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Namen magistrskega dela z naslovom »Aktivacija tekstilnih površin z uporabo plazma tehnologije za doseganje funkcionalnih lastnosti materialov« je bil ugotoviti ali ima obdelava tekstilnih materialov s plazmo vpliv na sposobnost vezave posameznih barvil in ostalih sredstev in s tem dosegati želene funkcionalne značilnosti. V raziskavi sem uporabila naravni material bombaž in sintetična materiala poliester ter poliamid. Za aktiviranje površine bombažnih, PES in PA tkanin smo uporabili kisikovo (O2) in CF4 plazmo. Pred-obdelane tkanine sem pobarvala z ustreznimi barvili, ali s postopkom impregnacije apretirala z anatazno in rutilno obliko TiO2 nano pastami in preverila tudi kompatibilnost istočasne obdelave in barvanja. Obdelanim vzorcem sem pred in po različnih obdelavah izmerila UV zaščitni faktor, barvne vrednosti (L*, a*, b*, C* in h) in hitrost navzemanja vode na tenziometru ter posnela IR spektre posameznim obdelanih materialom. Na podlagi celotne raziskave sem ugotovila, da obdelava s kisikovo plazmo poveča sposobnost/hitrost navzemanja vode za bombaž in poliester, nasprotno od pričakovanega pa se zgodi pri PA tkanini, kar je verjetno posledica predhodnega optičnega beljenja le-tega. Obdelava PA pletenine pa je pokazala povečanje sposobnosti navzemanja vode, ne pa tudi hitrosti navzemanja, kot pri bombažu in PES. Povečan hidrofilen značaj tako bombažnih, še posebej pa PES vlaken, ima prednost pri postopkih mokrih obdelav, kot sta barvanje in apretiranje. Tako lahko izboljšamo sorpcijo za barvila in ostala sredstva, kot je npr. TiO2 pasta, skrajšamo čas ter znižamo temperaturo obdelave. Na vezavo različnih TiO2 past, tako rutilne kot anatazne, pa sama obdelava s plazmo ni pokazala pomembnega vpliva. The purpose of the master's thesis work entitled »Activation of textile surfaces using plasma technology to achieve functional properties of materials« was to determine whether treatment with plasma has any effect on the binding capacity of individual dyes and other agents and thus to achieve the desired functional characteristics. In the study I used natural material (cotton) and synthetic materials (polyester and polyamide). For the activation of the surface of cotton, polyamide and polyester fabrics we used oxygen (O2) and CF4 plasma. I dyed pre-treated fabrics I dyed with appropriate dyes or finished them by impregnation with anatase and rutile form of nano TiO2 pastes while also examining the compatibility of simultaneous treatment and dyeing. Before and after different treatments I measured the UV protective factor, the colour values (L*, a*, b*, C* and h) and the speed of water absorption of the treated samples on a tensiometer and captured IR spectra of individual treated materials. On the basis of the whole research I established that treatment with oxygen plasma increases the ability/speed of water absorption for cotton and polyester, whereas the opposite of what is expected occurs with polyamide fabric, which is probably the result of previous optical bleaching of polyamide. On the other hand, the treatment of polyamide knitted fabric showed an increase in water absorption capacity but not an increase in water absorption speed as was the case with cotton and polyester. The increased hydrophilic character of cotton and especially polyester represents an advantage in wet treatment procedures such as dyeing and finishing. In this way we can improve the sorption off dyes and other agents such as TiO2 paste, as well as shorten the time and reduce treatment temperature. Treatment with plasma revealed no significant influence on the binding of different TiO2 pastes, either rutile or anatase.

Bleached cotton and polyester/cotton blend fabrics were laundered at 60°C and 90°C with standard ECE detergent with addition of selected fluorescent compounds through 10 cycles. As fluorescent whitening agents for cellulosic materials are most often used in detergents, two types of these were selected – stilbene and biphenyl. UV absorber, a stilbene derivative, as a separate type of fluorescent compounds, was added on its own and in a combination with both types of fluorescent whitening agents. After each laundering cycle cotton and PES/cotton blend fabrics were exposed to artificial light for 60 and 180 minutes. Obtained optical and protective effects were monitored through whiteness degree, remission and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). Optical effects of cotton fabrics laundered in a detergent containing fluorescent whitening agents of stilbene and biphenyl type exhibit considerable sensitivity to light. It was not found that irradiation reduces the UPF meaning that even decomposition products of fluorescent compounds, created by irradiation, absorb UV radiation as well.

[ES] Diseño de una nueva colección de camisetas de algodón dirigida a un público joven. Esta nueva línea aporta protección solar mediante una tintura realizada a partir de materias naturales. Se consigue un incremento de factor UPF ( protección solar) en el tejido a partir de una tintura de mordentado con quitosano y los extractos de materias naturales. El producto añade un diseño de estampación en la que la materia colorante proviene también de extractos naturales. Tras la experimentación con múltiples materias y la obtención de diversos resultados de factor UPF, solideces al lavado o a la luz, se obtiene un producto ecológico que consigue reducir los residuos tóxicos consecuencia de la producción y a su vez, protege al usuario de la radiación UV. Las conclusiones del estado del arte, estudio de mercado, estudio experimental, todo ello junto a un proceso de diseño componen el producto final., [EN] New cotton t-shirts collection designed for young people. This new shirt´s line presents solar protection by natural dye. We get UPF increased (solar protection) in fabrics with chitosan and natural dyes. These shirts have a pattern design printed with natural extracts too. After testing several matters, we have obteined different UPF and strength results, we have an ecological product that reduces toxic results from the production. On the other hand, it protects the user from UV radiation. As a result of art state, market research and experimental study with a complete design process we get the final product.

La exposición indiscriminada a la radiación solar ultravioleta conduce a la generación de diversas patologías agudas y crónicas. Su mayor carga de morbilidad se debe a cataratas corticales, melanomas cutáneos malignos y quemaduras solares. En función que el Ministerio de Salud de la Nación provee y coordina acciones de prevención, protección y educación ante los riesgos de la sobre exposición al sol, existe una variada cantidad de cremas protectoras en proceso de estudio y caracterización. En este trabajo se analiza la capacidad fotoprotectora de una pantalla solar no comercial a través de la determinación de su índice UPF y fotoestabilidad, por el método de transmitancia y espectroscopía FTIR. Se caracterizó la pantalla solar como muy buen protector inicialmente, aunque su pobre fotoestabilidad hace que ese rótulo cambie a buen protector en un período inferior a dos horas. Se constató que también presenta protección UVA contra el fotoenvejecimiento prematuro. Fil: Suarez, H.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina Fil: Acosta, Delicia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Cadena, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina

Polyamide 6.6 multifilament is grafted with N-allyliminodiacetic acid for the purpose of removal of some heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions, by forming its metal chelate especially with Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. Such fibrous chelate-forming resin has been used with success to its large surface area, containing important a metal chelate-forming functional group, where metal ions are adsorbed or desorbed, on its surface, and therefore has an improved adsorption and desorption capability. In previous work of grafting a polyamide was characterized by ATR-IR. As directed towards kinetic studies it had been found to follow the first order reversible kinetic model. This paper discusses the spectrometric changes of grafted PA6.6, in UV and VIS spectrum by measuring UVA and UVB transmittance radiation and reflectance of visible spectrum. Based on the low transmittance of UVB radiation it is important to point out that obtained mean value of Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) is mainly for the reason of low transmittance of more dangerous UVB radiation. Such modification of polyamide fibers can be used for strong UV protection in wide range of applications. As yellowish grafted polyamide, the changes of Whiteness Degree and Yellowness Index by this modification will be discussed too. Additionally, for water intake capacity and thermal stability. Of grafted polyamide, the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out.

This paper reports electrokinetic phenomena of grafted Poyamide 6.6 multifilament yarns. These yarns is grafted with N-allyliminodiacetic acid for the purpose of removal of some heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions, by forming its metal chelate especially with Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. Electrokinetic potential was measured by streaming potential/current method using a Brookhaven-Paar electrokinetic analyzer (EKA), with a rectangular cell designed for textile material. This paper also discusses the spectrometric changes of grafted PA6.6, in UV and VIS spectrum by measuring UVA and UVB transmittance radiation and reflectance of visible spectrum. As yellowish grafted polyamide, the changes of Whiteness Degree and Yellowness Index and the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) by this modification will be discussed too.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil določiti vpliv dodatka ekstrakta rdečega bora na UV prepustnost barvane bombažne tkanine in ugotoviti možnost sočasne izvedbe postopka barvanja in UV zaščitne obdelave. Barvali smo z reaktivnimi barvili po izčrpalnem postopku in pri tem uporabili različne koncentracije barvila ter različne količine UV absorberja rdečega bora. Vzorcem smo nato izmerili UV prepustnost in izračunali UZF, ter hkrati opazovali vpliv dodatka rdečega bora na barvne vrednosti. Preverili smo tudi obstojnost apreture na miljenje in pranje. Ugotovili smo, da ekstrakt rdečega bora poveča zaščito tekstilnega materiala pred UV sevanjem, vendar pa se ta po večkratnem postopku pranja pomembno zniža, a kljub temu še vedno zagotavlja dobro zaščito. The purpose of presented diploma was to study the impact of applied extract of red pine on UV permeability of dyed cotton fabric, and to evaluate the possibility of combining two procedures, i.e. dyeing and UV finishing, in one. In the exhaustion dyeing procedure, we used different concentrations of reactive dyes and added different amounts of UV absorber extracted from red pine. All samples were spectrophotometrically evaluated as well as the UV permeability was measured, from which UPF factor was calculated. We have also observed resistance of such UV treatment to washing. It was found that extract of red pine had a significant impact on increasing protection against ultraviolet radiation. On the other hand, several washing procedures substantially decreased fabrics' UV protection.

Nevarnost ultravijoličnega sevanja postaja vse bolj resna in zaskrbljujoča težava za prebivalce našega planeta, zato je bil namen mojega diplomskega dela z naslovom »Obdelave za zmanjšanje UV propustnosti materialov«, raziskati vpliv postopka barvanja in impregnacije z UV absorberjem na UV propustnost oziroma UV zaščito materialov. Pri raziskavi sem uporabila tri različne materiale, bombaž, poliester in poliamid. Surovim materialom sem določila težo, gostoto in zračno prepustnost. Vzorce sem predhodno obdelala in jih na ta način pripravila za plemenitenje. Predhodno obdelane materiale sem impregnirala z UV absorpcijskim sredstvom v dveh koncentracijah in jih pobarvala z različnimi barvili v treh koncentracijah. Tako obdelanim materialom sem merila UV propustnost v UVA in UVB področju, jim določila ultravijolični zaščitni faktor (UZF) ter jih barvno-metrično ovrednotila. Na podlagi raziskave sem ugotovila, da večina konvencionalnih barvil poveča UV zaščito, medtem, ko posamezna fluorescentna barvila pri višjih koncentracijah negativno vplivajo na zaščito pred UV sevanjem. Ugotavljam tudi, da nam za ta namen izdelan UV absorber nudi odlično zaščito v večini primerov, razen pri zelo transparentnih materialih, kjer je prepustnost materiala prevelika, na kar nam kažejo tudi rezultati meritev UZF faktorja surove tkanine in zračna propustnost. Danger of UV radiation is becoming evermore serious and troublesome concern problem for the people of the planet Earth. Therefore, the purpose of my diploma work entitled »Treatments for reducing UV permeability of materials« was to research the impact of dyeing and impregnation procedures using UV absorber on UV permeability and UV protection of materials. In the study I was using three different materials, cotton, polyester and polyamide. Weight, density and air permeability were determined on raw materials. Samples were pre-treated and thus prepared for finishing. Pre-treated materials were impregnated with UV absorber in two concentrations and then dyed with different dyes in three concentrations. UV permeability in UVA and UVB area was measured and UPF was determined. Samples were also colormetricaly evaluated. Based on the research, I was concluded that most of conventional dyestuffs increase UV protection, while the individual fluorescent dyestuffs at higher concentrations have a negative effect on protection against UV radiation. I also note that UV absorber made for this purpose provides excellent protection in most cases, except in a very transparent material where the permeability of material is too large. This was also expected from the UPF factor measurements of raw material and air permeability results.

5 pages; National audience; Power is an important concern in embedded systems. Reduction of power consumption is achieved by balancing the control of multiple domains: switching power, reducing or increasing voltage and changing the frequency on system sections. Model-Driven Engineering gives tools to model the interactions of these domains. In this work, we propose to use MARTE combined to UPF concepts to capture the structure and behavior of these multiple domains. We adopt CCSL to unify the multiform aspects among domains and to verify their proper interaction. We provide an example to illustrate MARTE representation and a simulation of multi-domain power design, specified on CCSL and running on TIMESQUARE .

一重項酸素脱活性基を有する紫外線カット剤を合成し、紫外線カット挙動と染色布の耐光性改善効果を検討した。新規合成化合物は、有害紫外線A波、B波さらにはC波を吸収するだけでなく、優れた染色物の耐光性改善効果を有していた。, Numerous potential UV absorbers containing a singlet oxygen quenching moiety were prepared as a means of application and improvement of UV absorbers for sun protective fabrics. Their ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and inhibiting effect on the fading of dyes was examined in polymer substrate. It has been found that these compounds effectively absorb the harmful UV light and were very effective in reducing the fading. Various kinds of benzophenone UV absorbers bearing benzotriazolyl groups were further synthesized in an attempt to increase the Ultraviolet Protection Factors (UPF) of UV absorbers, and improve the light fastness of dyes. It was found that new compounds show very high UPF, and play an important role in improving the light fastness of dyes.

El color es una de las variables más influyentes en la protección frente a la radiación ultravioleta que puede proporcionar un tejido. Dicha protección se expresa cuantitativamente mediante el UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor). El presente artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la influencia del color en el UPF que ejercen tejidos de algodón adecuados para prendas de verano. Se establece la influencia del matiz y de la intensidad del color de tres colorantes azoicos y su interacción con el UPF inicial de los tejidos. Mediante el análisis estadístico de los resultados se obtienen modelos matemáticos que relacionan el UPF final de los tejidos con los factores indicados, analizando los tres colorantes conjuntamente. Los modelos obtenidos permitirán programar y optimizar el valor del UPF mediante el adecuado ajuste de las variables Color is one of the most influential variables on the protection against ultraviolet radiation provided by a fabric. The protection against UV radiation of a fabric is expressed quantitatively by means of its UPF (ultraviolet protection factor). The present paper shows the results of a study about the influence of the color on the UPF of cotton woven fabrics appropriate for summer articles. Through statistical models, the research seeks to relate the level of protection achieved in dyeing with three azo dyes to the factors governing the process, the shade, and the color intensity, as well as their interaction with the initial UPF of the fabrics. The obtained models will allow the programming and optimization of the value of the UPF of a fabric by means of adequate adjustment of the variables

Sunlight is an indispensable life source for all organisms in the Earth. These rays arrive to the earth between 280 - 3000 nm wavelengths. Although, small doses of UV rays are useful for life, they cause effects such as sunburn, allergies, early aging in the skin, skin cancer, bruise formations and cataract on human body as far as this dose increases. These harmful effects are more seen in light skinned people. In this study the literature information was given concerning the definition of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) which is harmful sunlight's, the relation between UVR and textile materials, is the protection from ultraviolet rays through textiles and the development of ultraviolet protective properties of textiles. As an addition to this information, after applied optical bleach and dying process on 100% cotton basic weft knitting fabrics, 4% absorber chemical substance was applied to these fabrics. After applied different treatment processes to these fabrics of different construction and grams, the effect of construction and grams on UV permeability of basic weft knit fabrics and the effect of processes on UV permeability were searched experimentally, and the found values were examined by means of formed tables and graphics. © 2010 Academic Journals.

This study discusses the possibility of engineering the multifunctional textile nanocomposite material based on the polyester (PES) fabric modified with colloidal Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Namely, encouraging results on the effects of TiO2 and Ag NPs separately applied to textile materials in our previous studies were the basis for an assumption that combined treatment with Ag and TiO2 NPs may bring multifunctional textile nanocomposite materials with desirable UV protective and antimicrobial effects. The antimicrobial activity of differently modified PES fabrics was tested against Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus and fungus C. albicans. The efficiency of UV blocking was evaluated by determining the UV protection factor (UPF) of PES fabrics. The effect of Ag NPs on the photoactivity of TiO2 NPs deposited onto the PES fabrics was tested by degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under UV illumination. The total content of Ag and Ti in the PES fabrics was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The morphology of PES fibers was followed by SEM. The order of Ag and TiO2 NPs loading affects the antimicrobial efficiency of PES fabrics. The fabrics provide maximum UV protection independently of the order of Ag and TiO2 NPs loading. Ag NPs positively influenced the photodegradation activity of TiO2 NPs and total photodegradation of methylene blue under UV illumination was achieved after 24 h.

Namen diplomskega delu z naslovom »Postopki plemenitenja za zmanjšanje UV prepustnosti materialov« je bilo proučevanje UV prepustnosti različnih tkanin, obdelanih s potencialnim UV absorberjem, ekstraktom rdečega bora, po različnih tehnoloških postopkih. Analizirala sem pet tkanin, ki so izdelane iz bombaža, poliamida, mešanice bombaža in poliestra v različnih konstrukcijah, gostoti, teži in zračni prepustnosti, saj vse tekstilije niso primeren filter za UV žarke. Te tkanine sem naknadno plemenitila z nanosom UV absorberja po impregnacijskem postopku na foulardu in primerjalno po izčrpalnem postopku. Vsem vzorcem sem spektrofotometrično izmerila UV prepustnost in izračunala UPF faktor. Ugotovila sem, da ima rdeči bor kot uporabljen UV absorber pomemben vpliv na zaščito pred ultravijoličnim sevanjem, njegova učinkovitost pa je v veliki meri odvisna od materiala, tehnološkega postopka in strukture tekstilije. The purpose of presented diploma, entitled »Finishing procedures for reduction of materials’ UV permeability« was to study the UV permeability of various fabrics treated with the potential UV absorbers, an extract of red pine, according to different processes. I was analyzed five fabrics, made from cotton, polyamide, polyester and cotton blends, with different structure, density, weight and air permeability, because all textiles are not appropriate filter for UV rays. These fabrics were subsequently finished with UV absorber according to padding procedure on foulard and, comparatively, according to exhaustion procedure. All samples were spectrophotometrically evaluated by measuring UV permeability, from which the UPF factor was calculated. I was found that the red pine, used as UV absorber, has a significant impact on the protection against ultraviolet radiation. Its effectiveness is exceedingly dependent on the material, technological procedure and the structure of textiles.

Ultraviyole radyasyonun insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri gün geçtikçe önem kazanan bir konudur. Ultraviyole ışınlarından korunmanın en bilindik ve en geçerli olanı tekstiller yoluyladır. Zararlı güneş ışınlarının en çok olduğu dönem olan yaz aylarında genelde pamuklu örme kumaşlar kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada zararlı güneş ışınları olan ultraviyole radyasyonun (UVR) tanımı, insan sağlığı üzerine etkileri, UVR ile tekstil materyalleri arasındaki ilişki, ultraviyole koruma faktörünün (UPF) tanımı ve belirlenmesi, güneş ışınlarının geçirgenliğini etkileyen faktörler, tekstiller yoluyla ultraviyole ışınlardan korunma ve tekstillerin ultraviyole (UV) koruyucu özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi yönünde literatür bilgileri verilmiştir. Ayrıca verilen literatür bilgileri beraberinde deneysel çalışma ve ölçümler yapılmıştır. Değişik konstrüksiyonlardaki %100 pamuklu örme kumaşların ham, optik ve şeker kasarlanmış, boyalı(açık-koyu renklerde) ve değişik konsantrasyonlarda UV absorblayıcı kimyasal madde verilmiş halleri oluşturulmuş ve sonuçta çıkan kumaşların UV geçirgenlik ile ultraviyole koruma faktörleri incelenmiş ve birbirlerine göre kıyaslama yapılmıştır. Negative effects of UV Radiation on human health has been an important issue day by day.The most known and effective way to be protected from UVR is the one by textiles. Usually cotton knitting fabrics are used in summer in which sun rays has the most harmful effects. In this study, a literature information about the definition of harmful sun rays (UVR), effects of UVR on human health, the relationship between UVR and textile materials, definition and determination of UV Protection Factor(UPF), factors those affect the permeability of sun rays, protection from UV rays by textiles and improvement of UV protective quality of textiles is given. Beside these information also experimental studies and calculations are added. Raw, optical bleaching, sugar bleaching and dyeing (with light and dark colours) forms and forms with different levels of absorbtive chemical concentration of 100% cotton knitting fabrics with several construction are developed and finally UV permeability and UV protectivity of these textiles are searched and comparison of them against each other is done.

U literaturi se nalazi vrlo malo podataka o kemijskim osobinama biljnih ekstraktata kao potencijalnim izvorima prirodnih bojila. U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji s naslovom: „ Studij prirodnih bojila – doprinos humanoj ekologiji“ temeljno je bilo utvrditi koja je komponenta u izabranim biljnim ekstraktima, odgovorna za dobiveni ton boje, odnosno za stvaranje obojenog kelata. Primjenom analitičkih metoda: UV/VIS spektrofotometrijom, tankoslojnom kromatografijom (TLC) i tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke učinkovitosti (HPLC) provedena je kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza biljnih ekstrakata jasenove kore (Fraxinus ekscelsior) i bobica crne bazge (Sambucus nigra). Potvrđeno je da sadrže flavonoidne supstance: kvercetin dihidrat, izokvercitrin i rutin trihidrat, koji su, za preliminarna istraživanja, uzeti kao standardni spojevi („ modeli“ ). Reaktivnost „ modela“ , kao i biljnih esktrakata prema izabranim metalnim solima: KAl(SO4)2• 12H2O, FeSO4• 7H2O, CuSO4• 5H2O i SnCl2• 2H2O, ispitana je in vitro. Dokazana je najveća reaktivnost glikozidnih derivata i to slijedom: Cu2+ > Fe2+ > Al3+ > Sn2+, što je potvrđeno i za vodene biljne ekstrakte. Potvrđeno je da vodeni biljni ekstrakti imaju određenu supstantivnost prema vunenom supstratu. Ovisno o reaktivnosti i stvaranju obojenih kelata, najveća dubina obojenja dobiva se za Fe2+ ione. Utjecaj vrste metala na ton obojenih kompleksa, potvrđena je određivanjem kolorističkih koordinata. Za močila KAl(SO4)2• 12H2O i SnCl2• 2H2O dobiveni su žuto-narančasti tonovi, za CuSO4• 5H2O narančasto-smeđi, a za FeSO4• 7H2O akromatsko-kromatska maslinasta obojenja. Atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom (AAS), na temlju skinute količine iona željeza i bakra u vodenoj kupelji, dokazano je da flavonoidni derivati sa Fe2+ ionima daju stabilnije komplekse. Stabilnost nastalih obojenih kompleksa dodatno je potvrđena dobrom postojanosti obojenja na pranje. Potvrđena je dobra biorazgradljivost biljnih ekstrakata, BPK5/KPK  0, 25. Spektrofotometrijskim određivanjem SAK vrijednosti te smanjenjem vrijednosti nakon procesa bojadisanja, potvrđuje se supstantivnost biljnog ekstrakta kao potencijalnog prirodnog bojila. Potvrđena je dobra zaštita od štetnog sunčevog zračenja, UPF 50+, s naglaskom na dobru zaštitu od UVB zračenja.

Spectrometry in-vitro laboratory test methods are frequently used to assess the fabrics UV protective effectiveness to ultraviolet radiation. The differences of the ultraviolet protection factor determined between laboratories can become important because the questionable repeatability of interlaboratory trial. For the determination of fabrics UV protective properties measurement precision, four undyed cotton and three white polyester woven fabrics of various construction characteristics and levels of UV protection were examined in three laboratories. UV protective effectiveness of tested fabrics were evaluated according to AS/NZS 4399:1996 and HRN EN 13758-1:2003 using Varian Cary 50 UV/VIS, PerkinElmer Lambda 800 UV/VIS and PerkinElmer Lambda 950 UV/VIS/NIR spectrometers with integrating sphere. It has been confirmed that different standardized methods applied on same spectrometer have minimal impact on obtained results. Classification and evaluation of UV protective effectiveness, especially of high UV protective fabrics, can become questionable due to significant differences between results obtained on spectrometers of different producers.

Kod zaštitnih sjenila se UV zaštitna tkanina nalazi na određenoj udaljenosti od korisnika te mora osigurati zaštitu od direktna Sunčeva zračenja, difuzno raspršenog i reflektiranog zračenja sa okolnih površina. Stoga je veoma bitno da tijekom primjene u čim većem udjelu zadrži početna svojstva. Da bi utvrdili trajnost u stvarnim uvjetima primjene, uzorci sirovih pamučnih i bijelih poliesterskih tkanina za zasjenjivanje, različitih konstrukcijskih karakteristika, neoplemenjenih i oplemenjenih sa šest po kemijskoj konstituciji različitih organskih UV apsorbera, direktno su izloženi atmosferskim utjecajima u trajanju od tri mjeseca. Istražena je UV zaštitna učinkovitost početnih i izlaganih uzoraka te njihova čvrstoća. Utvrđeno je da obradom tkanina UV apsorberima dolazi do značajnog povećanja UV zaštitnih svojstava. Tako postignuta UV zaštitna učinkovitost u velikoj je mjeri otporna na prirodno starenje. Potvrđeno je da UV apsorberi djeluju i kao UV stabilizatori te djelomice smanjuju fotodegradaciju poliesterskih vlakana.

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance pathway that degrades mRNAs containing nonsense codons, and regulates the expression of naturally occurring transcripts. While NMD is not essential in yeast or nematodes, UPF1, a key NMD effector, is essential in mice. Here we show that NMD components are required for cell proliferation in Drosophila. This raises the question of whether NMD effectors diverged functionally during evolution. To address this question, we examined expression profiles in Drosophila cells depleted of all known metazoan NMD components. We show that UPF1, UPF2, UPF3, SMG1, SMG5, and SMG6 regulate in concert the expression of a cohort of genes with functions in a wide range of cellular activities, including cell cycle progression. Only a few transcripts were regulated exclusively by individual factors, suggesting that these proteins act mainly in the NMD pathway and their role in mRNA decay has not diverged substantially. Finally, the vast majority of NMD targets in Drosophila are not orthologs of targets previously identified in yeast or human cells. Thus phenotypic differences observed across species following inhibition of NMD can be largely attributed to changes in the repertoire of regulated genes.

La componente ultravioleta de la radiación solar, beneficiosa a pequeñas dosis, puede ser muy nociva por su efecto acumulativo sobre la piel. Los dermatólogos aconsejan protegerse de cantidades excesivas de radiación UV. Generalmente se piensa en la protección de la piel no cubierta, pero hay que tener en cuenta también la protección proporcionada por los tejidos, en particular en prendas ligeras.El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el estudio de la protección ultravioleta proporcionada por los tejidos. Mediante diversas técnicas, fundamentalmente la determinación de la transmitancia espectral difusa de radiación ultravioleta, se estudia la influencia de las variables más significativas de las que depende el factor de protección ultravioleta (UPF) de los tejidos.En la primera parte de la tesis, se trata la influencia de la estructura del tejido sobre el UPF. Mediante técnicas estadísticas de planificación de experiencias, se han diseñado tres series de tejidos de Algodón, Modal y Modal Sun, formadas por 27 muestras con una gradación en su estructura. La compacidad del tejido tiene una importante influencia sobre el bloqueo de la radiación UV y el análisis estadístico de los resultados permite su cuantificación. Se obtienen modelos estadísticos que relacionan el UPF de los tejidos con algunos de los principales parámetros de fabricación (título del hilo de urdimbre, título del hilo de trama y densidad de pasadas). Asimismo, se modeliza la influencia sobre el UPF de otros parámetros estructurales de amplio uso en la industria textil (peso por unidad de superficie, cobertura y espesor). Debido a que los resultados muestran que el UPF puede variar muy significativamente en función del tipo de fibra, mediante la técnica FT-IR se analiza la causa del diferente comportamiento de las tres fibras. También se ha estudiado la influencia de las condiciones de uso de las prendas. El UPF puede variar cuando los tejidos se llevan en estado mojado o cuando son sometidos a las tensiones habituales en su contacto con el cuerpo. Se ha obtenido un modelo estadístico para cada fibra que cuantifica la variación del UPF en función de la tensión y humedad, así como del UPF inicial del tejido en estado relajado y seco (representante de la estructura inicial).A partir de tejidos seleccionados en la primera parte, se ha estudiado la aplicación de algunos productos textiles que pueden mejorar el nivel de protección.Se ha estudiado la influencia de la coloración sobre el UPF. Aunque cuando se habla de color se piensa en la región del visible, el espectro de absorción de colorantes también se extiende a las longitudes de onda del UV, por lo que pueden mejorar el UPF. Para cuantificar la influencia de este parámetro, se han aplicado tres colorantes, de una tricromía de colorantes directos, a diferentes concentraciones sobre varios tejidos de Algodón, Modal y Modal Sun, obteniéndose muestras con una gradación de color correspondiente a diferentes intensidades estándar. Se analiza también la influencia de la aplicación, a varias concentraciones, de dos blanqueadores ópticos de diferente estructura química. Estos productos pueden disminuir la transmisión en el UV debido a su capacidad de absorber este tipo de radiación. Del mismo modo se estudia la mejora del UPF mediante el tratamiento con un producto de acabado absorbente de radiación UV, en función de su concentración. Como complemento a este estudio, las imágenes SEM permiten dilucidar si el tratamiento produce modificaciones en la superficie de la fibra. También se analiza la permanencia del efecto de acabado y el impacto ecotoxicológico del tratamiento con el producto.En todos los casos, se han obtenido modelos estadísticos que relacionan el valor de la respuesta UPF con las variables de control en cada una de las partes: el tipo de colorante/blanqueador óptico, la intensidad de la tintura/concentración de producto y el UPF inicial del tejido. Los modelos permiten diseñar tejidos con UPF preestablecido., The ultraviolet component of the solar radiation, beneficial in small doses, can be very harmful due to its accumulative effect on the skin. Dermatologists recommend the protection of the skin against excessive amounts of UV radiation. Generally, people think in the protection of the uncovered skin, but the protection provided by fabrics should be also taken into account, particularly in light garments.The objective of this doctoral thesis is the study of the ultraviolet protection provided by textiles. By the use of several techniques, fundamentally the determination of the diffuse spectral transmittance of the ultraviolet radiation, the influence of the more significant variables on the ultraviolet protection factor of the fabrics (UPF) is studied. The first part of the thesis deals with the influence of the fabric structure on the UPF. By means of statistical techniques for experiments planning, three sets of fabrics made with Cotton, Modal and Modal Sun are designed. Each set is composed by 27 samples of fabrics with a gradation in their structure. The compaction of the fabric has shown to have an important influence on the blocking of the ultraviolet radiation and the statistical analysis makes possible its quantification. Three statistical models, one for each fibre type, that describe the UPF of the fabrics as a function of some of the main manufacturing parameters (warp yarn number, weft yarn number and weft thread count) have been obtained. Likewise, the influence of other structural parameters widely used in the textile industry (weight per surface unit, percent cover and thickness) on the UPF is modelled. Due to the fact that the results show that the UPF can vary very significantly because of the type of fibre, the cause of the different behaviour of the three studied fibres is analysed by the FT-IR technique. The influence of the wearing conditions of the garments has been studied as well. The UPF can vary when the fabrics are worn in wet state or when they underwent the usual tensions in their contact with the body. A statistical model for each fibre has been obtained, which quantifies the variation of the UPF due to the tension, wetness and the initial UPF of the fabric in relaxed and dry state (which represents the initial structure of the fabric). Taking some fabrics selected in the first part of the thesis, the application of some textile chemicals that can improve the protection level has been investigated. The influence of the coloration on the UPF of the fabrics has been studied. Although when speaking about colour one thinks in the visible range of wavelengths, the absorption spectra of the dyestuffs extends in some part to the UV wavelengths, so they are likely to improve the UPF. To quantify the influence of the colour on the UPF, three dyes of a trichromie of direct dyes have been applied under different concentrations to fabrics made with Cotton, Modal and Modal Sun, therefore obtaining samples with a gradation in colour corresponding to different standard intensities.The influence of the application under several concentrations of two whitening agents of different chemical structure has been as well analysed. These chemicals are likely to decrease the transmittance in the UV region due to their capability to absorb this range of radiation.Likewise, the improvement on the UPF by means of the finishing treatment with an UV absorber under different concentrations has been studied. As a complement to this study, SEM images have been obtained to determine if the treatment produces a modification of the fibre surface. The permanence of the finishing effect and the ecotoxicological impact of the treatment with the UV absorber have been as well analysed.In all the cases, statistics has been use to model the relationship between the response UPF and the control variables in each one of the different parts of the study: the type of dyestuff / whitening agent, the dyeing intensity / concentration of the chemical and the initial UPF of the fabric. The models allow to design fabrics with a pre-established UPF.

In yeast the UPF1,UPF2 and UPF3 genes encode three interacting factors involved in translation termination and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).UPF1 plays a central role in both processes. In addition, UPF1 was originally isolated as a multicopy suppressorof mitochondrial splicing deficiency, and its deletion leads to an impairment in respiratory growth. Here, we provide evidence that inactivation of UPF2 or UPF3, like that of UPF1, leads to an impairment in respiratory competence, suggesting that their products, Upf1p, Upf2p and Upf3p, are equivalently involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, however, we show that only Upf1p acts as a multicopy suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiency, and its activity does not require either Upf2p or Upf3p. Mutations in the conserved cysteine- and histidine rich regions and ATPase and helicase motifs of Upf1p separate the ability of Upf1p to complement the respiratory impairment of a Dupf1 strain from its ability to act as a multicopy suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiency, indicating that distinct pathways express these phenotypes. In addition, we show that,when overexpressed, Upf1p is not detected within mitochondria, suggesting that its role as multicopy suppressor of mitochondrial splicing deficiency is indirect. Furthermore, we provide evidence that cells overexpressing certain upf1alleles accumulate a phosphorylated isoform of Upf1p. Altogether, thesere sults indicate that overexpression of Upf1p compensates for mitochondrial splicing deficiency independently of its role in mRNA surveillance, which relies on Upf1p-Upf2p-Upf3p functional interplay

In addition to one of the beneficial effects of UV radiation on skin by synthesizing of vitamin D3, this radiation is the main reason for increasing the skin cancer rates, particularly in some countries. It is the consequence of sunburns of the skin and damages of underlying cells accumulated year after year until cancer cells were produced. Summer garments provide some protection but in most cases there are not enough sun screening properties to sunlight. When light meets the fabric or another porous surface, some of it is reflected, some absorbed and some is transmitted. To prevent harmful UV rays transition, fabrics are treated with UV absorbers. The paper will discuss the results obtained on bleached cotton knitted fabrics treated with TINOFAST CEL Liquid (Ciba) on the chemical basis of oxal anilide. For this purpose light cotton knitted fabrics were differently pretreated and finally treated with an UV absorber. It is well known that the fabrics treated in wet conditions like water and alkaline conditions (in scouring and bleaching) undergo some structural changes reflected in lower porosity properties. It was of interest to study the influence of differently treated fabrics on the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of light summer fabrics that generally offer poor protection against UV radiation. Additionally, the fabric was treated with fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) to study the influence of these agents on UV protection properties of fabric. For this purpose cotton knitted fabric was scoured, bleached and treated with UV absorber. The influence of pretreatments and structural changes on UV protection was studied.

Onečišćenjem atmosfere dolazi do destrukcije ozona u stratosferi, pri čemu se smanjuje zaštitno dijelovanje i raste opasnost od negativnog učinka UV-A (315-400 nm), UV-B (280-315 nm) i UV-C (200-280 nm) zračenja na čitav biološki sustav. Djelovanje na zdravlje čovijeka može se reducirati minimalnim izlaganjem na suncu ili korištenjem različitih zaštita. Papir koji se prije isključivo vezao sa pojmom knjige, novina, slika i dr. danas se njegova primijena nalazi u zaštitnom djelovanju. Naime, jednokratna primijena npr. kapa (najčešće reklamnih) na sportskim manifestacijama, zaštita hrane i dr. uz direktno izlaganje atmosferilijama i suncu, opravdano se u svijetu zahtijeva da takav papir ima zaštitu od UV zračenja. Poznato je da, uz ostale dodatke koje sadrži papir, TiO2 i ZnO imaju dobro zaštitno dijelovanje. U radu su ispitivanja provedena na vrlo prozirnom paus papiru. Analiziran je udio TiO2 kojim će se dobiti dobra UV zaštita a zadržati određeni stupanj prozirnosti paus papira. Spektrofotometrom Cary 50 izmjeren je UP faktor (UV Protection factor) i poroznost. Dobiveno je da se s udijelom od 0, 5% TiO2 na papiru dobivaju UPF vrijednosti veće od 50+ s poroznosti manjom od 0, 090

The increased levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) being experienced arround the world has focused attention on the need for greater UV protection not only in sunscreens for skin but other areas where UV degrades a material or coating such as dye materials. Certain fibres are more protective than others are. In this paper the relation between absorption of electric magnetic wave from the region of 700 to 280 nm by wool fabric and dyes and its blocking properties against UV - rays is described. Wool dyed with acid dyes (Yellow, Blue and Red hue). Results showed that undyed wool fabric has more than 90% UPF. Increase of structure, shade and saturation of each dye are in the correlation with UV absorbing capacity. Blocking properties of yellow coloured wool are higher in UVA region than red and blue coloured fabrics.

In this research pure cotton textile has been modified by the sol-gel technology to implement zinc oxide nanolevel coating on textile surface to ensure ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection. One of the advantages of this method is the possibility to obtain thin layers on various materials, as well as the sol-gel layers can cover all fibres with enough high adhesion. Comparison of coatings of samples prepared using different concentrations of TEOS in nano-sols and thermal post-treatment of samples was made. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to examine the nature of the surface modification after textile coating and laundering tests. Before and after laundering UV protective properties of the fabric samples were determined according to the standard, results show that textiles after treatment with nano-sol have excellent UV protection properties (UPF rating 50+ according to the standard - excellent protection). Analyses based on the SEM and spectrophotometer measurements show that obtained textile coatings are distributed evenly, not only on surface of yarns but in the depth of textile material as well, and are resistant to exploitation processes. After 50 drying-washing cycles defects of coatings not observed, the UPF ratings are still 50+ UPF that testify that treated fabric after exploitation simulation still provide excellent UV protection.

In spite of some beneficial effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on skin, radiation can cause sunburn, skin aging, allergies and even skin cancer. Textiles can provide effective protection against such damage of UV radiation. Unlike cosmetics, using textiles protecting the skin or at least enhancing protection has only recently been researched. The design and modification of fabrics leading to a high protection against UV radiation is a relatively new application. It is very important to consider the kind of textile to be used, most of the garments worn during summer, the time of highest exposition, are light and colourless materials and therefore provide the lowest protection. We report the synthesis and characterization of nanosized zinc oxide particles known to highly absorb UV light. Sol-gel based inorganic-organic hybrid polymers were modified with these particles and were applied to cellulosic cotton (100%) and cotton/polyester (65/35%) fabrics. These modified inorganicorganic hybrids polymers were based on 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). Complete finishing sol prepared in this work has remarked long stability for further processing. The effectiveness of the novel finishing was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy and by evaluation of the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). The influences of the finishing for some general textile properties as e.g. tensile strength, elongation, air permeability, degree of whiteness, wear-resistance, stiffness as well as the durability of the treatments were investigated.