM, this study expands on accruing data that indicate individuals who are more physically fit have better FM and lower injury risk. Although muscular strength is a critical element of overall fitness, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness may more strongly influence FM and injury risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) work in response to a variety of external and internal stresses to maintain homeostasis and are upregulated upon cellular damage. This study aimed to determine the effect of maximal aerobic effort test ( max test) on the expression of genes related to heat shock proteins' (HSPs) cycle (HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, PTGES3). Eleven black-belt taekwondo male athletes participated in this study and performed a max test on a treadmill connected to the Cortex gas analyzer till the point of physical exhaustion. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, while the physiological parameters were measured spectrophotometrically or by immune assays using serum form the blood Before the test (Bf), Immediately After (IA), and Two Hours After (2HA) the max test. The levels of fold change expression were affected by the VO2max test. HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1 and PTGES3 mRNA levels were significantly higher IA the test (P ≤ 0.05). HSPs surpassed the cut-off value (1.5-fold) IA showed (M = 2.29 times for HSP90AA1), (M = 1.68 times for HSP90AB1), while PTGES3 did not reach the cut-off value (M = 1.12 times). The expression levels of the three genes were significantly decreased 2HA and returned to the baseline values. Moreover, physiological parameters including growth hormone, creatinine kinase, white blood cells, platelets count, and blood lactate showed a peak in their levels IA the test and then dropped 2HA (P ≤ 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that genetic expressions of HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 genes were significantly elevated IA the test and decreased 2HA. The same applied on most of the physiological parameters; strongly suggesting the possible utility of using those parameters as a reference to confirm evidence of exercise-induced cell stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Due to the intervals' nature of soccer, the aim of this study was to evaluate intermittent protocol of incremental laboratory test in measuring the physiological parameters of soccer players. Methods: Eighteen young soccer players (Mean ± SD; age 16.78 ± 0.78 years, weight 61.33 ± 9.44 kg, height 177 ± 6.75 Cm) voluntarily participated into two incremental laboratory tests (continuous and intermittent protocol) on the HP Cosmos Treadmill with 48-hour interval and then Bangesbo field test was performed. The subjects' cardiopulmonary parameters were measured by gas analyzer, metalyzer3b model, and blood lactate before and after the tests with lactometer Scout model. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA Repeated Measure, paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient at the significant level P ≤ 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference between the physiological factors of continuous and intermittent tests, but there was a significant difference between the distance at continuous and intermittent tests (P = 0.031). There was a significant positive relationship between the performance of the Bangesbo test with the maximum oxygen consumption (r = 0.64, P= 0.011) and distance (r = 0.62, P = 0.018) of the intermittent test. Conclusion: The significant positive correlation between the maximum oxygen consumption of the intermittent test and the performance of the Bangesbo test, Higher distance in intermittent test and significant positive correlation between performance of Bangesbo test and distance of intermittent incremental test; It may be explained by the similarity of the intermittent test to the interval component of the playing soccer and this observing suggest to consider component of athlete's activity when defining the incremental test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the level of endurance of players in different positions in soccer games. The research method used in this study is a survey method with testing and measurement techniques. The population in this study is the SSB Macan Tutul players in 2021, as many as 22 players aged 17 years, using total sampling by making the population a sample. The results of the study are calculated based on the player's position and criteria in the SSB Macan Tutul group in 2021. The results of the study based on the position of the players showed that the goalkeeper position got an average score of 41, the defender 42.7, the midfielder 44, and the attacker 42.3, and none of them met the VO2max standard. Based on the criteria for the 2021 SSB Macan Tutul group, it shows that in the very good category (4.5%) or as many as 1 person, good (27.3%) or as many as 6 people, moderate (40.9%) or as many as 9 people, bad (27.3%) or as many as 6 people, and very bad (0%) or not at all. The player who has the highest VO2max is the midfield player, with a value of 48.8 ml/kg/min. The player with the lowest VO2max is the goalkeeper, with a value of 40.8 ml/kg/min, compared to an average player’s VO2max of 43 ml/kg/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between minutes played (MP) with maturity status, fitness, and hormonal levels, and to quantify their influence on minutes played. Methods: Twenty-four elite youth soccer players under-16 years participated in this study, over a full-season period. Anthropometric measures, maturity status, hormonal and physical fitness levels were collected. Participants were monitored during the season. After the end-season, players were assessed in 6 different tests over a four-day period. Results: The maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) was strongly correlated with MP (r = 0.75), maturity offset (r = 0.52), and countermovement jump (r = 0.53). Multiple linear regression explained 76% of MP (F (8, 15) = 6.05, p = 0.001), with an R2 of 0.76. Moreover, Growth hormone (GH) and V̇O2max. were the most influential factors in MP (F (2, 21) = 17.92, p ≤ 0.001), with an R2 of 0.63. Conclusion: High levels of GH and V̇O2max have a preponderant role in MP by elite youth soccer players, it appears to be more pragmatic to consider other contextual dimensions, as they can impact selection for competition and minutes of participation in a match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive health, but the interaction between cardiorespiratory fitness and aging on cerebral hemodynamics is unclear. These potential interactions are further influenced by sex differences. The purpose of this study was to determine the sex-specific relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, age, and cerebral hemodynamics in humans. Measurements of unilateral middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and cerebral pulsatility index obtained using transcranial Doppler ultrasound and cardiorespiratory fitness [maximal oxygen consumption (V_ O2max)] obtained from maximal incremental exercise tests were retrieved from study records at three institutions. A total of 153 healthy participants were included in the analysis (age = 42 ± 20 yr, range = 18-83 yr). There was no association between VO2max and MCAv in all participants (P = 0.20). The association between VO2max and MCAv was positive in women, but no longer significant after age adjustment (univariate: P = 0.01; age-adjusted: P = 0.45). In addition, there was no association between VO2max and MCAv in men (univariate: P = 0.25, age-adjusted: P = 0.57). For VO2max and cerebral pulsatility index, there were significant negative associations in all participants (P < 0.001), in men (P < 0.001) and women (P < 0.001). This association remained significant when adjusting for age in women only (P = 0.03). In summary, higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with a lower cerebral pulsatility index in all participants, and the significance remained only in women when adjusting for age. Future studies are needed to determine the sex-specific impact of cardiorespiratory fitness improvements on cerebrovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bioelectrical and body composition proprieties are linked to health status and physical performance. The bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is a valid approach for qualitatively and timely assessing body components in sports practice. However, it is still unclear, if bioimpedance vector patterns can provide relevant information regarding the aerobic power. For the first time, this study shows that BIVA is useful in discriminating professional futsal players according to their VO2max. In addition, fat mass and bioelectrical phase angle were identified as valid predictors for aerobic power. Aims: The present study aimed to assess the ability of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in discriminating fitness levels in futsal players, exploring the association of body composition and bioelectrical parameters with aerobic power. Methods: Forty-eight professional futsal players (age 23.8 ± 5.3 years) were involved in a cross-sectional study during their pre-season phase. Fat mass (FM) and muscle mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. VO2max was obtained by indirect calorimetry through a graded exercise test performed on a treadmill. Bioelectrical resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) were directly measured using a foot-to-hand bioimpedance technology at a 50 kHz frequency. Bioelectric R and Xc were standardized for the participants' height and used to plot the bioimpedance vector in the R-Xc graph according to the BIVA approach. Results: The participants divided into groups of VO2max limited by tertiles showed significant differences in mean vector position in the R-Xc graph (p < 0.001), where a higher VO2max resulted in a longer vector and upper positioning. FM, muscle mass, and PhA differed (p < 0.01) among the athletes grouped by tertiles of VO2max, where athletes with a greater aerobic power showed a lower percentage of FM and a higher percentage of muscle mass and PhA. FM and PhA were associated with VO2max (FM: r = −0.658, p < 0.001; PhA: r = 0.493, p < 0.001). These relationships remained significant after adjusting for age and body mass (FM: ß = −0.335, p = 0.046; PhA: ß = 0.351, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Bioelectrical impedance vectors positioned on the lower pole of the R-Xc graph identified futsal players with a lower VO2max, while longer vectors corresponded to a greater aerobic power. Additionally, PhA, that describes the vector direction, was positively associated with VO2max, while a higher FM negatively affected VO2max in the futsal players. BIVA and PhA evaluation may represent a valid support for screening the aerobic fitness level in professional futsal players, when more sophisticated assessment methods are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is already established that plyometric training is a powerful training means for speed and power development; however, very few studies have attempted to know the impact of Plyometric Training on aerobic capacity so far. Sufficient studies were not found by the researchers on plyometric training in land and aquatic medium with & without weight vests for the development of aerobic capacity. Consequently, it was planned to investigate the impact of plyometric training in land and aquatic medium on aerobic capacity from a comparative standpoint. Purpose: Therefore, the present experimentation was aimed to compare the effectiveness of plyometric training programs for 14 weeks on the aerobic capacity of the athletes conducted in three different conditions in land and aquatic medium. Approach: Forty-eight (N = 48) middle-distance track athletes were finally selected based on simple randomization. The selected participants were divided into four equal groups of strength (n=12) each: i) Land Plyometric Training Group (LPTG) ii) Aquatic Plyometric Training Group (APTG) iii) Weighted Vest Aquatic Plyometric Training Group (APTGWV) and iv) Control Group (CG). The same plyometric training was performed for fourteen weeks on the respective training groups in different conditions on dry land surfaces (without a weighted vest) and aquatic medium (without a weight vest & with a weighted vest). Aerobic capacity in terms of maximum oxygen consumption i.e. VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1) was measured through Queen's-College-Step-Test (QCST). To draw a statistical inference on aerobic capacity among the groups in baseline & post-intervention conditions, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. Tukey's post-hoc LSD test was employed to identify the location of difference among the groups. Statistical inferences were drawn at p<.05 level. Results: Different plyometric training groups improved significantly in comparison to the control group in aerobic capacity. Therefore, plyometric training was found as an effective means of developing aerobic capacity. A significant difference was also observed between the land plyometric training group and the weighted vest aquatic plyometric training group in aerobic capacity. However, the rest of the experimental groups didn't differ significantly. Conclusions: Plyometric training is not only beneficial for speed and power development but also proved as an effective means for developing aerobic capacity. It is further established that weighted vest aquatic plyometric training is the best one among the training groups for improving the aerobic capacity of the athletes. Normal aquatic plyometric training is equally effective as land Plyometric training for improving aerobic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 containment measures hampered population cardiorespiratory fitness (which can be quantified as peak oxygen consumption ( V. O2peak)) and the possibility to assess it using laboratory-based techniques. Although it is useful to ascertain the V. O2peak recovery after lockdowns, the community and most scientific institutions were unable to evaluate it. Wearable devices may provide the opportunity to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness outside of the laboratory, without breaking self-isolation; herein, we explore the feasibility of this approach. Fifteen healthy participants were tested every 2 weeks for 10 weeks during a reduction of containment measures after a strict lockdown. Physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). V. O2peak was estimated through a previously validated test based on the speed of a 60 m sprint run, the baseline-to-peak heart rate (HR) variation, and the velocity of HR decay after the sprint, and measured through a wearable HR monitor. Participants increased physical activity from the end of lockdown (1833 [917–2594] MET-min/week; median [1st quartile–3rd quartile]) until the end of follow-up (2730 [1325–3380] MET-min/week). The estimated V. O2peak increased by 0.24 ± 0.19 mL/(min*kg*week) (regression coefficient ± standard error). Based on previous knowledge on the impact of inactivity on V. O2peak, our study indicates that a 10-week period of reducing the stringency of containment measures may not be sufficient to counteract the detrimental effects of the preceding lockdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study purpose was to examine the anaerobic and aerobic performance and also determine the influence of the anaerobic performance on specific movements during a match-play. Materials and methods. A total of 12 Indonesian professional female players from Bandung district female futsal club were recruited and enrolled to participate in this study. They were required to complete one familiarization and two experimental sessions. During the first session (laboratory test), all players performed a treadmill test to ascertain their maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) and a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) to measure their anaerobic performance. For the second session (on-court test), the participants played a simulated match on the court. A training team of 5 experts carried out an investigation regarding each player’s competitive performance per match. Furthermore, the blood lactate concentration and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were assessed in the pre- and post-test for both sessions, which were separated by a week to enable the players to recover. Results. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) (p = 0.425, p = 0.938, respectively) for anaerobic performance using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), although, the MP and FI of team C was lower compared to A and B. Furthermore, the total number of failed passes and shot off target of team C was larger compared to B and A (for failed passes = 30 vs 20 vs 25, for shot off target 14 vs 13 vs 8). Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that there are strong associations between anaerobic capacity and explosive movements (shooting, tackling, heading and passing) among female futsal players.

Background: Six-minute walking test (6-MWT) is one of the submaximal exercise testing that is commonly used. The 6-MWT has limited use in the condition of individuals with limited limbs. Therefore, a six-minute arm ergometer test (6-MAT) submaximal exercise testing was developed. The presence of 6-MAT for assessing VO2max prediction is still relatively small. Aim: To compare the predicted VO2max of 6-MWT and 6-MAT, and to see if there are differences in each predicted VO2max value. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a consecutive sampling, involving 31 untrained healthy young adult males, aged 26-40 years old. Each subject underwent two exercise testing 6-MWT and 6-MAT, which were carried out on different days with a minimum washout period of 24 hours. VO2max prediction value was evaluated for each exercise testing on each subject. Results: There are significant differences between the predicted VO2max values of 6-MWT and 6- MAT (p = 0.00). The mean VO2max prediction values of 6-MAT is higher than 6-MWT with 2288.43 mL.min-1 and 1573.72 mL.min-1, respectively. Conclusion: The 6-MAT could be used for assessing VO2max prediction of individuals, although, there is a difference value between the predicted VO2max of the 6-MWT and 6-MAT submaximal exercise testing, with the VO2max value of the 6-MAT higher than the 6-MWT submaximal exercise testing.

Abstract Objects We investigated the association of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms with the performance of Chinese elite female soccer athletes for the first time. Material and methods The genotype distributions of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X in the athlete group and the control group of Chinese females were evaluated via PCR and compared. VO2max value was tested as per standard protocol. Results Regarding the distribution of ACE polymorphisms, the genotype frequency was indifferent between the athletes (II 40 %, ID 46.7 %, DD 13.3 %) and the controls (II 42 %, ID 48 %, DD 10 %). No difference in the I/D allele frequency was observed between the athlete group and the control group. Regarding the distribution of ACTN3 polymorphisms, the genotype frequency was significantly different between the athletes (XX 0 %, XR 53.3 %, RR 46.7 %) and the controls (XX 16 %, XR 44 %, RR 40 %). The allele frequency was observed no different between the athlete and the control group. The ACE ID and ACTN3 RR genotype combination was associated with higher VO2max values among defenders than among other players. According to VO2max values,The ACE and ACTN3 genotype combinations (II/ID/DD + RR/XR) significantly differed between the athletes and the controls (p

The growth and development of the body goes through two phases of rapid growth. First phase (0-5 years) and second phase (10-17 years). This study aimed to compare anthropometry and physical abilities between trained and untrained individuals in the second rapid growth phase (adolescence). This research method used analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sample study used adolescents aged 14 years old, consisted of trained adolescent groups (n=25) and untrained adolescent groups (n=32), with categorized throught the International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ). Each group measured height, weight, chest circumference, vital lung capacity (VC), oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate resting, heart rate exercise, and VO2Max. The results of the different test between trained and untrained groups with a significance level of p

Background: Fitness assessment of horses remains challenging. Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to monitor human athlete's training, but its value is unknown in horses., Hypothesis: The linear domain HRV variables are affected by fitness., Animals: Twelve healthy untrained thoroughbreds were randomly split into a training group (6 weeks of incremental racetrack training) and a control group (no training)., Methods: Linear domain HRV variables were analyzed (high frequency [HF], low frequency [LF], their normalized units [Hf nu , Lf nu ], root mean square of successive differences between beats [RMSSD], Poincaré plot features [SD1 and SD2]) while resting overnight before (baseline) and after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of training. V̇O 2max and echocardiographic indexes were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks. Changes in HRV variables over time (ANOVA), and correlation with V̇O 2max (Pearson's chi-squared test) were tested (P < .05 significance)., Results: V̇O 2max , LF/HF ratio, and LF nu increased while HF nu decreased in the training group (before and after training mean [SD] values: V̇O 2max 134 [12.8]-146 [16.5] mL/[kg min]; P < .001; LF/HF ratio 0.51 [0.2]-0.91 [0.3] [P = .02]; LF nu 37.5 [10.1]-46.8 [7.8] [P = .02]; HF nu 76.2 [7.9]-53.2 [7.7] [P < .001]). Training did not affect RMSSD, SD1, SD2, resting HR, or echocardiographic indexes. Strong correlations were found between V̇O 2max and HRV variables (V̇O 2max and LF nu [r = -0.59, P = .04]; ΔV̇O 2max and the corresponding ΔLF [r = -0.88, P = .02])., Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Six weeks of training affected some frequency domain HRV variables. Further studies are necessary to validate the use of HRV for monitoring horses' responses to training., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.)

During the current Covid-19 pandemic crisis, it found that Vo2max possessed by Tarung Derajat athletes has decreased significantly during training, therefore the purpose of this study was to analyze the level of Vo2max physical condition of Tarung Derajat athletes. This study used a quantitative approach through the survey method. The sample in this study were all Tarung Derajat martial arts athletes who took part in the XX Pre-PON championship, with a total of 24 athletes. This study used total sampling technique and obtained 24 athletes as samples. The instrument applied in this study was Yoyo Test and data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2010. The results showed that most of the female athletes had a poor physical condition, while the physical condition of some male athletes was in the good category, some were in the very good category. Thus, it was still need an improvement, especially studies in the preparation of training programs, in improving physical condition, particularly for female athletes. The contribution of the results of this research will be able to increase understanding and information for trainers in order to achieve maximum performance.

During whole body exercise in health, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) is typically attained at or immediately before the limit of tolerance (LoT). At the V̇o2max and LoT of incremental exercise, a fundamental, but unresolved, question is whether maximal evocable power can be increased above the task requirement, i.e., whether there is a "power reserve" at the LoT. Using an instantaneous switch from cadence-independent (hyperbolic) to isokinetic cycle ergometry, we determined maximal evocable power at the limit of ramp-incremental exercise. We hypothesized that in endurance-trained men at LoT, maximal (4 s) isokinetic power would not differ from the power required by the task. Baseline isokinetic power at 80 rpm (Piso; measured at the pedals) and summed integrated EMG from five leg muscles (ΣiEMG) were measured in 12 endurance-trained men (V̇o2max = 4.2 ± 1.0 l/min). Participants then completed a ramp incremental exercise test (20-25 W/min), with instantaneous measurement of Piso and ΣiEMG at the LoT. Piso decreased from 788 ± 103 W at baseline to 391 ± 72 W at LoT, which was not different from the required ramp-incremental flywheel power (352 ± 58 W; P > 0.05). At LoT, the relative reduction in Piso was greater than the relative reduction in the isokinetic ΣiEMG (50 ± 9 vs. 63 ± 10% of baseline; P < 0.05). During maximal ramp incremental exercise in endurance-trained men, maximum voluntary power is not different from the power required by the task and is consequent to both central and peripheral limitations in evocable power. The absence of a power reserve suggests both the perceptual and physiological limits of maximum voluntary power production are not widely dissociated at LoT in this population.

Background: Physical exercise therapy is of proven efficacy in the treatment of adults with depression, but corresponding evidence is lacking in depressed adolescent inpatients. The aim of this study was to document the effect of add-on treatment with structured physical exercise in a clinical population of adolescents hospitalized for depression and anxiety in a psychiatric hospital.Methods: A group of 52 adolescent inpatients was randomly assigned to a physical exercise or control program three to four times per week over a six-week period (20 hours in total). The primary outcome was the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) for evaluation of depression and anxiety symptoms. Secondary outcomes were psychological self-assessments, diagnostic interviews, and physical examinations.Results: Six participants were lost in each group, leaving 20 inpatients each in the intervention and control groups. A linear mixed model with F-test revealed a significant interaction in favor of physical exercise in reducing the mean depression score (HADS-D) by 3.8 points [95% (CI), range 1.8 to 5.7], compared to a mean reduction score of 0.7 [95% (CI), range -0,7 to 2.0] in the control group. No significant interaction was found for anxiety symptoms (HADS-A).Limitations: The investigation was limited to the six-week hospital window and the small sample size prevented exploring differences in social characteristics.Conclusion: Structured physical exercise add-on therapy integrated into the psychiatric hospitalization of adolescents has led to a reduction in their depressive symptoms, demonstrating its effectiveness in the care of adolescent inpatients with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate whether anticipatory cardiorespiratory responses vary depending on the intensity of the subsequent exercise bout, and whether anticipatory cardiorespiratory adjustments contribute importantly to enhancing exercise performance during high‐intensity exercise. Eleven healthy men were provided advance notice of the exercise intensity and a countdown to generate anticipation during 10 min prior to exercise at 0, 50, 80 or 95% maximal work‐rate (Experiment 1). A different group of subjects (n = 15) performed a time to exhaustion trial with or without anticipatory countdown (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE) during pre‐exercise resting period increased over time and depended on the subsequent exercise intensity. Specifically, there was already a 7.4% increase in HR from more than 5 min prior to the start of exercise at 95% maximal work‐rate, followed by progressively augmented increases of 12.5% between 2 and 3 min before exercise, 24.4% between 0 and 1 min before exercise. In Experiment 2, the initial HR for the first 10 s of exercise in the task with anticipation was 11.4% larger compared to without anticipation (p < 0.01), and the difference in HR between the two conditions decreased in a time‐dependent manner. In contrast, the initial increases in VO2 and VE were significantly lower in the task with anticipation than that without anticipation. The time to exhaustion during high‐intensity exercise was 14.6% longer under anticipation condition compared to no anticipation (135 ± 26 s vs. 119 ± 26 s, p = 0.003). In addition, the enhanced exercise performance correlated positively with increased HR response just before and immediately after exercise onset (p < 0.01). These results showed that anticipatory cardiorespiratory adjustments (feedforward control) via the higher brain that operate before starting exercise may play an important role in minimizing the time delay of circulatory response and enhancing performance after onset of high‐intensity exercise in man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients undergoing weight loss surgery do not improve their aerobic capacity or peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) after bariatric surgery and some still complain about asthenia and/or breathlessness. We investigated the hypothesis that a post-surgery muscular limitation could impact the ventilatory response to exercise by evaluating the post-surgery changes in muscle mass, strength, and muscular aerobic capacity, measured by the first ventilatory threshold (VT). Methods: Thirteen patients with obesity were referred to our university exercise laboratory before and 6 months after bariatric surgery and were matched by sex, age, and height to healthy subjects with normal weight. All subjects underwent a clinical examination, blood sampling, and body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respiratory and limb muscle strength assessments, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cyclo-ergometer. Results: Bariatric surgery resulted in a loss of 34% fat mass, 43% visceral adipose tissue, and 12% lean mass (LM) (p < 0.001). Absolute handgrip, quadriceps, or respiratory muscle strength remained unaffected, while quadriceps/handgrip strength relative to LM increased (p < 0.05). Absolute VO2peak or VO2peak/LM did not improve and the first VT was decreased after surgery (1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 L min−1, p < 0.05) and correlated to the exercising LM (LM legs) (R = 0.84, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although bariatric surgery has numerous beneficial effects, absolute VO2peak does not improve and the weight loss-induced LM reduction is associated to an altered muscular aerobic capacity, as reflected by an early VT triggering early exercise hyperventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aerobic exercise is an important part of obesity treatment and may improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two different exercise programs on health-related quality of life in patients with severe obesity.Methods: This was a single-center, open-label, randomized, parallel-group study comparing the effects of a 24-week moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) program and a combined high-intensity interval training program with MICT (HIIT/MICT). The primary objective (specified secondary outcome) was to assess HRQOL by using the general health dimension of the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The secondary objectives were to assess other dimensional SF-36 scores, the impact of weight on the physical and psychosocial aspects of quality of life (IWQOL-Lite), and the burden of obesity-specific weight symptoms (WRSM).Results: 73 patients were enrolled and reported patient reported outcome measures, with 71 patients (55% females) allocated to either MICT (n = 34) or HIIT/MICT (n = 37). In the intention-to-treat analysis, general health scores increased between baseline and 24-week follow-up in both the HIIT/MICT group and the MICT group, with a mean change of 13 (95% CI 6-21) points and 11 (95% CI 5-17) points, respectively, with no difference between the groups. The effect sizes of these changes were moderate. The vitality and social functioning scores of SF-36, and the physical function and self-esteem scores of IWQOL-Lite increased moderately in both groups, with no difference between groups. The tiredness, back pain, and physical stamina scores based on WRSM showed moderate to strong changes in both the groups.Conclusions: Patients who had completed a combined HIIT/MICT program did not experience larger improvements in general health compared with those completing a clean 24-week MICT program. Exercise may confer general health benefits independent of intensity.Trials Registration: Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics south east, Norway, October 23, 2013 (identifier: 2013/1849) and ClinicalTrials.gov December 8, 2014 (identifier: NCT02311738). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The complement system is pivotal in host defense mechanisms, protecting against pathogenic infection by regulating inflammation and cell immunity. Complement-related protein activation occurs through three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin-dependent pathways, which are regulated by cascades of multiple proteins. Complement activation is recognized in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to be associated with obesity and insulin sensitivity. Exercise reduces insulin resistance and may help reduce obesity, and therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the effect of exercise on the activation of complement-related proteins in PCOS and control women. Subjects and Measurements: In this study, 10 controls and 11 PCOS subjects who were age- and weight-matched underwent an 8-week supervised exercise program at 60% maximal oxygen consumption. Weight was unchanged though insulin sensitivity was increased in PCOS subjects and controls. Fasting baseline and post-exercise samples were collected and 14 complement-related proteins belonging to classical, alternative, and lectin-dependent pathways were measured. Results: Baseline levels of complement C4b and complement C3b/iC3b were higher in PCOS (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Exercise reduced complement C1q (P < 0.05), C3 (P < 0.001), C4 (P < 0.01), factor B (P < 0.01), factor H (P < 0.01), and properdin (P < 0.05) in controls, but not in PCOS women. Conclusion: Exercise induced complement changes in controls that were not seen in PCOS subjects, suggesting that these pathways remain dysregulated even in the presence of improved insulin sensitivity and not improved by moderate aerobic exercise. Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN42448814. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effect of dextrose drink (D) on blood glucose, VO 2 max, and sprint speed compared with Sodium-Dextrose drink. Equipment and Methods : We conducted a double-blinded crossover study of 22 young male (19 ± 1.1 years) soccer players, consumed either Dextrose drink or Sodium-Dextrose drink. We compared pre- and post-data of Blood Glucose, VO 2 max, and sprint speed between the dextrose and sodium-dextrose drinks groups. The primary outcome was differences in ΔBlood Glucose between D and Sodium-D group. Secondary outcomes were differences in ΔVO 2 max and Δsprint speed between D and Sodium-D group. The mean BG level was higher in D compared with Sodium-D group [136 ± 22.9 mg/dl vs. 118 ± 21.5 mg/dl] (P = 0.009). Mean differences of ΔBG of D (mean before and mean after) compared with ΔBG Sodium-D (mean before and mean after) is 16.8 mg/dl (P = 0.001). The mean of sprint speed is faster in the D group [15.2 ± 1.25 sec vs. 15.9 ± 1.61 sec] (P = 0.019), but we found no significant differences in VO 2 max between both groups [42.1 ± 3.44 ml/min/kg vs. 42.3 ± 3.98 ml/min/kg] (P = 0.834). The present study demonstrated that dextrose drink without added sodium has a large influence on increasing blood glucose level and sprint speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bornath, DPD and Kenno, KA. Physiological responses to increasing battling rope weight during two 3-week high-intensity interval training programs. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 352–358, 2022—The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increasing battling rope weight during 6 weeks (wks) of battling rope high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on upper-body oxygen consumption and skeletal muscle strength, power, and endurance performance. Eighteen recreationally active men and 15 women (23 ± 2 year) performed 10 × 30-second (s) bouts of all-out exercise, interchanging between double and alternating whip battling rope exercises, separated by 60 seconds of rest, 3×/wk, for 6 weeks. For the first 3 weeks, women used 40-foot, 1.5-inch diameter, 20-lb ropes and men used 50-foot, 1.5-inch diameter, 25-lb ropes, after which the battling rope weight was increased by 10 lb for a second 3-week period of battling rope HIIT. Men and women exercised at a minimum of 85% of their predicted maximum heart rate with post-exercise blood lactate concentrations peaking at 10.79 mmol·L−1 and 8.33 mmol·L−1, respectively. After 3 and 6 weeks of battling rope HIIT, men and women increased upper-body maximal oxygen consumption (V̇ o 2max), maximum voluntary contraction isometric shoulder flexion and extension strength, shoulder power output, and push-up and sit-up endurance. These increases in aerobic and skeletal muscle measurements are similar to previous HIIT studies involving treadmills and cycle ergometers. Battling rope HIIT produced adaptations in skeletal muscle and aerobic performance in as little as 3 weeks, and with increases in battling rope weight displayed further improvements after 6 weeks of battling rope HIIT. These data support the implementation of battling rope HIIT to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and skeletal muscle performance with increased workloads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sedentary lifestyle is associated with an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity. This study aimed to analyze the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on changes in VO2max and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in overweight young adult women with a sedentary lifestyle. The subjects included 20 women who were 21-30 years old and divided into 2 groups, a treatment group (performed HIIT) and a control group. Physical exercise (bicycle) included an intensity of 90% of the maximum heart rate (HRmax) with intervals. The exercise was carried out by pedaling an ergocycle for 10 s at a speed of 100 rpm and 50 s at a speed of 50 rpm intermittently for a total of 20 min. Exercise was performed 3×/week or 8 sessions in 3 weeks. The measured variables included VO2max and CRP level. These were taken before (pre) and after (post) treatment. VO2max was measured by the Astrand-Rhyming Test with a bicycle ergometer, and CRP was analyzed using the ELISA method. In addition, the changes in VO2max and CRP levels were also calculated. These results showed that the VO2max after treatment with HIIT (35.2±2.12 ml/kg/min) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the control (28.9±2.58 ml/kg/min). The CRP levels (ng/mL) in the control was increased, and it tended to decrease with HIIT; however, this difference was not significant (p=0.05). This study concludes that bicycling HIIT can improve the VO2max and decrease the serum CRP level in overweight young adult women who lead a sedentary lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of three submaximal exercise tests (SMETs) and develop practical predictive models for the VO2max in Korean adults. A total of 541 (287 males and 254 females) adults participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 19 to 64. The VO2max was measured using the maximal-graded exercise treadmill test. The SMETs were performed by a treadmill test, the YMCA step test, and the PACER test. Regression analysis was conducted to compare the validity of the VO2max predictive equations using SMETs. The validity of the predictive models was evaluated using explanatory power, standard error of estimate (SEE), and Bland-Altman analysis. The explanatory power between the measured VO2max and the predicted VO2max was 58.0% (<0.001), 59.2% (<0.001), and 71.7% (<0.001), respectively. The SEEs were 4.545, 4.478, and 3.732 (mL/kg/min). The models were significant predictors of VO2max and had acceptable validity in a large sample of Korean adults. Especially, among the predictive models, PACER had the highest acceptable effectiveness. Therefore, the equations developed in this study are recommended to better evaluate the cardiovascular endurance of Korean adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trainability is an adaptive response to given exercise loads and must be localized to the targeted physiological function since exercise-induced acute and chronic adaptations are systemic. Lack of adaptation or moderate level of adaptation in one organ or one physiological function would not mean that other organs or functions would not benefit from exercise training. The most beneficial training load could easily be different for skeletal muscle, brain, the gastro-intestinal track, or the immune systems. Hence, the term of non-responders should be used with caution and just referred to a given organ, cell type, molecular signaling, or function. The present paper aims to highlight some, certainly not all, issues on trainability especially related to muscle and cardiovascular system. The specificity of trainability and the systemic nature of exercise-induced adaptation are discussed, and the paper aims to provide suggestions on how to improve performance when faced with non-responders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: DNA methylation at CpG sites is a vital epigenetic modification of the human genome affecting gene expression, and potentially, health outcomes. However, evidence is just budding on the effects of aerobic exercise-induced adaptation on DNA methylation in older mild cognitively impaired (MCI) elderly African American (AAs). Therefore, we examined the effects of a 6-month aerobic exercise-intervention on genome-wide DNA methylation in elderly AA MCI volunteers. Design: Elderly AA volunteers confirmed MCI assigned into a 6-month program of aerobic exercise (eleven participants) underwent a 40-min supervised-training 3-times/week and controls (eight participants) performed stretch training. Participants had maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) test and Genome-wide methylation levels at CpG sites using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip assay at baseline and after a 6-month exercise program. We computed false discovery rates (FDR) using Sidak to account for multiplicity of tests and performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain-reaction (qRT-PCR) to confirm the effects of DNA methylations on expression levels of the top 5 genes among the aerobic participants. CpG sites identified from aerobic-exercise participants were similarly analyzed by the stretch group to quantify the effects of exercise-induced methylation changes among the group of stretch participants. Results: Eleven MCI participants (aerobic: 73% females; mean age 72.3 ± 6.6 years) and eight MCI participants (stretch: 75% female; mean age 70.6 ± 6.7 years) completed the training. Aerobic exercise-training was associated with increases in VO2max and with global hypo- and hypermethylation changes. The most notable finding was CpG hypomethylation within the body of the VPS52 gene (P = 5.4 × 10–26), a Golgi-associated protein, involved in intracellular protein trafficking including amyloid precursor protein. qRT-PCR confirmed a nearly twofold increased expression of VPS52. Other top findings with FDR q -value < 10–5, include hypomethylations of SCARB1 (8.8 × 10–25), ARTN (6.1 × 10–25), NR1H2 (2.1 × 10–18) and PPP2R5D (9.8 × 10–18). Conclusion: We conclude that genome-wide DNA methylation patterns is associated with exercise training-induced methylation changes. Identification of methylation changes around genes previously shown to interact with amyloid biology, intracellular protein trafficking, and lipoprotein regulations provide further support to the likely protective effect of exercise in MCI. Future studies in larger samples are needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) vs moderate- intensity continuous training (MICT) on VO2max and anaerobic power in trained young cyclists in short period. Methods: Eighteen cyclists (between 15 and 20 years, n= 7 women, n= 11 men) were included in this study (age:17.50 years, height: 173.22 cm, body mass: 63.38 kg and body-mass index: 20.95 kg/m²). The cyclists were randomly divided into two groups. The training group (GHIIT, n= 9) participated in high intensity interval training two times per week for 6 weeks, while the Control Group (GCON, n= 9) completed moderate intensity continuous training (MICT). The training' HR was conducted at 80%-95% HRmax for the first four weeks. In the last two weeks, the training' HR was increased to %100 HRmax. The height, body mass, body fat %, aerobic and anaerobic power were measured. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured using a portable metabolic analyzer and, the traditional VO2max test followed a standard incremental design. Anaerobic capacity was evaluated by Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) in 30sec. Results: There was no significant difference in body fat %, body mass, BMI, powerpeak, powermean, and powermin between GHIIT and GCON at the end of the training program (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in VO2max (p= 0.001) between GHIIT and GCON at the end of training (p<0.05). Conclusion: The high intensity interval training occurred a significant increase in VO2max. Anaerobic power improved but this result was not significant. Nevertheless, HIIT may use to improve in VO2max in young trained cyclists in short period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PODIUM- Revista de Ciencia y Tecnologia en la Cultura Física is the property of Universidad de Pinar del Rio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: This study aims to measure the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max) as a cardiorespiratory physiological fitness parameter using the development of a sensor technology-based tool. Methods: This study uses a research and development design (Research And Development). Validation is carried out by competent experts. In this study, the researchers asked for validation from three experts, namely IT (electronics) experts, test and measurement experts and Sports Physiology experts (maximum oxygen volume). A total of 19 male and 11 female adults participated in this study. The usage trial was carried out using the expert validity method with an assessment using a questionnaire, test and retest. The data analysis technique used is r-correlation. Result: Based on expert validation tests, the reliability, practicality, and effectiveness of the development of test instruments based on sensor technology can be used to measure VO2Max and provide accurate and effective results. Conclusion:The development of a test instrument based on sensor technology can provide accurate and effective results for measuring maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max) as a cardiorespiratory physiological fitness parameter. This tool provides advances for monitoring VO2Max routinely in daily life, especially for carrying out training programs for athletes without the need for trained personnel and special equipment and expensive costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes must have high physical activity and optimal vo2max without experiencing fatigue, both for match performance or daily activities. This study aims to determine the level of physical activity and vo2max of Indonesian National Team athletes before and during the covid-19 pandemic. This research method using observational method using cross sectional design and analyzed using quantitative descriptive techniques. The sample in this study used purposive sampling of 30 athletes consisting of cricket, football, and volleyball athletes. The research instrument used the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) questionnaire to determine physical activity, and the Bleep Test method to measure vo2max. The results showed that the athletes of the Indonesian National Team had physical activity with a high category of 80% and a moderate category of 20%. In the vo2max before covid -19, it showed a superior category of 50%, and at the time of covid-19, vo2max athletes experienced a similar decrease with the good category by 40%. This study concludes that the covid-19 outbreak is the single largest pandemic impacting the world. So that in the high physical activity of athletes, there is a difference in the vo2max of Indonesian national team athletes before and during the covid-19 pandemic.

The purpose of study was to get the influence of aerobic using Yospan movement toward body physiology and VO2MAX. This research used a quasi-experimental study. The research design used The Randomized Pretest and Posttest. The research subjects were Yospan dancers located at the Sports Hall of Cenderawasih University. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, normality test and Paired samples test. The results of finding show that aerobic exercise with yospan movements affects an increase in pulse rate, body temperature, weight loss and VO2Max. This has implications for the level of physical fitness and the development of gymnastics activities with the preservation of local culture.

Background and Study Aim. Aerobic training is effective manner of exercising aimed at improving cardio-respiratory fitness of young people. However, its effects to the elderly population (over the age of 60), depending on characteristics of the participant (gender, health status, lifestyle, etc.), is still unclear. Aim of this research is systematic overview of the available literature dealing with the topic of effects of aerobic training to cardio-respiratory fitness of the elderly population over the age of 60, depending of gender (male/female), BMI (overweight/normal weight), lifestyle (active/sedentary), health status (diabetes/hypertension/metabolic syndrome). Material and methods: Total number of papers with published research results which met the criteria was 32. Walking is effective manner of exercising which influences improvement of maximum oxygen consumption (mean value: ±SD:12.91±7.40%). Introduction of activities with greater impact (bicycle and jogging) provides more effect to the cardio-respiratory fitness (mean value: ±SD:14.28±7.48%). Results: Aerobic training intensity level (moderate vs. high) makes no significant difference to the adaptive response of the cardio-respiratory fitness in elderly population. Training in duration of 6 weeks may significantly influence increase in maximum oxygen consumption, but longer training duration, however, has better effect. Endurance training has similar effects to improvement of cardio-respiratory fitness in both men and women. On the other hand, it seems that active people have lower adaptive response in comparison to sedentary people (8.3% vs. 18.84%). Effect is similar between overweight and normal weight participants (18.48% vs. 8.6%). Positive influence of aerobic training was also observed in participants with hypertension, metabolic system and diabetes type 2. Conclusion: Results clearly suggest benefits of aerobic training on cardio-respiratory fitness of elderly population. The effect may, however, vary depending of duration, type of activity, as well as characteristics of the sample.