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Índice/Index Editorial Economía/Economy Ambiente, equidad y desarrollo. ¿Utopia o realidad?. Environment, equity and development. ¿Utopia or reality?. Pérez Nácar, Efrén >Educación/Education Niveles estratégicos de marketing político en campañas electorales de gremios universitarios. Strategic levels of political marketing in electoral campaigns of university unions. Ferrer, Juliana; Clemenza, Caterina; Romero, Douglas y Araujo, Rubén Proceso de construcción de la lengua escrita en niños preescolares trujillanos. Process of construction of the written language in trujillanos pre-k children. González, Lesvia Marina A pleno sol. Sunlight. Portillo Parody, Jairo Filosofía/Philosophy Acerca de las limitaciones epistemológicas del modelo sujeto-objeto en la teoría del conocimiento. Epistemological limitations of the subjet-object model in the theory of knowledge. Negrete, Plinio Sociohistoria/Sociohistory Historia de vida de una desplazada. History of a displaced life. Bravo Ramírez, Ernesto Los homicidios en la élite merideña del siglo XVI. The homicides in the merideña elite in the XVII century. Ramírez Méndez, Luis Alberto Ensayos/Essays Modernidad y postmodernidad entre el humanismo histórico y la razón esceptica. Modernity and postmodernity between the historical humanism and the skeptical reason. Márquez, Alvaro Reseña de libros/Books review Arboleda, María y Junco, Armando: Hacia una educación ambiental (2001). Reseñado por: Núñez, Ana Luisa Prachet, Terry: Dioses menores (2002). Reseñado por: Rengifo, Diana Naval Durán, Concepción y Altarejos Masota, Francisco: Filosofía de la educación (2000). Reseñado por: Delgado de Colmenares, Flor Delgado de Colmenares, Flor: Paradigmas y retos de la investigación educativa, una aproximación crítica (2001). Reseñado por: Santana Cova, Nancy Índice Acumulado. Acumulated Index. 25-47 jumferrer@cantv.net cclemenz@luz.ve raraujove@yahoo.es semestral Nivel analítico

Unions were initially created as economic supports for workers. Along the course of time, they developed with difficulties and acquired social and invariably political dimensions. Unions’ emergence in Turkey was late, while their improvement was painful. All over the world, as unions grew bigger, union activities got more professional along with acquirement of new technical possibilities, on one hand; and considerable losses in the early enthusiasm also occurred, on the other hand. Business owners sometimes associated unions with radical opposing political currents in their inappropriate fear. But the mentioned currents did try to penetrate into those establishments, where economical considerations with a view to welfare were supposed to have been the overweighing Issues. Even though at times, some union leaders themselves essentially neglected the workers while solely focusing on an increase of their own might, through false unions; their wrongdoing should not be loaded on to honest union activities. In this article, also a novel by Robbins which isvery related to the topic, is made much use of.